update tests

.github/workflows/auto-label-pr.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.sender.type != 'Bot'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
 
       - name: Generate a token
         id: generate-token

.github/workflows/ci-api-proto.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:

.github/workflows/ci-clang-tidy-hash.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
 
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0

.github/workflows/ci-docker.yml

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
           - "docker"
           # - "lint"
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:

.github/workflows/ci-memory-impact-comment.yml

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Check out code from base repository
         if: steps.pr.outputs.skip != 'true'
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
         with:
           # Always check out from the base repository (esphome/esphome), never from forks
           # Use the PR's target branch to ensure we run trusted code from the main repo

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
       cache-key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.key }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Generate cache-key
         id: cache-key
         run: echo key="${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements_test.txt', '.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.python-linters == 'true'
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       - common
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ jobs:
       - common
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Restore Python
         id: restore-python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ jobs:
       component-test-batches: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.component-test-batches }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
         with:
           # Fetch enough history to find the merge base
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-tests == 'true'
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Set up Python 3.13
         id: python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && (needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-run-all == 'true' || needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-components != '[]')
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
 
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ jobs:
       GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ jobs:
           version: 1.0
 
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && !startsWith(github.base_ref, 'beta') && !startsWith(github.base_ref, 'release')
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ jobs:
       skip: ${{ steps.check-script.outputs.skip }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out target branch
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
 
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ jobs:
       flash_usage: ${{ steps.extract.outputs.flash_usage }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out PR branch
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ jobs:
       GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ jobs:
             # your codebase is analyzed, see https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/code-scanning/creating-an-advanced-setup-for-code-scanning/codeql-code-scanning-for-compiled-languages
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
       branch_build: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.branch_build }}
       deploy_env: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.deploy_env }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Get tag
         id: tag
         # yamllint disable rule:line-length
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
       contents: read
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ jobs:
             os: "ubuntu-24.04-arm"
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ jobs:
           - ghcr
           - dockerhub
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
 
       - name: Download digests
         uses: actions/download-artifact@018cc2cf5baa6db3ef3c5f8a56943fffe632ef53 # v6.0.0

.github/workflows/sync-device-classes.yml

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository == 'esphome/esphome'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
 
       - name: Checkout Home Assistant
-        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
         with:
           repository: home-assistant/core
           path: lib/home-assistant

esphome/__main__.py

@@ -741,13 +741,6 @@ def command_vscode(args: ArgsProtocol) -> int | None:
 
 
 def command_compile(args: ArgsProtocol, config: ConfigType) -> int | None:
-    # Set memory analysis options in config
-    if args.analyze_memory:
-        config.setdefault(CONF_ESPHOME, {})["analyze_memory"] = True
-
-    if args.memory_report:
-        config.setdefault(CONF_ESPHOME, {})["memory_report_file"] = args.memory_report
-
     exit_code = write_cpp(config)
     if exit_code != 0:
         return exit_code
@@ -1209,17 +1202,6 @@ def parse_args(argv):
         help="Only generate source code, do not compile.",
         action="store_true",
     )
-    parser_compile.add_argument(
-        "--analyze-memory",
-        help="Analyze and display memory usage by component after compilation.",
-        action="store_true",
-    )
-    parser_compile.add_argument(
-        "--memory-report",
-        help="Save memory analysis report to a file (supports .json or .txt).",
-        type=str,
-        metavar="FILE",
-    )
 
     parser_upload = subparsers.add_parser(
         "upload",

esphome/analyze_memory/cli.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 """CLI interface for memory analysis with report generation."""
 
 from collections import defaultdict
-import json
 import sys
 
 from . import (
@@ -298,28 +297,6 @@ class MemoryAnalyzerCLI(MemoryAnalyzer):
 
         return "\n".join(lines)
 
-    def to_json(self) -> str:
-        """Export analysis results as JSON."""
-        data = {
-            "components": {
-                name: {
-                    "text": mem.text_size,
-                    "rodata": mem.rodata_size,
-                    "data": mem.data_size,
-                    "bss": mem.bss_size,
-                    "flash_total": mem.flash_total,
-                    "ram_total": mem.ram_total,
-                    "symbol_count": mem.symbol_count,
-                }
-                for name, mem in self.components.items()
-            },
-            "totals": {
-                "flash": sum(c.flash_total for c in self.components.values()),
-                "ram": sum(c.ram_total for c in self.components.values()),
-            },
-        }
-        return json.dumps(data, indent=2)
-
     def dump_uncategorized_symbols(self, output_file: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Dump uncategorized symbols for analysis."""
         # Sort by size descending

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -1451,11 +1451,8 @@ bool APIConnection::send_device_info_response(const DeviceInfoRequest &msg) {
 #ifdef USE_AREAS
   resp.set_suggested_area(StringRef(App.get_area()));
 #endif
-  // Stack buffer for MAC address (XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX\0 = 18 bytes)
-  char mac_address[18];
-  uint8_t mac[6];
-  get_mac_address_raw(mac);
-  format_mac_addr_upper(mac, mac_address);
+  // mac_address must store temporary string - will be valid during send_message call
+  std::string mac_address = get_mac_address_pretty();
   resp.set_mac_address(StringRef(mac_address));
 
   resp.set_esphome_version(ESPHOME_VERSION_REF);
@@ -1496,9 +1493,8 @@ bool APIConnection::send_device_info_response(const DeviceInfoRequest &msg) {
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_BLUETOOTH_PROXY
   resp.bluetooth_proxy_feature_flags = bluetooth_proxy::global_bluetooth_proxy->get_feature_flags();
-  // Stack buffer for Bluetooth MAC address (XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX\0 = 18 bytes)
-  char bluetooth_mac[18];
-  bluetooth_proxy::global_bluetooth_proxy->get_bluetooth_mac_address_pretty(bluetooth_mac);
+  // bt_mac must store temporary string - will be valid during send_message call
+  std::string bluetooth_mac = bluetooth_proxy::global_bluetooth_proxy->get_bluetooth_mac_address_pretty();
   resp.set_bluetooth_mac_address(StringRef(bluetooth_mac));
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_VOICE_ASSISTANT

esphome/components/api/user_services.h

@@ -51,14 +51,13 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceBase : public UserServiceDescriptor {
       return false;
     if (req.args.size() != sizeof...(Ts))
       return false;
-    this->execute_(req.args, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+    this->execute_(req.args, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
     return true;
   }
 
  protected:
   virtual void execute(Ts... x) = 0;
-  template<typename ArgsContainer, size_t... S>
-  void execute_(const ArgsContainer &args, std::index_sequence<S...> type) {
+  template<typename ArgsContainer, int... S> void execute_(const ArgsContainer &args, seq<S...> type) {
     this->execute((get_execute_arg_value<Ts>(args[S]))...);
   }
 
@@ -96,14 +95,13 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceDynamic : public UserServiceDescriptor
       return false;
     if (req.args.size() != sizeof...(Ts))
       return false;
-    this->execute_(req.args, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+    this->execute_(req.args, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
     return true;
   }
 
  protected:
   virtual void execute(Ts... x) = 0;
-  template<typename ArgsContainer, size_t... S>
-  void execute_(const ArgsContainer &args, std::index_sequence<S...> type) {
+  template<typename ArgsContainer, int... S> void execute_(const ArgsContainer &args, seq<S...> type) {
     this->execute((get_execute_arg_value<Ts>(args[S]))...);
   }
 

esphome/components/bh1750/bh1750.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include "bh1750.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
-#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
-namespace esphome::bh1750 {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace bh1750 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "bh1750.sensor";
 
@@ -13,31 +13,6 @@ static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L = 0b00100011;
 static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H = 0b00100000;
 static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2 = 0b00100001;
 
-static constexpr uint32_t MEASUREMENT_TIMEOUT_MS = 2000;
-static constexpr float HIGH_LIGHT_THRESHOLD_LX = 7000.0f;
-
-// Measurement time constants (datasheet values)
-static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_DEFAULT = 69;
-static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_MIN = 31;
-static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_MAX = 254;
-static constexpr uint16_t MEAS_TIME_L_MS = 24;   // L-resolution max measurement time @ mtreg=69
-static constexpr uint16_t MEAS_TIME_H_MS = 180;  // H/H2-resolution max measurement time @ mtreg=69
-
-// Conversion constants (datasheet formulas)
-static constexpr float RESOLUTION_DIVISOR = 1.2f;  // counts to lux conversion divisor
-static constexpr float MODE_H2_DIVISOR = 2.0f;     // H2 mode has 2x higher resolution
-
-// MTreg calculation constants
-static constexpr int COUNTS_TARGET = 50000;  // Target counts for optimal range (avoid saturation)
-static constexpr int COUNTS_NUMERATOR = 10;
-static constexpr int COUNTS_DENOMINATOR = 12;
-
-// MTreg register bit manipulation constants
-static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_HI_SHIFT = 5;       // High 3 bits start at bit 5
-static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_HI_MASK = 0b111;    // 3-bit mask for high bits
-static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_LO_SHIFT = 0;       // Low 5 bits start at bit 0
-static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_LO_MASK = 0b11111;  // 5-bit mask for low bits
-
 /*
 bh1750 properties:
 
@@ -68,7 +43,74 @@ void BH1750Sensor::setup() {
     this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
-  this->state_ = IDLE;
+}
+
+void BH1750Sensor::read_lx_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, const std::function<void(float)> &f) {
+  // turn on (after one-shot sensor automatically powers down)
+  uint8_t turn_on = BH1750_COMMAND_POWER_ON;
+  if (this->write(&turn_on, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Power on failed");
+    f(NAN);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (active_mtreg_ != mtreg) {
+    // set mtreg
+    uint8_t mtreg_hi = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_HI | ((mtreg >> 5) & 0b111);
+    uint8_t mtreg_lo = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_LO | ((mtreg >> 0) & 0b11111);
+    if (this->write(&mtreg_hi, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK || this->write(&mtreg_lo, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Set measurement time failed");
+      active_mtreg_ = 0;
+      f(NAN);
+      return;
+    }
+    active_mtreg_ = mtreg;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t cmd;
+  uint16_t meas_time;
+  switch (mode) {
+    case BH1750_MODE_L:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L;
+      meas_time = 24 * mtreg / 69;
+      break;
+    case BH1750_MODE_H:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H;
+      meas_time = 180 * mtreg / 69;
+      break;
+    case BH1750_MODE_H2:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2;
+      meas_time = 180 * mtreg / 69;
+      break;
+    default:
+      f(NAN);
+      return;
+  }
+  if (this->write(&cmd, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Start measurement failed");
+    f(NAN);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // probably not needed, but adjust for rounding
+  meas_time++;
+
+  this->set_timeout("read", meas_time, [this, mode, mtreg, f]() {
+    uint16_t raw_value;
+    if (this->read(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&raw_value), 2) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Read data failed");
+      f(NAN);
+      return;
+    }
+    raw_value = i2c::i2ctohs(raw_value);
+
+    float lx = float(raw_value) / 1.2f;
+    lx *= 69.0f / mtreg;
+    if (mode == BH1750_MODE_H2)
+      lx /= 2.0f;
+
+    f(lx);
+  });
 }
 
 void BH1750Sensor::dump_config() {
@@ -82,189 +124,45 @@ void BH1750Sensor::dump_config() {
 }
 
 void BH1750Sensor::update() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
-
-  // Start coarse measurement to determine optimal mode/mtreg
-  if (this->state_ != IDLE) {
-    // Safety timeout: reset if stuck
-    if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ > MEASUREMENT_TIMEOUT_MS) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Measurement timeout, resetting state");
-      this->state_ = IDLE;
-    } else {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Previous measurement not complete, skipping update");
+  // first do a quick measurement in L-mode with full range
+  // to find right range
+  this->read_lx_(BH1750_MODE_L, 31, [this](float val) {
+    if (std::isnan(val)) {
+      this->status_set_warning();
+      this->publish_state(NAN);
       return;
     }
-  }
 
-  if (!this->start_measurement_(BH1750_MODE_L, MTREG_MIN, now)) {
-    this->status_set_warning();
-    this->publish_state(NAN);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  this->state_ = WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT;
-  this->enable_loop();  // Enable loop while measurement in progress
-}
-
-void BH1750Sensor::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
-
-  switch (this->state_) {
-    case IDLE:
-      // Disable loop when idle to save cycles
-      this->disable_loop();
-      break;
-
-    case WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT:
-      if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ >= this->measurement_duration_) {
-        this->state_ = READING_COARSE_RESULT;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case READING_COARSE_RESULT: {
-      float lx;
-      if (!this->read_measurement_(lx)) {
-        this->fail_and_reset_();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      this->process_coarse_result_(lx);
-
-      // Start fine measurement with optimal settings
-      // fetch millis() again since the read can take a bit
-      if (!this->start_measurement_(this->fine_mode_, this->fine_mtreg_, millis())) {
-        this->fail_and_reset_();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      this->state_ = WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT;
-      break;
+    BH1750Mode use_mode;
+    uint8_t use_mtreg;
+    if (val <= 7000) {
+      use_mode = BH1750_MODE_H2;
+      use_mtreg = 254;
+    } else {
+      use_mode = BH1750_MODE_H;
+      // lx = counts / 1.2 * (69 / mtreg)
+      // -> mtreg = counts / 1.2 * (69 / lx)
+      // calculate for counts=50000 (allow some range to not saturate, but maximize mtreg)
+      // -> mtreg = 50000*(10/12)*(69/lx)
+      int ideal_mtreg = 50000 * 10 * 69 / (12 * (int) val);
+      use_mtreg = std::min(254, std::max(31, ideal_mtreg));
     }
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "L result: %f -> Calculated mode=%d, mtreg=%d", val, (int) use_mode, use_mtreg);
 
-    case WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT:
-      if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ >= this->measurement_duration_) {
-        this->state_ = READING_FINE_RESULT;
+    this->read_lx_(use_mode, use_mtreg, [this](float val) {
+      if (std::isnan(val)) {
+        this->status_set_warning();
+        this->publish_state(NAN);
+        return;
       }
-      break;
-
-    case READING_FINE_RESULT: {
-      float lx;
-      if (!this->read_measurement_(lx)) {
-        this->fail_and_reset_();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Illuminance=%.1flx", this->get_name().c_str(), lx);
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Illuminance=%.1flx", this->get_name().c_str(), val);
       this->status_clear_warning();
-      this->publish_state(lx);
-      this->state_ = IDLE;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-bool BH1750Sensor::start_measurement_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, uint32_t now) {
-  // Power on
-  uint8_t turn_on = BH1750_COMMAND_POWER_ON;
-  if (this->write(&turn_on, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Power on failed");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // Set MTreg if changed
-  if (this->active_mtreg_ != mtreg) {
-    uint8_t mtreg_hi = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_HI | ((mtreg >> MTREG_HI_SHIFT) & MTREG_HI_MASK);
-    uint8_t mtreg_lo = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_LO | ((mtreg >> MTREG_LO_SHIFT) & MTREG_LO_MASK);
-    if (this->write(&mtreg_hi, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK || this->write(&mtreg_lo, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Set measurement time failed");
-      this->active_mtreg_ = 0;
-      return false;
-    }
-    this->active_mtreg_ = mtreg;
-  }
-
-  // Start measurement
-  uint8_t cmd;
-  uint16_t meas_time;
-  switch (mode) {
-    case BH1750_MODE_L:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L;
-      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_L_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
-      break;
-    case BH1750_MODE_H:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H;
-      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_H_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
-      break;
-    case BH1750_MODE_H2:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2;
-      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_H_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
-      break;
-    default:
-      return false;
-  }
-
-  if (this->write(&cmd, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Start measurement failed");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // Store current measurement parameters
-  this->current_mode_ = mode;
-  this->current_mtreg_ = mtreg;
-  this->measurement_start_time_ = now;
-  this->measurement_duration_ = meas_time + 1;  // Add 1ms for safety
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool BH1750Sensor::read_measurement_(float &lx_out) {
-  uint16_t raw_value;
-  if (this->read(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&raw_value), 2) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Read data failed");
-    return false;
-  }
-  raw_value = i2c::i2ctohs(raw_value);
-
-  float lx = float(raw_value) / RESOLUTION_DIVISOR;
-  lx *= float(MTREG_DEFAULT) / this->current_mtreg_;
-  if (this->current_mode_ == BH1750_MODE_H2) {
-    lx /= MODE_H2_DIVISOR;
-  }
-
-  lx_out = lx;
-  return true;
-}
-
-void BH1750Sensor::process_coarse_result_(float lx) {
-  if (std::isnan(lx)) {
-    // Use defaults if coarse measurement failed
-    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H2;
-    this->fine_mtreg_ = MTREG_MAX;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (lx <= HIGH_LIGHT_THRESHOLD_LX) {
-    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H2;
-    this->fine_mtreg_ = MTREG_MAX;
-  } else {
-    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H;
-    // lx = counts / 1.2 * (69 / mtreg)
-    // -> mtreg = counts / 1.2 * (69 / lx)
-    // calculate for counts=50000 (allow some range to not saturate, but maximize mtreg)
-    // -> mtreg = 50000*(10/12)*(69/lx)
-    int ideal_mtreg = COUNTS_TARGET * COUNTS_NUMERATOR * MTREG_DEFAULT / (COUNTS_DENOMINATOR * (int) lx);
-    this->fine_mtreg_ = std::min((int) MTREG_MAX, std::max((int) MTREG_MIN, ideal_mtreg));
-  }
-
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "L result: %.1f -> Calculated mode=%d, mtreg=%d", lx, (int) this->fine_mode_, this->fine_mtreg_);
-}
-
-void BH1750Sensor::fail_and_reset_() {
-  this->status_set_warning();
-  this->publish_state(NAN);
-  this->state_ = IDLE;
+      this->publish_state(val);
+    });
+  });
 }
 
 float BH1750Sensor::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::DATA; }
 
-}  // namespace esphome::bh1750
+}  // namespace bh1750
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/bh1750/bh1750.h

@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 #include "esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h"
 
-namespace esphome::bh1750 {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace bh1750 {
 
-enum BH1750Mode : uint8_t {
+enum BH1750Mode {
   BH1750_MODE_L,
   BH1750_MODE_H,
   BH1750_MODE_H2,
@@ -20,36 +21,13 @@ class BH1750Sensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent, public i2c:
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void update() override;
-  void loop() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
  protected:
-  // State machine states
-  enum State : uint8_t {
-    IDLE,
-    WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT,
-    READING_COARSE_RESULT,
-    WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT,
-    READING_FINE_RESULT,
-  };
+  void read_lx_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, const std::function<void(float)> &f);
 
-  // 4-byte aligned members
-  uint32_t measurement_start_time_{0};
-  uint32_t measurement_duration_{0};
-
-  // 1-byte members grouped together to minimize padding
-  State state_{IDLE};
-  BH1750Mode current_mode_{BH1750_MODE_L};
-  uint8_t current_mtreg_{31};
-  BH1750Mode fine_mode_{BH1750_MODE_H2};
-  uint8_t fine_mtreg_{254};
   uint8_t active_mtreg_{0};
-
-  // Helper methods
-  bool start_measurement_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, uint32_t now);
-  bool read_measurement_(float &lx_out);
-  void process_coarse_result_(float lx);
-  void fail_and_reset_();
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::bh1750
+}  // namespace bh1750
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/ble_client/automation.h

@@ -122,19 +122,16 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
   void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     this->var_ = std::make_tuple(x...);
-
-    bool result;
+    std::vector<uint8_t> value;
     if (this->len_ >= 0) {
-      // Static mode: write directly from flash pointer
-      result = this->write(this->value_.data, this->len_);
+      // Static mode: copy from flash to vector
+      value.assign(this->value_.data, this->value_.data + this->len_);
     } else {
-      // Template mode: call function and write the vector
-      std::vector<uint8_t> value = this->value_.func(x...);
-      result = this->write(value);
+      // Template mode: call function
+      value = this->value_.func(x...);
     }
-
     // on write failure, continue the automation chain rather than stopping so that e.g. disconnect can work.
-    if (!result)
+    if (!write(value))
       this->play_next_(x...);
   }
 
@@ -147,15 +144,15 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
    * errors.
    */
   // initiate the write. Return true if all went well, will be followed by a WRITE_CHAR event.
-  bool write(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+  bool write(const std::vector<uint8_t> &value) {
     if (this->node_state != espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED) {
       esph_log_w(Automation::TAG, "Cannot write to BLE characteristic - not connected");
       return false;
     }
-    esph_log_vv(Automation::TAG, "Will write %d bytes: %s", len, format_hex_pretty(data, len).c_str());
-    esp_err_t err =
-        esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent()->get_gattc_if(), this->parent()->get_conn_id(), this->char_handle_, len,
-                                 const_cast<uint8_t *>(data), this->write_type_, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
+    esph_log_vv(Automation::TAG, "Will write %d bytes: %s", value.size(), format_hex_pretty(value).c_str());
+    esp_err_t err = esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent()->get_gattc_if(), this->parent()->get_conn_id(),
+                                             this->char_handle_, value.size(), const_cast<uint8_t *>(value.data()),
+                                             this->write_type_, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
     if (err != ESP_OK) {
       esph_log_e(Automation::TAG, "Error writing to characteristic: %s!", esp_err_to_name(err));
       return false;
@@ -163,8 +160,6 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
     return true;
   }
 
-  bool write(const std::vector<uint8_t> &value) { return this->write(value.data(), value.size()); }
-
   void gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc_if,
                            esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t *param) override {
     switch (event) {

esphome/components/bluetooth_proxy/bluetooth_proxy.h

@@ -130,9 +130,11 @@ class BluetoothProxy final : public esp32_ble_tracker::ESPBTDeviceListener, publ
     return flags;
   }
 
-  void get_bluetooth_mac_address_pretty(std::span<char, 18> output) {
+  std::string get_bluetooth_mac_address_pretty() {
     const uint8_t *mac = esp_bt_dev_get_address();
-    format_mac_addr_upper(mac, output.data());
+    char buf[18];
+    format_mac_addr_upper(mac, buf);
+    return std::string(buf);
   }
 
  protected:

esphome/components/captive_portal/__init__.py

@@ -72,16 +72,6 @@ def _final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
             "Add 'ap:' to your WiFi configuration to enable the captive portal."
         )
 
-    # Register socket needs for DNS server and additional HTTP connections
-    # - 1 UDP socket for DNS server
-    # - 3 additional TCP sockets for captive portal detection probes + configuration requests
-    #   OS captive portal detection makes multiple probe requests that stay in TIME_WAIT.
-    #   Need headroom for actual user configuration requests.
-    #   LRU purging will reclaim idle sockets to prevent exhaustion from repeated attempts.
-    from esphome.components import socket
-
-    socket.consume_sockets(4, "captive_portal")(config)
-
     return config
 
 

esphome/components/captive_portal/captive_portal.cpp

@@ -13,16 +13,14 @@ static const char *const TAG = "captive_portal";
 void CaptivePortal::handle_config(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   AsyncResponseStream *stream = request->beginResponseStream(ESPHOME_F("application/json"));
   stream->addHeader(ESPHOME_F("cache-control"), ESPHOME_F("public, max-age=0, must-revalidate"));
-  char mac_s[18];
-  const char *mac_str = get_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(mac_s);
 #ifdef USE_ESP8266
   stream->print(ESPHOME_F("{\"mac\":\""));
-  stream->print(mac_str);
+  stream->print(get_mac_address_pretty().c_str());
   stream->print(ESPHOME_F("\",\"name\":\""));
   stream->print(App.get_name().c_str());
   stream->print(ESPHOME_F("\",\"aps\":[{}"));
 #else
-  stream->printf(R"({"mac":"%s","name":"%s","aps":[{})", mac_str, App.get_name().c_str());
+  stream->printf(R"({"mac":"%s","name":"%s","aps":[{})", get_mac_address_pretty().c_str(), App.get_name().c_str());
 #endif
 
   for (auto &scan : wifi::global_wifi_component->get_scan_result()) {
@@ -52,8 +50,8 @@ void CaptivePortal::handle_wifisave(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Requested WiFi Settings Change:");
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  SSID='%s'", ssid.c_str());
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Password=" LOG_SECRET("'%s'"), psk.c_str());
-  // Defer save to main loop thread to avoid NVS operations from HTTP thread
-  this->defer([ssid, psk]() { wifi::global_wifi_component->save_wifi_sta(ssid, psk); });
+  wifi::global_wifi_component->save_wifi_sta(ssid, psk);
+  wifi::global_wifi_component->start_scanning();
   request->redirect(ESPHOME_F("/?save"));
 }
 
@@ -65,12 +63,6 @@ void CaptivePortal::start() {
   this->base_->init();
   if (!this->initialized_) {
     this->base_->add_handler(this);
-#ifdef USE_ESP32
-    // Enable LRU socket purging to handle captive portal detection probe bursts
-    // OS captive portal detection makes many simultaneous HTTP requests which can
-    // exhaust sockets. LRU purging automatically closes oldest idle connections.
-    this->base_->get_server()->set_lru_purge_enable(true);
-#endif
   }
 
   network::IPAddress ip = wifi::global_wifi_component->wifi_soft_ap_ip();

esphome/components/captive_portal/captive_portal.h

@@ -40,10 +40,6 @@ class CaptivePortal : public AsyncWebHandler, public Component {
   void end() {
     this->active_ = false;
     this->disable_loop();  // Stop processing DNS requests
-#ifdef USE_ESP32
-    // Disable LRU socket purging now that captive portal is done
-    this->base_->get_server()->set_lru_purge_enable(false);
-#endif
     this->base_->deinit();
     if (this->dns_server_ != nullptr) {
       this->dns_server_->stop();

esphome/components/cover/automation.h

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "cover.h"
 
-namespace esphome::cover {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace cover {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class OpenAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
@@ -130,4 +131,5 @@ class CoverClosedTrigger : public Trigger<> {
   }
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::cover
+}  // namespace cover
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/cover/cover.cpp

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome::cover {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace cover {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "cover";
 
@@ -211,4 +212,5 @@ void CoverRestoreState::apply(Cover *cover) {
   cover->publish_state();
 }
 
-}  // namespace esphome::cover
+}  // namespace cover
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/cover/cover.h

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 
 #include "cover_traits.h"
 
-namespace esphome::cover {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace cover {
 
 const extern float COVER_OPEN;
 const extern float COVER_CLOSED;
@@ -156,4 +157,5 @@ class Cover : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass {
   ESPPreferenceObject rtc_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::cover
+}  // namespace cover
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/cover/cover_traits.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-namespace esphome::cover {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace cover {
 
 class CoverTraits {
  public:
@@ -25,4 +26,5 @@ class CoverTraits {
   bool supports_stop_{false};
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::cover
+}  // namespace cover
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/dashboard_import/dashboard_import.cpp

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace dashboard_import {
 
-static const char *g_package_import_url = "";  // NOLINT
+static std::string g_package_import_url;  // NOLINT
 
-const char *get_package_import_url() { return g_package_import_url; }
-void set_package_import_url(const char *url) { g_package_import_url = url; }
+const std::string &get_package_import_url() { return g_package_import_url; }
+void set_package_import_url(std::string url) { g_package_import_url = std::move(url); }
 
 }  // namespace dashboard_import
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/dashboard_import/dashboard_import.h

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <string>
+
 namespace esphome {
 namespace dashboard_import {
 
-const char *get_package_import_url();
-void set_package_import_url(const char *url);
+const std::string &get_package_import_url();
+void set_package_import_url(std::string url);
 
 }  // namespace dashboard_import
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.cpp

@@ -96,10 +96,6 @@ void ESP32BLE::advertising_set_service_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
 }
 
 void ESP32BLE::advertising_set_manufacturer_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
-  this->advertising_set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t>(data));
-}
-
-void ESP32BLE::advertising_set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
   this->advertising_init_();
   this->advertising_->set_manufacturer_data(data);
   this->advertising_start();

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h

@@ -118,7 +118,6 @@ class ESP32BLE : public Component {
   void advertising_start();
   void advertising_set_service_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
   void advertising_set_manufacturer_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
-  void advertising_set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data);
   void advertising_set_appearance(uint16_t appearance) { this->appearance_ = appearance; }
   void advertising_set_service_data_and_name(std::span<const uint8_t> data, bool include_name);
   void advertising_add_service_uuid(ESPBTUUID uuid);

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_advertising.cpp

@@ -59,10 +59,6 @@ void BLEAdvertising::set_service_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
 }
 
 void BLEAdvertising::set_manufacturer_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
-  this->set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t>(data));
-}
-
-void BLEAdvertising::set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data) {
   delete[] this->advertising_data_.p_manufacturer_data;
   this->advertising_data_.p_manufacturer_data = nullptr;
   this->advertising_data_.manufacturer_len = data.size();

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble_advertising.h

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ class BLEAdvertising {
   void set_scan_response(bool scan_response) { this->scan_response_ = scan_response; }
   void set_min_preferred_interval(uint16_t interval) { this->advertising_data_.min_interval = interval; }
   void set_manufacturer_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
-  void set_manufacturer_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data);
   void set_appearance(uint16_t appearance) { this->advertising_data_.appearance = appearance; }
   void set_service_data(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data);
   void set_service_data(std::span<const uint8_t> data);

esphome/components/esp32_ble_beacon/esp32_ble_beacon.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include "esp32_ble_beacon.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32
 

esphome/components/esp32_ble_server/ble_server_automations.cpp

@@ -15,10 +15,7 @@ Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t> *BLETriggers::create_characteristic_on_w
   Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t> *on_write_trigger =  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
       new Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t>();
   characteristic->on_write([on_write_trigger](std::span<const uint8_t> data, uint16_t id) {
-    // Convert span to vector for trigger - copy is necessary because:
-    // 1. Trigger stores the data for use in automation actions that execute later
-    // 2. The span is only valid during this callback (points to temporary BLE stack data)
-    // 3. User lambdas in automations need persistent data they can access asynchronously
+    // Convert span to vector for trigger
     on_write_trigger->trigger(std::vector<uint8_t>(data.begin(), data.end()), id);
   });
   return on_write_trigger;
@@ -30,10 +27,7 @@ Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t> *BLETriggers::create_descriptor_on_write
   Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t> *on_write_trigger =  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory)
       new Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint16_t>();
   descriptor->on_write([on_write_trigger](std::span<const uint8_t> data, uint16_t id) {
-    // Convert span to vector for trigger - copy is necessary because:
-    // 1. Trigger stores the data for use in automation actions that execute later
-    // 2. The span is only valid during this callback (points to temporary BLE stack data)
-    // 3. User lambdas in automations need persistent data they can access asynchronously
+    // Convert span to vector for trigger
     on_write_trigger->trigger(std::vector<uint8_t>(data.begin(), data.end()), id);
   });
   return on_write_trigger;

esphome/components/esp32_improv/__init__.py

@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ CONF_ON_STOP = "on_stop"
 CONF_STATUS_INDICATOR = "status_indicator"
 CONF_WIFI_TIMEOUT = "wifi_timeout"
 
-# Default WiFi timeout - aligned with WiFi component ap_timeout
-# Allows sufficient time to try all BSSIDs before starting provisioning mode
-DEFAULT_WIFI_TIMEOUT = "90s"
-
 
 improv_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("improv")
 Error = improv_ns.enum("Error")
@@ -63,7 +59,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
                 CONF_AUTHORIZED_DURATION, default="1min"
             ): cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds,
             cv.Optional(
-                CONF_WIFI_TIMEOUT, default=DEFAULT_WIFI_TIMEOUT
+                CONF_WIFI_TIMEOUT, default="1min"
             ): cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds,
             cv.Optional(CONF_ON_PROVISIONED): automation.validate_automation(
                 {

esphome/components/esp32_improv/esp32_improv_component.cpp

@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ void ESP32ImprovComponent::loop() {
           // Set initial state based on whether we have an authorizer
           this->set_state_(this->get_initial_state_(), false);
           this->set_error_(improv::ERROR_NONE);
-          this->should_start_ = false;  // Clear flag after starting
           ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Service started!");
         }
       }

esphome/components/esp32_improv/esp32_improv_component.h

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ class ESP32ImprovComponent : public Component, public improv_base::ImprovBase {
   void start();
   void stop();
   bool is_active() const { return this->state_ != improv::STATE_STOPPED; }
-  bool should_start() const { return this->should_start_; }
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32_IMPROV_STATE_CALLBACK
   void add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(improv::State, improv::Error)> &&callback) {

esphome/components/ethernet/__init__.py

@@ -383,7 +383,6 @@ async def to_code(config):
     cg.add(var.set_use_address(config[CONF_USE_ADDRESS]))
 
     if CONF_MANUAL_IP in config:
-        cg.add_define("USE_ETHERNET_MANUAL_IP")
         cg.add(var.set_manual_ip(manual_ip(config[CONF_MANUAL_IP])))
 
     # Add compile-time define for PHY types with specific code

esphome/components/ethernet/ethernet_component.cpp

@@ -553,14 +553,11 @@ void EthernetComponent::start_connect_() {
   }
 
   esp_netif_ip_info_t info;
-#ifdef USE_ETHERNET_MANUAL_IP
   if (this->manual_ip_.has_value()) {
     info.ip = this->manual_ip_->static_ip;
     info.gw = this->manual_ip_->gateway;
     info.netmask = this->manual_ip_->subnet;
-  } else
-#endif
-  {
+  } else {
     info.ip.addr = 0;
     info.gw.addr = 0;
     info.netmask.addr = 0;
@@ -581,7 +578,6 @@ void EthernetComponent::start_connect_() {
   err = esp_netif_set_ip_info(this->eth_netif_, &info);
   ESPHL_ERROR_CHECK(err, "DHCPC set IP info error");
 
-#ifdef USE_ETHERNET_MANUAL_IP
   if (this->manual_ip_.has_value()) {
     LwIPLock lock;
     if (this->manual_ip_->dns1.is_set()) {
@@ -594,9 +590,7 @@ void EthernetComponent::start_connect_() {
       d = this->manual_ip_->dns2;
       dns_setserver(1, &d);
     }
-  } else
-#endif
-  {
+  } else {
     err = esp_netif_dhcpc_start(this->eth_netif_);
     if (err != ESP_ERR_ESP_NETIF_DHCP_ALREADY_STARTED) {
       ESPHL_ERROR_CHECK(err, "DHCPC start error");
@@ -694,9 +688,7 @@ void EthernetComponent::set_clk_mode(emac_rmii_clock_mode_t clk_mode) { this->cl
 void EthernetComponent::add_phy_register(PHYRegister register_value) { this->phy_registers_.push_back(register_value); }
 #endif
 void EthernetComponent::set_type(EthernetType type) { this->type_ = type; }
-#ifdef USE_ETHERNET_MANUAL_IP
 void EthernetComponent::set_manual_ip(const ManualIP &manual_ip) { this->manual_ip_ = manual_ip; }
-#endif
 
 // set_use_address() is guaranteed to be called during component setup by Python code generation,
 // so use_address_ will always be valid when get_use_address() is called - no fallback needed.

esphome/components/ethernet/ethernet_component.h

@@ -82,9 +82,7 @@ class EthernetComponent : public Component {
   void add_phy_register(PHYRegister register_value);
 #endif
   void set_type(EthernetType type);
-#ifdef USE_ETHERNET_MANUAL_IP
   void set_manual_ip(const ManualIP &manual_ip);
-#endif
   void set_fixed_mac(const std::array<uint8_t, 6> &mac) { this->fixed_mac_ = mac; }
 
   network::IPAddresses get_ip_addresses();
@@ -139,9 +137,7 @@ class EthernetComponent : public Component {
   uint8_t mdc_pin_{23};
   uint8_t mdio_pin_{18};
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_ETHERNET_MANUAL_IP
   optional<ManualIP> manual_ip_{};
-#endif
   uint32_t connect_begin_;
 
   // Group all uint8_t types together (enums and bools)

esphome/components/font/__init__.py

@@ -486,8 +486,6 @@ class GlyphInfo:
 
 
 def glyph_to_glyphinfo(glyph, font, size, bpp):
-    # Convert to 32 bit unicode codepoint
-    glyph = ord(glyph)
     scale = 256 // (1 << bpp)
     if not font.is_scalable:
         sizes = [pt_to_px(x.size) for x in font.available_sizes]

esphome/components/font/font.cpp

@@ -6,147 +6,42 @@
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace font {
+
 static const char *const TAG = "font";
 
-#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
-const uint8_t *Font::get_glyph_bitmap(const lv_font_t *font, uint32_t unicode_letter) {
-  auto *fe = (Font *) font->dsc;
-  const auto *gd = fe->get_glyph_data_(unicode_letter);
-  if (gd == nullptr) {
-    return nullptr;
+// Compare the char at the string position with this char.
+// Return true if this char is less than or equal the other.
+bool Glyph::compare_to(const uint8_t *str) const {
+  // 1 -> this->char_
+  // 2 -> str
+  for (uint32_t i = 0;; i++) {
+    if (this->a_char[i] == '\0')
+      return true;
+    if (str[i] == '\0')
+      return false;
+    if (this->a_char[i] > str[i])
+      return false;
+    if (this->a_char[i] < str[i])
+      return true;
   }
-  return gd->data;
+  // this should not happen
+  return false;
 }
-
-bool Font::get_glyph_dsc_cb(const lv_font_t *font, lv_font_glyph_dsc_t *dsc, uint32_t unicode_letter, uint32_t next) {
-  auto *fe = (Font *) font->dsc;
-  const auto *gd = fe->get_glyph_data_(unicode_letter);
-  if (gd == nullptr) {
-    return false;
+int Glyph::match_length(const uint8_t *str) const {
+  for (uint32_t i = 0;; i++) {
+    if (this->a_char[i] == '\0')
+      return i;
+    if (str[i] != this->a_char[i])
+      return 0;
   }
-  dsc->adv_w = gd->advance;
-  dsc->ofs_x = gd->offset_x;
-  dsc->ofs_y = fe->height_ - gd->height - gd->offset_y - fe->lv_font_.base_line;
-  dsc->box_w = gd->width;
-  dsc->box_h = gd->height;
-  dsc->is_placeholder = 0;
-  dsc->bpp = fe->get_bpp();
-  return true;
+  // this should not happen
+  return 0;
 }
-
-const Glyph *Font::get_glyph_data_(uint32_t unicode_letter) {
-  if (unicode_letter == this->last_letter_ && this->last_letter_ != 0)
-    return this->last_data_;
-  auto *glyph = this->find_glyph(unicode_letter);
-  if (glyph == nullptr) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  this->last_data_ = glyph;
-  this->last_letter_ = unicode_letter;
-  return glyph;
-}
-#endif
-
-/**
- *  Attempt to extract a 32 bit Unicode codepoint from a UTF-8 string.
- *  If successful, return the codepoint and set the length to the number of bytes read.
- *  If the end of the string has been reached and a valid codepoint has not been found, return 0 and set the length to
- * 0.
- *
- * @param utf8_str The input string
- * @param length Pointer to length storage
- * @return The extracted code point
- */
-static uint32_t extract_unicode_codepoint(const char *utf8_str, size_t *length) {
-  // Safely cast to uint8_t* for correct bitwise operations on bytes
-  const uint8_t *current = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(utf8_str);
-  uint32_t code_point = 0;
-  uint8_t c1 = *current++;
-
-  // check for end of string
-  if (c1 == 0) {
-    *length = 0;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // --- 1-Byte Sequence: 0xxxxxxx (ASCII) ---
-  if (c1 < 0x80) {
-    // Valid ASCII byte.
-    code_point = c1;
-    // Optimization: No need to check for continuation bytes.
-  }
-  // --- 2-Byte Sequence: 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx ---
-  else if ((c1 & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
-    uint8_t c2 = *current++;
-
-    // Error Check 1: Check if c2 is a valid continuation byte (10xxxxxx)
-    if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80) {
-      *length = 0;
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-    code_point = (c1 & 0x1F) << 6;
-    code_point |= (c2 & 0x3F);
-
-    // Error Check 2: Overlong check (2-byte must be > 0x7F)
-    if (code_point <= 0x7F) {
-      *length = 0;
-      return 0;
-    }
-  }
-  // --- 3-Byte Sequence: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx ---
-  else if ((c1 & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
-    uint8_t c2 = *current++;
-    uint8_t c3 = *current++;
-
-    // Error Check 1: Check continuation bytes
-    if (((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80) || ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)) {
-      *length = 0;
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-    code_point = (c1 & 0x0F) << 12;
-    code_point |= (c2 & 0x3F) << 6;
-    code_point |= (c3 & 0x3F);
-
-    // Error Check 2: Overlong check (3-byte must be > 0x7FF)
-    // Also check for surrogates (0xD800-0xDFFF)
-    if (code_point <= 0x7FF || (code_point >= 0xD800 && code_point <= 0xDFFF)) {
-      *length = 0;
-      return 0;
-    }
-  }
-  // --- 4-Byte Sequence: 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx ---
-  else if ((c1 & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
-    uint8_t c2 = *current++;
-    uint8_t c3 = *current++;
-    uint8_t c4 = *current++;
-
-    // Error Check 1: Check continuation bytes
-    if (((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80) || ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80) || ((c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)) {
-      *length = 0;
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-    code_point = (c1 & 0x07) << 18;
-    code_point |= (c2 & 0x3F) << 12;
-    code_point |= (c3 & 0x3F) << 6;
-    code_point |= (c4 & 0x3F);
-
-    // Error Check 2: Overlong check (4-byte must be > 0xFFFF)
-    // Also check for valid Unicode range (must be <= 0x10FFFF)
-    if (code_point <= 0xFFFF || code_point > 0x10FFFF) {
-      *length = 0;
-      return 0;
-    }
-  }
-  // --- Invalid leading byte (e.g., 10xxxxxx or 11111xxx) ---
-  else {
-    *length = 0;
-    return 0;
-  }
-  *length = current - reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(utf8_str);
-  return code_point;
+void Glyph::scan_area(int *x1, int *y1, int *width, int *height) const {
+  *x1 = this->offset_x;
+  *y1 = this->offset_y;
+  *width = this->width;
+  *height = this->height;
 }
 
 Font::Font(const Glyph *data, int data_nr, int baseline, int height, int descender, int xheight, int capheight,
@@ -158,93 +53,82 @@ Font::Font(const Glyph *data, int data_nr, int baseline, int height, int descend
       linegap_(height - baseline - descender),
       xheight_(xheight),
       capheight_(capheight),
-      bpp_(bpp) {
-#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
-  this->lv_font_.dsc = this;
-  this->lv_font_.line_height = this->get_height();
-  this->lv_font_.base_line = this->lv_font_.line_height - this->get_baseline();
-  this->lv_font_.get_glyph_dsc = get_glyph_dsc_cb;
-  this->lv_font_.get_glyph_bitmap = get_glyph_bitmap;
-  this->lv_font_.subpx = LV_FONT_SUBPX_NONE;
-  this->lv_font_.underline_position = -1;
-  this->lv_font_.underline_thickness = 1;
-#endif
-}
-
-const Glyph *Font::find_glyph(uint32_t codepoint) const {
+      bpp_(bpp) {}
+int Font::match_next_glyph(const uint8_t *str, int *match_length) const {
   int lo = 0;
   int hi = this->glyphs_.size() - 1;
   while (lo != hi) {
     int mid = (lo + hi + 1) / 2;
-    if (this->glyphs_[mid].is_less_or_equal(codepoint)) {
+    if (this->glyphs_[mid].compare_to(str)) {
       lo = mid;
     } else {
       hi = mid - 1;
     }
   }
-  auto *result = &this->glyphs_[lo];
-  if (result->code_point == codepoint)
-    return result;
-  return nullptr;
+  *match_length = this->glyphs_[lo].match_length(str);
+  if (*match_length <= 0)
+    return -1;
+  return lo;
 }
-
 #ifdef USE_DISPLAY
 void Font::measure(const char *str, int *width, int *x_offset, int *baseline, int *height) {
   *baseline = this->baseline_;
   *height = this->height_;
+  int i = 0;
   int min_x = 0;
   bool has_char = false;
   int x = 0;
-  for (;;) {
-    size_t length;
-    auto code_point = extract_unicode_codepoint(str, &length);
-    if (length == 0)
-      break;
-    str += length;
-    auto *glyph = this->find_glyph(code_point);
-    if (glyph == nullptr) {
+  while (str[i] != '\0') {
+    int match_length;
+    int glyph_n = this->match_next_glyph((const uint8_t *) str + i, &match_length);
+    if (glyph_n < 0) {
       // Unknown char, skip
-      if (!this->glyphs_.empty())
-        x += this->glyphs_[0].advance;
+      if (!this->get_glyphs().empty())
+        x += this->get_glyphs()[0].advance;
+      i++;
       continue;
     }
 
+    const Glyph &glyph = this->glyphs_[glyph_n];
     if (!has_char) {
-      min_x = glyph->offset_x;
+      min_x = glyph.offset_x;
     } else {
-      min_x = std::min(min_x, x + glyph->offset_x);
+      min_x = std::min(min_x, x + glyph.offset_x);
     }
-    x += glyph->advance;
+    x += glyph.advance;
 
+    i += match_length;
     has_char = true;
   }
   *x_offset = min_x;
   *width = x - min_x;
 }
-
 void Font::print(int x_start, int y_start, display::Display *display, Color color, const char *text, Color background) {
+  int i = 0;
   int x_at = x_start;
-  for (;;) {
-    size_t length;
-    auto code_point = extract_unicode_codepoint(text, &length);
-    if (length == 0)
-      break;
-    text += length;
-    auto *glyph = this->find_glyph(code_point);
-    if (glyph == nullptr) {
+  int scan_x1, scan_y1, scan_width, scan_height;
+  while (text[i] != '\0') {
+    int match_length;
+    int glyph_n = this->match_next_glyph((const uint8_t *) text + i, &match_length);
+    if (glyph_n < 0) {
       // Unknown char, skip
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Codepoint 0x%08" PRIx32 " not found in font", code_point);
-      if (!this->glyphs_.empty()) {
-        uint8_t glyph_width = this->glyphs_[0].advance;
-        display->rectangle(x_at, y_start, glyph_width, this->height_, color);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Encountered character without representation in font: '%c'", text[i]);
+      if (!this->get_glyphs().empty()) {
+        uint8_t glyph_width = this->get_glyphs()[0].advance;
+        display->filled_rectangle(x_at, y_start, glyph_width, this->height_, color);
         x_at += glyph_width;
       }
+
+      i++;
       continue;
     }
 
-    const uint8_t *data = glyph->data;
-    const int max_x = x_at + glyph->offset_x + glyph->width;
-    const int max_y = y_start + glyph->offset_y + glyph->height;
+    const Glyph &glyph = this->get_glyphs()[glyph_n];
+    glyph.scan_area(&scan_x1, &scan_y1, &scan_width, &scan_height);
+
+    const uint8_t *data = glyph.data;
+    const int max_x = x_at + scan_x1 + scan_width;
+    const int max_y = y_start + scan_y1 + scan_height;
 
     uint8_t bitmask = 0;
     uint8_t pixel_data = 0;
@@ -257,10 +141,10 @@ void Font::print(int x_start, int y_start, display::Display *display, Color colo
     auto b_g = (float) background.g;
     auto b_b = (float) background.b;
     auto b_w = (float) background.w;
-    for (int glyph_y = y_start + glyph->offset_y; glyph_y != max_y; glyph_y++) {
-      for (int glyph_x = x_at + glyph->offset_x; glyph_x != max_x; glyph_x++) {
+    for (int glyph_y = y_start + scan_y1; glyph_y != max_y; glyph_y++) {
+      for (int glyph_x = x_at + scan_x1; glyph_x != max_x; glyph_x++) {
         uint8_t pixel = 0;
-        for (uint8_t bit_num = 0; bit_num != this->bpp_; bit_num++) {
+        for (int bit_num = 0; bit_num != this->bpp_; bit_num++) {
           if (bitmask == 0) {
             pixel_data = progmem_read_byte(data++);
             bitmask = 0x80;
@@ -280,9 +164,12 @@ void Font::print(int x_start, int y_start, display::Display *display, Color colo
         }
       }
     }
-    x_at += glyph->advance;
+    x_at += glyph.advance;
+
+    i += match_length;
   }
 }
 #endif
+
 }  // namespace font
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/font/font.h

@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@
 #ifdef USE_DISPLAY
 #include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
-#include <lvgl.h>
-#endif
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace font {
@@ -17,9 +14,9 @@ class Font;
 
 class Glyph {
  public:
-  constexpr Glyph(uint32_t code_point, const uint8_t *data, int advance, int offset_x, int offset_y, int width,
+  constexpr Glyph(const char *a_char, const uint8_t *data, int advance, int offset_x, int offset_y, int width,
                   int height)
-      : code_point(code_point),
+      : a_char(a_char),
         data(data),
         advance(advance),
         offset_x(offset_x),
@@ -27,15 +24,24 @@ class Glyph {
         width(width),
         height(height) {}
 
-  bool is_less_or_equal(uint32_t other) const { return this->code_point <= other; }
+  const uint8_t *get_char() const { return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(this->a_char); }
 
-  const uint32_t code_point;
+  bool compare_to(const uint8_t *str) const;
+
+  int match_length(const uint8_t *str) const;
+
+  void scan_area(int *x1, int *y1, int *width, int *height) const;
+
+  const char *a_char;
   const uint8_t *data;
   int advance;
   int offset_x;
   int offset_y;
   int width;
   int height;
+
+ protected:
+  friend Font;
 };
 
 class Font
@@ -58,7 +64,7 @@ class Font
   Font(const Glyph *data, int data_nr, int baseline, int height, int descender, int xheight, int capheight,
        uint8_t bpp = 1);
 
-  const Glyph *find_glyph(uint32_t codepoint) const;
+  int match_next_glyph(const uint8_t *str, int *match_length) const;
 
 #ifdef USE_DISPLAY
   void print(int x_start, int y_start, display::Display *display, Color color, const char *text,
@@ -73,9 +79,6 @@ class Font
   inline int get_xheight() { return this->xheight_; }
   inline int get_capheight() { return this->capheight_; }
   inline int get_bpp() { return this->bpp_; }
-#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
-  const lv_font_t *get_lv_font() const { return &this->lv_font_; }
-#endif
 
   const ConstVector<Glyph> &get_glyphs() const { return glyphs_; }
 
@@ -88,14 +91,6 @@ class Font
   int xheight_;
   int capheight_;
   uint8_t bpp_;  // bits per pixel
-#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
-  lv_font_t lv_font_{};
-  static const uint8_t *get_glyph_bitmap(const lv_font_t *font, uint32_t unicode_letter);
-  static bool get_glyph_dsc_cb(const lv_font_t *font, lv_font_glyph_dsc_t *dsc, uint32_t unicode_letter, uint32_t next);
-  const Glyph *get_glyph_data_(uint32_t unicode_letter);
-  uint32_t last_letter_{};
-  const Glyph *last_data_{};
-#endif
 };
 
 }  // namespace font

esphome/components/i2c/i2c_bus_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ void IDFI2CBus::dump_config() {
         if (s.second) {
           ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Found device at address 0x%02X", s.first);
         } else {
-          ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Unknown error at address 0x%02X", s.first);
+          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Unknown error at address 0x%02X", s.first);
         }
       }
     }

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2410";
+static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
+static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
 enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
@@ -179,15 +181,15 @@ static inline bool validate_header_footer(const uint8_t *header_footer, const ui
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::dump_config() {
-  char mac_s[18];
-  char version_s[20];
-  const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
-  ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
+  std::string mac_str =
+      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "LD2410:\n"
                 "  Firmware version: %s\n"
                 "  MAC address: %s",
-                version_s, mac_str);
+                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "Target", this->target_binary_sensor_);
@@ -446,12 +448,12 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_() {
 
     case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
       std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
-      char version_s[20];
-      ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version_s);
+      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version_s);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -504,9 +506,9 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_() {
         std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
       }
 
-      char mac_s[18];
-      const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str);
+      std::string mac_str =
+          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
         this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);

esphome/components/ld2412/ld2412.cpp

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2412 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2412";
+static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
+static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
 enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
@@ -198,15 +200,15 @@ static inline bool validate_header_footer(const uint8_t *header_footer, const ui
 }
 
 void LD2412Component::dump_config() {
-  char mac_s[18];
-  char version_s[20];
-  const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
-  ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
+  std::string mac_str =
+      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "LD2412:\n"
                 "  Firmware version: %s\n"
                 "  MAC address: %s",
-                version_s, mac_str);
+                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "DynamicBackgroundCorrectionStatus",
@@ -490,12 +492,12 @@ bool LD2412Component::handle_ack_data_() {
 
     case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
       std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
-      char version_s[20];
-      ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version_s);
+      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version_s);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -542,9 +544,9 @@ bool LD2412Component::handle_ack_data_() {
         std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
       }
 
-      char mac_s[18];
-      const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str);
+      std::string mac_str =
+          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
         this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2450 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2450";
+static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
+static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
 enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
@@ -190,15 +192,15 @@ void LD2450Component::setup() {
 }
 
 void LD2450Component::dump_config() {
-  char mac_s[18];
-  char version_s[20];
-  const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
-  ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
+  std::string mac_str =
+      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "LD2450:\n"
                 "  Firmware version: %s\n"
                 "  MAC address: %s",
-                version_s, mac_str);
+                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTarget", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
@@ -640,12 +642,12 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_() {
 
     case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
       std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
-      char version_s[20];
-      ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version_s);
+      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version_s);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -661,9 +663,9 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_() {
         std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
       }
 
-      char mac_s[18];
-      const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str);
+      std::string mac_str =
+          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
         this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);

esphome/components/ld24xx/ld24xx.h

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 #include <memory>
-#include <span>
 
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 
 #define SUB_SENSOR_WITH_DEDUP(name, dedup_type) \
@@ -40,27 +39,6 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace ld24xx {
 
-static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
-static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
-
-// Helper function to format MAC address with stack allocation
-// Returns pointer to UNKNOWN_MAC constant or formatted buffer
-// Buffer must be exactly 18 bytes (17 for "XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX" + null terminator)
-inline const char *format_mac_str(const uint8_t *mac_address, std::span<char, 18> buffer) {
-  if (mac_address_is_valid(mac_address)) {
-    format_mac_addr_upper(mac_address, buffer.data());
-    return buffer.data();
-  }
-  return UNKNOWN_MAC;
-}
-
-// Helper function to format firmware version with stack allocation
-// Buffer must be exactly 20 bytes (format: "x.xxXXXXXX" fits in 11 + null terminator, 20 for safety)
-inline void format_version_str(const uint8_t *version, std::span<char, 20> buffer) {
-  snprintf(buffer.data(), buffer.size(), VERSION_FMT, version[1], version[0], version[5], version[4], version[3],
-           version[2]);
-}
-
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
 // Helper class to store a sensor with a deduplicator & publish state only when the value changes
 template<typename T> class SensorWithDedup {

esphome/components/light/light_state.cpp

@@ -24,9 +24,6 @@ void LightState::setup() {
     effect->init_internal(this);
   }
 
-  // Start with loop disabled if idle - respects any effects/transitions set up during initialization
-  this->disable_loop_if_idle_();
-
   // When supported color temperature range is known, initialize color temperature setting within bounds.
   auto traits = this->get_traits();
   float min_mireds = traits.get_min_mireds();
@@ -129,9 +126,6 @@ void LightState::loop() {
       this->is_transformer_active_ = false;
       this->transformer_ = nullptr;
       this->target_state_reached_callback_.call();
-
-      // Disable loop if idle (no transformer and no effect)
-      this->disable_loop_if_idle_();
     }
   }
 
@@ -139,8 +133,6 @@ void LightState::loop() {
   if (this->next_write_) {
     this->next_write_ = false;
     this->output_->write_state(this);
-    // Disable loop if idle (no transformer and no effect)
-    this->disable_loop_if_idle_();
   }
 }
 
@@ -236,8 +228,6 @@ void LightState::start_effect_(uint32_t effect_index) {
   this->active_effect_index_ = effect_index;
   auto *effect = this->get_active_effect_();
   effect->start_internal();
-  // Enable loop while effect is active
-  this->enable_loop();
 }
 LightEffect *LightState::get_active_effect_() {
   if (this->active_effect_index_ == 0) {
@@ -252,8 +242,6 @@ void LightState::stop_effect_() {
     effect->stop();
   }
   this->active_effect_index_ = 0;
-  // Disable loop if idle (no effect and no transformer)
-  this->disable_loop_if_idle_();
 }
 
 void LightState::start_transition_(const LightColorValues &target, uint32_t length, bool set_remote_values) {
@@ -263,8 +251,6 @@ void LightState::start_transition_(const LightColorValues &target, uint32_t leng
   if (set_remote_values) {
     this->remote_values = target;
   }
-  // Enable loop while transition is active
-  this->enable_loop();
 }
 
 void LightState::start_flash_(const LightColorValues &target, uint32_t length, bool set_remote_values) {
@@ -280,8 +266,6 @@ void LightState::start_flash_(const LightColorValues &target, uint32_t length, b
   if (set_remote_values) {
     this->remote_values = target;
   };
-  // Enable loop while flash is active
-  this->enable_loop();
 }
 
 void LightState::set_immediately_(const LightColorValues &target, bool set_remote_values) {
@@ -293,14 +277,6 @@ void LightState::set_immediately_(const LightColorValues &target, bool set_remot
   }
   this->output_->update_state(this);
   this->next_write_ = true;
-  this->enable_loop();
-}
-
-void LightState::disable_loop_if_idle_() {
-  // Only disable loop if both transformer and effect are inactive, and no pending writes
-  if (this->transformer_ == nullptr && this->get_active_effect_() == nullptr && !this->next_write_) {
-    this->disable_loop();
-  }
 }
 
 void LightState::save_remote_values_() {

esphome/components/light/light_state.h

@@ -256,9 +256,6 @@ class LightState : public EntityBase, public Component {
   /// Internal method to save the current remote_values to the preferences
   void save_remote_values_();
 
-  /// Disable loop if neither transformer nor effect is active
-  void disable_loop_if_idle_();
-
   /// Store the output to allow effects to have more access.
   LightOutput *output_;
   /// The currently active transformer for this light (transition/flash).

esphome/components/logger/__init__.py

@@ -365,10 +365,8 @@ async def to_code(config):
     if CORE.is_esp32:
         if config[CONF_HARDWARE_UART] == USB_CDC:
             add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_ESP_CONSOLE_USB_CDC", True)
-            cg.add_define("USE_LOGGER_UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC")
         elif config[CONF_HARDWARE_UART] == USB_SERIAL_JTAG:
             add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_ESP_CONSOLE_USB_SERIAL_JTAG", True)
-            cg.add_define("USE_LOGGER_UART_SELECTION_USB_SERIAL_JTAG")
     try:
         uart_selection(USB_SERIAL_JTAG)
         cg.add_define("USE_LOGGER_USB_SERIAL_JTAG")

esphome/components/logger/logger.cpp

@@ -65,9 +65,7 @@ void HOT Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const ch
     uint16_t buffer_at = 0;                         // Initialize buffer position
     this->format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_(level, tag, line, format, args, console_buffer, &buffer_at,
                                                 MAX_CONSOLE_LOG_MSG_SIZE);
-    // Add newline if platform needs it (ESP32 doesn't add via write_msg_)
-    this->add_newline_to_buffer_if_needed_(console_buffer, &buffer_at, MAX_CONSOLE_LOG_MSG_SIZE);
-    this->write_msg_(console_buffer, buffer_at);
+    this->write_msg_(console_buffer);
   }
 
   // Reset the recursion guard for this task
@@ -133,19 +131,18 @@ void Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const __Flas
 
   // Save the offset before calling format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_
   // since it will increment tx_buffer_at_ to the end of the formatted string
-  uint16_t msg_start = this->tx_buffer_at_;
+  uint32_t msg_start = this->tx_buffer_at_;
   this->format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_(level, tag, line, this->tx_buffer_, args, this->tx_buffer_,
                                               &this->tx_buffer_at_, this->tx_buffer_size_);
 
-  uint16_t msg_length =
+  // Write to console and send callback starting at the msg_start
+  if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
+    this->write_msg_(this->tx_buffer_ + msg_start);
+  }
+  size_t msg_length =
       this->tx_buffer_at_ - msg_start;  // Don't subtract 1 - tx_buffer_at_ is already at the null terminator position
-
-  // Callbacks get message first (before console write)
   this->log_callback_.call(level, tag, this->tx_buffer_ + msg_start, msg_length);
 
-  // Write to console starting at the msg_start
-  this->write_tx_buffer_to_console_(msg_start, &msg_length);
-
   global_recursion_guard_ = false;
 }
 #endif  // USE_STORE_LOG_STR_IN_FLASH
@@ -212,7 +209,9 @@ void Logger::process_messages_() {
       // This ensures all log messages appear on the console in a clean, serialized manner
       // Note: Messages may appear slightly out of order due to async processing, but
       // this is preferred over corrupted/interleaved console output
-      this->write_tx_buffer_to_console_();
+      if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
+        this->write_msg_(this->tx_buffer_);
+      }
     }
   } else {
     // No messages to process, disable loop if appropriate

esphome/components/logger/logger.h

@@ -71,17 +71,6 @@ static constexpr uint16_t MAX_HEADER_SIZE = 128;
 // "0x" + 2 hex digits per byte + '\0'
 static constexpr size_t MAX_POINTER_REPRESENTATION = 2 + sizeof(void *) * 2 + 1;
 
-// Platform-specific: does write_msg_ add its own newline?
-// false: Caller must add newline to buffer before calling write_msg_ (ESP32, ESP8266, LibreTiny)
-//        Allows single write call with newline included for efficiency
-// true:  write_msg_ adds newline itself via puts()/println() (other platforms)
-//        Newline should NOT be added to buffer
-#if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
-static constexpr bool WRITE_MSG_ADDS_NEWLINE = false;
-#else
-static constexpr bool WRITE_MSG_ADDS_NEWLINE = true;
-#endif
-
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_RP2040) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY) || defined(USE_ZEPHYR)
 /** Enum for logging UART selection
  *
@@ -184,7 +173,7 @@ class Logger : public Component {
 
  protected:
   void process_messages_();
-  void write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t len);
+  void write_msg_(const char *msg);
 
   // Format a log message with printf-style arguments and write it to a buffer with header, footer, and null terminator
   // It's the caller's responsibility to initialize buffer_at (typically to 0)
@@ -211,35 +200,6 @@ class Logger : public Component {
     }
   }
 
-  // Helper to add newline to buffer for platforms that need it
-  // Modifies buffer_at to include the newline
-  inline void HOT add_newline_to_buffer_if_needed_(char *buffer, uint16_t *buffer_at, uint16_t buffer_size) {
-    if constexpr (!WRITE_MSG_ADDS_NEWLINE) {
-      // Add newline - don't need to maintain null termination
-      // write_msg_ now always receives explicit length, so we can safely overwrite the null terminator
-      // This is safe because:
-      // 1. Callbacks already received the message (before we add newline)
-      // 2. write_msg_ receives the length explicitly (doesn't need null terminator)
-      if (*buffer_at < buffer_size) {
-        buffer[(*buffer_at)++] = '\n';
-      } else if (buffer_size > 0) {
-        // Buffer was full - replace last char with newline to ensure it's visible
-        buffer[buffer_size - 1] = '\n';
-        *buffer_at = buffer_size;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Helper to write tx_buffer_ to console if logging is enabled
-  // INTERNAL USE ONLY - offset > 0 requires length parameter to be non-null
-  inline void HOT write_tx_buffer_to_console_(uint16_t offset = 0, uint16_t *length = nullptr) {
-    if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
-      uint16_t *len_ptr = length ? length : &this->tx_buffer_at_;
-      this->add_newline_to_buffer_if_needed_(this->tx_buffer_ + offset, len_ptr, this->tx_buffer_size_ - offset);
-      this->write_msg_(this->tx_buffer_ + offset, *len_ptr);
-    }
-  }
-
   // Helper to format and send a log message to both console and callbacks
   inline void HOT log_message_to_buffer_and_send_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const char *format,
                                                   va_list args) {
@@ -248,11 +208,10 @@ class Logger : public Component {
     this->format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_(level, tag, line, format, args, this->tx_buffer_, &this->tx_buffer_at_,
                                                 this->tx_buffer_size_);
 
-    // Callbacks get message WITHOUT newline (for API/MQTT/syslog)
+    if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
+      this->write_msg_(this->tx_buffer_);  // If logging is enabled, write to console
+    }
     this->log_callback_.call(level, tag, this->tx_buffer_, this->tx_buffer_at_);
-
-    // Console gets message WITH newline (if platform needs it)
-    this->write_tx_buffer_to_console_();
   }
 
   // Write the body of the log message to the buffer
@@ -466,9 +425,7 @@ class Logger : public Component {
     }
 
     // Update buffer_at with the formatted length (handle truncation)
-    // When vsnprintf truncates (ret >= remaining), it writes (remaining - 1) chars + null terminator
-    // When it doesn't truncate (ret < remaining), it writes ret chars + null terminator
-    uint16_t formatted_len = (ret >= remaining) ? (remaining - 1) : ret;
+    uint16_t formatted_len = (ret >= remaining) ? remaining : ret;
     *buffer_at += formatted_len;
 
     // Remove all trailing newlines right after formatting

esphome/components/logger/logger_esp32.cpp

@@ -121,23 +121,25 @@ void Logger::pre_setup() {
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
 }
 
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t len) {
-  // Length is now always passed explicitly - no strlen() fallback needed
-
-#if defined(USE_LOGGER_UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC) || defined(USE_LOGGER_UART_SELECTION_USB_SERIAL_JTAG)
-  // USB CDC/JTAG - single write including newline (already in buffer)
-  // Use fwrite to stdout which goes through VFS to USB console
-  //
-  // Note: These defines indicate the user's YAML configuration choice (hardware_uart: USB_CDC/USB_SERIAL_JTAG).
-  // They are ONLY defined when the user explicitly selects USB as the logger output in their config.
-  // This is compile-time selection, not runtime detection - if USB is configured, it's always used.
-  // There is no fallback to regular UART if "USB isn't connected" - that's the user's responsibility
-  // to configure correctly for their hardware. This approach eliminates runtime overhead.
-  fwrite(msg, 1, len, stdout);
+void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) {
+  if (
+#if defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC) && !defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_SERIAL_JTAG)
+      this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC
+#elif defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_SERIAL_JTAG) && !defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC)
+      this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_USB_SERIAL_JTAG
+#elif defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_CDC) && defined(USE_LOGGER_USB_SERIAL_JTAG)
+      this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_USB_CDC || this->uart_ == UART_SELECTION_USB_SERIAL_JTAG
 #else
-  // Regular UART - single write including newline (already in buffer)
-  uart_write_bytes(this->uart_num_, msg, len);
+      /* DISABLES CODE */ (false)  // NOLINT
 #endif
+  ) {
+    puts(msg);
+  } else {
+    // Use tx_buffer_at_ if msg points to tx_buffer_, otherwise fall back to strlen
+    size_t len = (msg == this->tx_buffer_) ? this->tx_buffer_at_ : strlen(msg);
+    uart_write_bytes(this->uart_num_, msg, len);
+    uart_write_bytes(this->uart_num_, "\n", 1);
+  }
 }
 
 const LogString *Logger::get_uart_selection_() {

esphome/components/logger/logger_esp8266.cpp

@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ void Logger::pre_setup() {
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
 }
 
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t len) {
-  // Single write with newline already in buffer (added by caller)
-  this->hw_serial_->write(msg, len);
-}
+void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) { this->hw_serial_->println(msg); }
 
 const LogString *Logger::get_uart_selection_() {
   switch (this->uart_) {

esphome/components/logger/logger_host.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 namespace esphome::logger {
 
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t) {
+void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) {
   time_t rawtime;
   struct tm *timeinfo;
   char buffer[80];

esphome/components/logger/logger_libretiny.cpp

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ void Logger::pre_setup() {
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
 }
 
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t len) { this->hw_serial_->write(msg, len); }
+void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) { this->hw_serial_->println(msg); }
 
 const LogString *Logger::get_uart_selection_() {
   switch (this->uart_) {

esphome/components/logger/logger_rp2040.cpp

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ void Logger::pre_setup() {
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
 }
 
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t) { this->hw_serial_->println(msg); }
+void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) { this->hw_serial_->println(msg); }
 
 const LogString *Logger::get_uart_selection_() {
   switch (this->uart_) {

esphome/components/logger/logger_zephyr.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ void Logger::pre_setup() {
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Log initialized");
 }
 
-void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg, size_t) {
+void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) {
 #ifdef CONFIG_PRINTK
   printk("%s\n", msg);
 #endif

esphome/components/lvgl/__init__.py

@@ -52,7 +52,15 @@ from .schemas import (
 from .styles import add_top_layer, styles_to_code, theme_to_code
 from .touchscreens import touchscreen_schema, touchscreens_to_code
 from .trigger import add_on_boot_triggers, generate_triggers
-from .types import IdleTrigger, PlainTrigger, lv_font_t, lv_group_t, lv_style_t, lvgl_ns
+from .types import (
+    FontEngine,
+    IdleTrigger,
+    PlainTrigger,
+    lv_font_t,
+    lv_group_t,
+    lv_style_t,
+    lvgl_ns,
+)
 from .widgets import (
     LvScrActType,
     Widget,
@@ -236,6 +244,7 @@ async def to_code(configs):
     cg.add_global(lvgl_ns.using)
     for font in helpers.esphome_fonts_used:
         await cg.get_variable(font)
+        cg.new_Pvariable(ID(f"{font}_engine", True, type=FontEngine), MockObj(font))
     default_font = config_0[df.CONF_DEFAULT_FONT]
     if not lvalid.is_lv_font(default_font):
         add_define(
@@ -247,8 +256,7 @@ async def to_code(configs):
             type=lv_font_t.operator("ptr").operator("const"),
         )
         cg.new_variable(
-            globfont_id,
-            MockObj(await lvalid.lv_font.process(default_font), "->").get_lv_font(),
+            globfont_id, MockObj(await lvalid.lv_font.process(default_font))
         )
         add_define("LV_FONT_DEFAULT", df.DEFAULT_ESPHOME_FONT)
     else:

esphome/components/lvgl/font.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#include "lvgl_esphome.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
+namespace esphome {
+namespace lvgl {
+
+static const uint8_t *get_glyph_bitmap(const lv_font_t *font, uint32_t unicode_letter) {
+  auto *fe = (FontEngine *) font->dsc;
+  const auto *gd = fe->get_glyph_data(unicode_letter);
+  if (gd == nullptr)
+    return nullptr;
+  // esph_log_d(TAG, "Returning bitmap @  %X", (uint32_t)gd->data);
+
+  return gd->data;
+}
+
+static bool get_glyph_dsc_cb(const lv_font_t *font, lv_font_glyph_dsc_t *dsc, uint32_t unicode_letter, uint32_t next) {
+  auto *fe = (FontEngine *) font->dsc;
+  const auto *gd = fe->get_glyph_data(unicode_letter);
+  if (gd == nullptr)
+    return false;
+  dsc->adv_w = gd->advance;
+  dsc->ofs_x = gd->offset_x;
+  dsc->ofs_y = fe->height - gd->height - gd->offset_y - fe->baseline;
+  dsc->box_w = gd->width;
+  dsc->box_h = gd->height;
+  dsc->is_placeholder = 0;
+  dsc->bpp = fe->bpp;
+  return true;
+}
+
+FontEngine::FontEngine(font::Font *esp_font) : font_(esp_font) {
+  this->bpp = esp_font->get_bpp();
+  this->lv_font_.dsc = this;
+  this->lv_font_.line_height = this->height = esp_font->get_height();
+  this->lv_font_.base_line = this->baseline = this->lv_font_.line_height - esp_font->get_baseline();
+  this->lv_font_.get_glyph_dsc = get_glyph_dsc_cb;
+  this->lv_font_.get_glyph_bitmap = get_glyph_bitmap;
+  this->lv_font_.subpx = LV_FONT_SUBPX_NONE;
+  this->lv_font_.underline_position = -1;
+  this->lv_font_.underline_thickness = 1;
+}
+
+const lv_font_t *FontEngine::get_lv_font() { return &this->lv_font_; }
+
+const font::Glyph *FontEngine::get_glyph_data(uint32_t unicode_letter) {
+  if (unicode_letter == last_letter_)
+    return this->last_data_;
+  uint8_t unicode[5];
+  memset(unicode, 0, sizeof unicode);
+  if (unicode_letter > 0xFFFF) {
+    unicode[0] = 0xF0 + ((unicode_letter >> 18) & 0x7);
+    unicode[1] = 0x80 + ((unicode_letter >> 12) & 0x3F);
+    unicode[2] = 0x80 + ((unicode_letter >> 6) & 0x3F);
+    unicode[3] = 0x80 + (unicode_letter & 0x3F);
+  } else if (unicode_letter > 0x7FF) {
+    unicode[0] = 0xE0 + ((unicode_letter >> 12) & 0xF);
+    unicode[1] = 0x80 + ((unicode_letter >> 6) & 0x3F);
+    unicode[2] = 0x80 + (unicode_letter & 0x3F);
+  } else if (unicode_letter > 0x7F) {
+    unicode[0] = 0xC0 + ((unicode_letter >> 6) & 0x1F);
+    unicode[1] = 0x80 + (unicode_letter & 0x3F);
+  } else {
+    unicode[0] = unicode_letter;
+  }
+  int match_length;
+  int glyph_n = this->font_->match_next_glyph(unicode, &match_length);
+  if (glyph_n < 0)
+    return nullptr;
+  this->last_data_ = &this->font_->get_glyphs()[glyph_n];
+  this->last_letter_ = unicode_letter;
+  return this->last_data_;
+}
+}  // namespace lvgl
+}  // namespace esphome
+#endif  // USES_LVGL_FONT

esphome/components/lvgl/lv_validation.py

@@ -493,7 +493,6 @@ class LvFont(LValidator):
                 return LV_FONTS
             if is_lv_font(value):
                 return lv_builtin_font(value)
-            add_lv_use("font")
             fontval = cv.use_id(Font)(value)
             esphome_fonts_used.add(fontval)
             return requires_component("font")(fontval)
@@ -503,9 +502,7 @@ class LvFont(LValidator):
     async def process(self, value, args=()):
         if is_lv_font(value):
             return literal(f"&lv_font_{value}")
-        if isinstance(value, str):
-            return literal(f"{value}")
-        return await super().process(value, args)
+        return literal(f"{value}_engine->get_lv_font()")
 
 
 lv_font = LvFont()

esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.h

@@ -50,14 +50,6 @@ static const display::ColorBitness LV_BITNESS = display::ColorBitness::COLOR_BIT
 static const display::ColorBitness LV_BITNESS = display::ColorBitness::COLOR_BITNESS_332;
 #endif  // LV_COLOR_DEPTH
 
-#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
-inline void lv_obj_set_style_text_font(lv_obj_t *obj, const font::Font *font, lv_style_selector_t part) {
-  lv_obj_set_style_text_font(obj, font->get_lv_font(), part);
-}
-inline void lv_style_set_text_font(lv_style_t *style, const font::Font *font) {
-  lv_style_set_text_font(style, font->get_lv_font());
-}
-#endif
 #ifdef USE_LVGL_IMAGE
 // Shortcut / overload, so that the source of an image can easily be updated
 // from within a lambda.
@@ -142,6 +134,24 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ObjUpdateAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  protected:
   std::function<void(Ts...)> lamb_;
 };
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
+class FontEngine {
+ public:
+  FontEngine(font::Font *esp_font);
+  const lv_font_t *get_lv_font();
+
+  const font::Glyph *get_glyph_data(uint32_t unicode_letter);
+  uint16_t baseline{};
+  uint16_t height{};
+  uint8_t bpp{};
+
+ protected:
+  font::Font *font_{};
+  uint32_t last_letter_{};
+  const font::Glyph *last_data_{};
+  lv_font_t lv_font_{};
+};
+#endif  // USE_LVGL_FONT
 #ifdef USE_LVGL_ANIMIMG
 void lv_animimg_stop(lv_obj_t *obj);
 #endif  // USE_LVGL_ANIMIMG

esphome/components/lvgl/types.py

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ lv_coord_t = cg.global_ns.namespace("lv_coord_t")
 lv_event_code_t = cg.global_ns.enum("lv_event_code_t")
 lv_indev_type_t = cg.global_ns.enum("lv_indev_type_t")
 lv_key_t = cg.global_ns.enum("lv_key_t")
+FontEngine = lvgl_ns.class_("FontEngine")
 PlainTrigger = esphome_ns.class_("Trigger<>", automation.Trigger.template())
 DrawEndTrigger = esphome_ns.class_(
     "Trigger<uint32_t, uint32_t>", automation.Trigger.template(cg.uint32, cg.uint32)

esphome/components/mcp23016/mcp23016.cpp

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void MCP23016::pin_mode(uint8_t pin, gpio::Flags flags) {
     this->update_reg_(pin, false, iodir);
   }
 }
-float MCP23016::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::IO; }
+float MCP23016::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 bool MCP23016::read_reg_(uint8_t reg, uint8_t *value) {
   if (this->is_failed())
     return false;

esphome/components/mdns/mdns_component.cpp

@@ -135,7 +135,8 @@ void MDNSComponent::compile_records_(StaticVector<MDNSService, MDNS_SERVICE_COUN
 
 #ifdef USE_DASHBOARD_IMPORT
     MDNS_STATIC_CONST_CHAR(TXT_PACKAGE_IMPORT_URL, "package_import_url");
-    txt_records.push_back({MDNS_STR(TXT_PACKAGE_IMPORT_URL), MDNS_STR(dashboard_import::get_package_import_url())});
+    txt_records.push_back(
+        {MDNS_STR(TXT_PACKAGE_IMPORT_URL), MDNS_STR(dashboard_import::get_package_import_url().c_str())});
 #endif
   }
 #endif  // USE_API

esphome/components/number/automation.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #include "automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome::number {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace number {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "number.automation";
 
@@ -51,4 +52,5 @@ void ValueRangeTrigger::on_state_(float state) {
   this->rtc_.save(&in_range);
 }
 
-}  // namespace esphome::number
+}  // namespace number
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/number/automation.h

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 
-namespace esphome::number {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace number {
 
 class NumberStateTrigger : public Trigger<float> {
  public:
@@ -90,4 +91,5 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NumberInRangeCondition : public Condition<Ts...>
   float max_{NAN};
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::number
+}  // namespace number
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/number/number.cpp

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome::number {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace number {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "number";
 
@@ -42,4 +43,5 @@ void Number::add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(float)> &&callback) {
   this->state_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
 
-}  // namespace esphome::number
+}  // namespace number
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/number/number.h

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 #include "number_call.h"
 #include "number_traits.h"
 
-namespace esphome::number {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace number {
 
 class Number;
 void log_number(const char *tag, const char *prefix, const char *type, Number *obj);
@@ -52,4 +53,5 @@ class Number : public EntityBase {
   CallbackManager<void(float)> state_callback_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::number
+}  // namespace number
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/number/number_call.cpp

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 #include "number.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome::number {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace number {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "number";
 
@@ -124,4 +125,5 @@ void NumberCall::perform() {
   this->parent_->control(target_value);
 }
 
-}  // namespace esphome::number
+}  // namespace number
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/number/number_call.h

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "number_traits.h"
 
-namespace esphome::number {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace number {
 
 class Number;
 
@@ -43,4 +44,5 @@ class NumberCall {
   bool cycle_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::number
+}  // namespace number
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/number/number_traits.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "number_traits.h"
 
-namespace esphome::number {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace number {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "number";
 
-}  // namespace esphome::number
+}  // namespace number
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/number/number_traits.h

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/entity_base.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
-namespace esphome::number {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace number {
 
 enum NumberMode : uint8_t {
   NUMBER_MODE_AUTO = 0,
@@ -34,4 +35,5 @@ class NumberTraits : public EntityBase_DeviceClass, public EntityBase_UnitOfMeas
   NumberMode mode_{NUMBER_MODE_AUTO};
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::number
+}  // namespace number
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/script/script.h

@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Script : public ScriptLogger, public Trigger<Ts..
 
   // execute this script using a tuple that contains the arguments
   void execute_tuple(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple) {
-    this->execute_tuple_(tuple, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+    this->execute_tuple_(tuple, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
   }
 
   // Internal function to give scripts readable names.
   void set_name(const LogString *name) { name_ = name; }
 
  protected:
-  template<size_t... S> void execute_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, std::index_sequence<S...> /*unused*/) {
+  template<int... S> void execute_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, seq<S...> /*unused*/) {
     this->execute(std::get<S>(tuple)...);
   }
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class QueueingScript : public Script<Ts...>, public Com
       const size_t queue_capacity = static_cast<size_t>(this->max_runs_ - 1);
       auto tuple_ptr = std::move(this->var_queue_[this->queue_front_]);
       this->queue_front_ = (this->queue_front_ + 1) % queue_capacity;
-      this->trigger_tuple_(*tuple_ptr, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+      this->trigger_tuple_(*tuple_ptr, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
     }
   }
 
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class QueueingScript : public Script<Ts...>, public Com
     }
   }
 
-  template<size_t... S> void trigger_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, std::index_sequence<S...> /*unused*/) {
+  template<int... S> void trigger_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, seq<S...> /*unused*/) {
     this->trigger(std::get<S>(tuple)...);
   }
 
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ template<class C, typename... Ts> class ScriptWaitAction : public Action<Ts...>,
 
     while (!this->param_queue_.empty()) {
       auto &params = this->param_queue_.front();
-      this->play_next_tuple_(params, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+      this->play_next_tuple_(params, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
       this->param_queue_.pop_front();
     }
     // Queue is now empty - disable loop until next play_complex
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ template<class C, typename... Ts> class ScriptWaitAction : public Action<Ts...>,
   }
 
  protected:
-  template<size_t... S> void play_next_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, std::index_sequence<S...> /*unused*/) {
+  template<int... S> void play_next_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, seq<S...> /*unused*/) {
     this->play_next_(std::get<S>(tuple)...);
   }
 

esphome/components/select/select.h

@@ -77,21 +77,23 @@ class Select : public EntityBase {
 
   void add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(std::string, size_t)> &&callback);
 
-  /** Set the value of the select by index, this is an optional virtual method.
-   *
-   * This method is called by the SelectCall when the index is already known.
-   * Default implementation converts to string and calls control().
-   * Override this to work directly with indices and avoid string conversions.
-   *
-   * @param index The index as validated by the SelectCall.
-   */
-  virtual void control(size_t index) { this->control(this->option_at(index)); }
-
  protected:
   friend class SelectCall;
 
   size_t active_index_{0};
 
+  /** Set the value of the select by index, this is an optional virtual method.
+   *
+   * IMPORTANT: At least ONE of the two control() methods must be overridden by derived classes.
+   * Overriding this index-based version is PREFERRED as it avoids string conversions.
+   *
+   * This method is called by the SelectCall when the index is already known.
+   * Default implementation converts to string and calls control(const std::string&).
+   *
+   * @param index The index as validated by the SelectCall.
+   */
+  virtual void control(size_t index) { this->control(this->option_at(index)); }
+
   /** Set the value of the select, this is a virtual method that each select integration can implement.
    *
    * IMPORTANT: At least ONE of the two control() methods must be overridden by derived classes.

esphome/components/sensor/sensor.cpp

@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ StateClass Sensor::get_state_class() {
 
 void Sensor::publish_state(float state) {
   this->raw_state = state;
-
-  // Call raw callbacks (before filters)
-  this->callbacks_.call_first(this->raw_count_, state);
+  if (this->raw_callback_) {
+    this->raw_callback_->call(state);
+  }
 
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "'%s': Received new state %f", this->name_.c_str(), state);
 
@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@ void Sensor::publish_state(float state) {
   }
 }
 
-void Sensor::add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(float)> &&callback) {
-  this->callbacks_.add_second(std::move(callback));
-}
-
+void Sensor::add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(float)> &&callback) { this->callback_.add(std::move(callback)); }
 void Sensor::add_on_raw_state_callback(std::function<void(float)> &&callback) {
-  this->callbacks_.add_first(std::move(callback), &this->raw_count_);
+  if (!this->raw_callback_) {
+    this->raw_callback_ = make_unique<CallbackManager<void(float)>>();
+  }
+  this->raw_callback_->add(std::move(callback));
 }
 
 void Sensor::add_filter(Filter *filter) {
@@ -132,10 +132,7 @@ void Sensor::internal_send_state_to_frontend(float state) {
   this->state = state;
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state %.5f %s with %d decimals of accuracy", this->get_name().c_str(), state,
            this->get_unit_of_measurement_ref().c_str(), this->get_accuracy_decimals());
-
-  // Call filtered callbacks (after filters)
-  this->callbacks_.call_second(this->raw_count_, state);
-
+  this->callback_.call(state);
 #if defined(USE_SENSOR) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_sensor_update(this);
 #endif

esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h

@@ -124,7 +124,8 @@ class Sensor : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass, public EntityBa
   void internal_send_state_to_frontend(float state);
 
  protected:
-  PartitionedCallbackManager<void(float)> callbacks_;
+  std::unique_ptr<CallbackManager<void(float)>> raw_callback_;  ///< Storage for raw state callbacks (lazy allocated).
+  CallbackManager<void(float)> callback_;                       ///< Storage for filtered state callbacks.
 
   Filter *filter_list_{nullptr};  ///< Store all active filters.
 
@@ -139,8 +140,6 @@ class Sensor : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass, public EntityBa
     uint8_t force_update : 1;
     uint8_t reserved : 5;  // Reserved for future use
   } sensor_flags_{};
-
-  uint8_t raw_count_{0};  ///< Number of raw callbacks (partition point in callbacks_ vector)
 };
 
 }  // namespace sensor

esphome/components/sntp/time.py

@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
-import logging
-
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import time as time_
-from esphome.config_helpers import merge_config
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ID,
-    CONF_PLATFORM,
     CONF_SERVERS,
-    CONF_TIME,
     PLATFORM_BK72XX,
     PLATFORM_ESP32,
     PLATFORM_ESP8266,
@@ -17,74 +12,13 @@ from esphome.const import (
     PLATFORM_RTL87XX,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE
-import esphome.final_validate as fv
-from esphome.types import ConfigType
-
-_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 DEPENDENCIES = ["network"]
-
-CONF_SNTP = "sntp"
-
 sntp_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("sntp")
 SNTPComponent = sntp_ns.class_("SNTPComponent", time_.RealTimeClock)
 
 DEFAULT_SERVERS = ["0.pool.ntp.org", "1.pool.ntp.org", "2.pool.ntp.org"]
 
-
-def _sntp_final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> None:
-    """Merge multiple SNTP instances into one, similar to OTA merging behavior."""
-    full_conf = fv.full_config.get()
-    time_confs = full_conf.get(CONF_TIME, [])
-
-    sntp_configs: list[ConfigType] = []
-    other_time_configs: list[ConfigType] = []
-
-    for time_conf in time_confs:
-        if time_conf.get(CONF_PLATFORM) == CONF_SNTP:
-            sntp_configs.append(time_conf)
-        else:
-            other_time_configs.append(time_conf)
-
-    if len(sntp_configs) <= 1:
-        return
-
-    # Merge all SNTP configs into the first one
-    merged = sntp_configs[0]
-    for sntp_conf in sntp_configs[1:]:
-        # Validate that IDs are consistent if manually specified
-        if merged[CONF_ID].is_manual and sntp_conf[CONF_ID].is_manual:
-            raise cv.Invalid(
-                f"Found multiple SNTP configurations but {CONF_ID} is inconsistent"
-            )
-        merged = merge_config(merged, sntp_conf)
-
-    # Deduplicate servers while preserving order
-    servers = merged[CONF_SERVERS]
-    unique_servers = list(dict.fromkeys(servers))
-
-    # Warn if we're dropping servers due to 3-server limit
-    if len(unique_servers) > 3:
-        dropped = unique_servers[3:]
-        unique_servers = unique_servers[:3]
-        _LOGGER.warning(
-            "SNTP supports maximum 3 servers. Dropped excess server(s): %s",
-            dropped,
-        )
-
-    merged[CONF_SERVERS] = unique_servers
-
-    _LOGGER.warning(
-        "Found and merged %d SNTP time configurations into one instance",
-        len(sntp_configs),
-    )
-
-    # Replace time configs with merged SNTP + other time platforms
-    other_time_configs.append(merged)
-    full_conf[CONF_TIME] = other_time_configs
-    fv.full_config.set(full_conf)
-
-
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     time_.TIME_SCHEMA.extend(
         {
@@ -106,8 +40,6 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     ),
 )
 
-FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = _sntp_final_validate
-
 
 async def to_code(config):
     servers = config[CONF_SERVERS]

esphome/components/template/alarm_control_panel/__init__.py

@@ -137,11 +137,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
         cg.add(var.set_arming_night_time(config[CONF_ARMING_NIGHT_TIME]))
         supports_arm_night = True
 
-    if sensors := config.get(CONF_BINARY_SENSORS, []):
-        # Initialize FixedVector with the exact number of sensors
-        cg.add(var.init_sensors(len(sensors)))
-
-    for sensor in sensors:
+    for sensor in config.get(CONF_BINARY_SENSORS, []):
         bs = await cg.get_variable(sensor[CONF_INPUT])
 
         flags = BinarySensorFlags[FLAG_NORMAL]

esphome/components/template/alarm_control_panel/template_alarm_control_panel.cpp

@@ -20,13 +20,10 @@ void TemplateAlarmControlPanel::add_sensor(binary_sensor::BinarySensor *sensor,
   // Save the flags and type. Assign a store index for the per sensor data type.
   SensorDataStore sd;
   sd.last_chime_state = false;
-  AlarmSensor alarm_sensor;
-  alarm_sensor.sensor = sensor;
-  alarm_sensor.info.flags = flags;
-  alarm_sensor.info.type = type;
-  alarm_sensor.info.store_index = this->next_store_index_++;
-  this->sensors_.push_back(alarm_sensor);
+  this->sensor_map_[sensor].flags = flags;
+  this->sensor_map_[sensor].type = type;
   this->sensor_data_.push_back(sd);
+  this->sensor_map_[sensor].store_index = this->next_store_index_++;
 };
 
 static const LogString *sensor_type_to_string(AlarmSensorType type) {
@@ -48,7 +45,7 @@ void TemplateAlarmControlPanel::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "TemplateAlarmControlPanel:\n"
                 "  Current State: %s\n"
-                "  Number of Codes: %zu\n"
+                "  Number of Codes: %u\n"
                 "  Requires Code To Arm: %s\n"
                 "  Arming Away Time: %" PRIu32 "s\n"
                 "  Arming Home Time: %" PRIu32 "s\n"
@@ -61,8 +58,7 @@ void TemplateAlarmControlPanel::dump_config() {
                 (this->arming_home_time_ / 1000), (this->arming_night_time_ / 1000), (this->pending_time_ / 1000),
                 (this->trigger_time_ / 1000), this->get_supported_features());
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  for (const auto &alarm_sensor : this->sensors_) {
-    const uint16_t flags = alarm_sensor.info.flags;
+  for (auto const &[sensor, info] : this->sensor_map_) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                   "  Binary Sensor:\n"
                   "    Name: %s\n"
@@ -71,10 +67,11 @@ void TemplateAlarmControlPanel::dump_config() {
                   "    Armed night bypass: %s\n"
                   "    Auto bypass: %s\n"
                   "    Chime mode: %s",
-                  alarm_sensor.sensor->get_name().c_str(), LOG_STR_ARG(sensor_type_to_string(alarm_sensor.info.type)),
-                  TRUEFALSE(flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_BYPASS_ARMED_HOME),
-                  TRUEFALSE(flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_BYPASS_ARMED_NIGHT),
-                  TRUEFALSE(flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_BYPASS_AUTO), TRUEFALSE(flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_CHIME));
+                  sensor->get_name().c_str(), LOG_STR_ARG(sensor_type_to_string(info.type)),
+                  TRUEFALSE(info.flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_BYPASS_ARMED_HOME),
+                  TRUEFALSE(info.flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_BYPASS_ARMED_NIGHT),
+                  TRUEFALSE(info.flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_BYPASS_AUTO),
+                  TRUEFALSE(info.flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_CHIME));
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -124,9 +121,7 @@ void TemplateAlarmControlPanel::loop() {
 
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   // Test all of the sensors regardless of the alarm panel state
-  for (const auto &alarm_sensor : this->sensors_) {
-    const auto &info = alarm_sensor.info;
-    auto *sensor = alarm_sensor.sensor;
+  for (auto const &[sensor, info] : this->sensor_map_) {
     // Check for chime zones
     if (info.flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_CHIME) {
       // Look for the transition from closed to open
@@ -247,11 +242,11 @@ void TemplateAlarmControlPanel::arm_(optional<std::string> code, alarm_control_p
 
 void TemplateAlarmControlPanel::bypass_before_arming() {
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  for (const auto &alarm_sensor : this->sensors_) {
+  for (auto const &[sensor, info] : this->sensor_map_) {
     // Check for faulted bypass_auto sensors and remove them from monitoring
-    if ((alarm_sensor.info.flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_BYPASS_AUTO) && (alarm_sensor.sensor->state)) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' is faulted and will be automatically bypassed", alarm_sensor.sensor->get_name().c_str());
-      this->bypassed_sensor_indicies_.push_back(alarm_sensor.info.store_index);
+    if ((info.flags & BINARY_SENSOR_MODE_BYPASS_AUTO) && (sensor->state)) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' is faulted and will be automatically bypassed", sensor->get_name().c_str());
+      this->bypassed_sensor_indicies_.push_back(info.store_index);
     }
   }
 #endif

esphome/components/template/alarm_control_panel/template_alarm_control_panel.h

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cinttypes>
-#include <vector>
+#include <map>
 
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
-#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 #include "esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel.h"
 
@@ -50,13 +49,6 @@ struct SensorInfo {
   uint8_t store_index;
 };
 
-#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-struct AlarmSensor {
-  binary_sensor::BinarySensor *sensor;
-  SensorInfo info;
-};
-#endif
-
 class TemplateAlarmControlPanel final : public alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel, public Component {
  public:
   TemplateAlarmControlPanel();
@@ -71,12 +63,6 @@ class TemplateAlarmControlPanel final : public alarm_control_panel::AlarmControl
   void bypass_before_arming();
 
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  /** Initialize the sensors vector with the specified capacity.
-   *
-   * @param capacity The number of sensors to allocate space for.
-   */
-  void init_sensors(size_t capacity) { this->sensors_.init(capacity); }
-
   /** Add a binary_sensor to the alarm_panel.
    *
    * @param sensor The BinarySensor instance.
@@ -136,8 +122,8 @@ class TemplateAlarmControlPanel final : public alarm_control_panel::AlarmControl
  protected:
   void control(const alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanelCall &call) override;
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  // List of binary sensors with their alarm-specific info
-  FixedVector<AlarmSensor> sensors_;
+  // This maps a binary sensor to its alarm specific info
+  std::map<binary_sensor::BinarySensor *, SensorInfo> sensor_map_;
   // a list of automatically bypassed sensors
   std::vector<uint8_t> bypassed_sensor_indicies_;
 #endif

esphome/components/text_sensor/text_sensor.cpp

@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ void log_text_sensor(const char *tag, const char *prefix, const char *type, Text
 
 void TextSensor::publish_state(const std::string &state) {
   this->raw_state = state;
-
-  // Call raw callbacks (before filters)
-  this->callbacks_.call_first(this->raw_count_, state);
+  if (this->raw_callback_) {
+    this->raw_callback_->call(state);
+  }
 
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "'%s': Received new state %s", this->name_.c_str(), state.c_str());
 
@@ -70,11 +70,13 @@ void TextSensor::clear_filters() {
 }
 
 void TextSensor::add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(std::string)> callback) {
-  this->callbacks_.add_second(std::move(callback));
+  this->callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
-
 void TextSensor::add_on_raw_state_callback(std::function<void(std::string)> callback) {
-  this->callbacks_.add_first(std::move(callback), &this->raw_count_);
+  if (!this->raw_callback_) {
+    this->raw_callback_ = make_unique<CallbackManager<void(std::string)>>();
+  }
+  this->raw_callback_->add(std::move(callback));
 }
 
 std::string TextSensor::get_state() const { return this->state; }
@@ -83,10 +85,7 @@ void TextSensor::internal_send_state_to_frontend(const std::string &state) {
   this->state = state;
   this->set_has_state(true);
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending state '%s'", this->name_.c_str(), state.c_str());
-
-  // Call filtered callbacks (after filters)
-  this->callbacks_.call_second(this->raw_count_, state);
-
+  this->callback_.call(state);
 #if defined(USE_TEXT_SENSOR) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
   ControllerRegistry::notify_text_sensor_update(this);
 #endif

esphome/components/text_sensor/text_sensor.h

@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ class TextSensor : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass {
   void internal_send_state_to_frontend(const std::string &state);
 
  protected:
-  PartitionedCallbackManager<void(std::string)> callbacks_;
+  std::unique_ptr<CallbackManager<void(std::string)>>
+      raw_callback_;                             ///< Storage for raw state callbacks (lazy allocated).
+  CallbackManager<void(std::string)> callback_;  ///< Storage for filtered state callbacks.
 
   Filter *filter_list_{nullptr};  ///< Store all active filters.
-
-  uint8_t raw_count_{0};  ///< Number of raw callbacks (partition point in callbacks_ vector)
 };
 
 }  // namespace text_sensor

esphome/components/uart/uart_component_esp8266.cpp

@@ -56,19 +56,11 @@ uint32_t ESP8266UartComponent::get_config() {
 }
 
 void ESP8266UartComponent::setup() {
-  auto setup_pin_if_needed = [](InternalGPIOPin *pin) {
-    if (!pin) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const auto mask = gpio::Flags::FLAG_OPEN_DRAIN | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLUP | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLDOWN;
-    if ((pin->get_flags() & mask) != gpio::Flags::FLAG_NONE) {
-      pin->setup();
-    }
-  };
-
-  setup_pin_if_needed(this->rx_pin_);
-  if (this->rx_pin_ != this->tx_pin_) {
-    setup_pin_if_needed(this->tx_pin_);
+  if (this->rx_pin_) {
+    this->rx_pin_->setup();
+  }
+  if (this->tx_pin_ && this->rx_pin_ != this->tx_pin_) {
+    this->tx_pin_->setup();
   }
 
   // Use Arduino HardwareSerial UARTs if all used pins match the ones

esphome/components/uart/uart_component_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -133,19 +133,11 @@ void IDFUARTComponent::load_settings(bool dump_config) {
     return;
   }
 
-  auto setup_pin_if_needed = [](InternalGPIOPin *pin) {
-    if (!pin) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const auto mask = gpio::Flags::FLAG_OPEN_DRAIN | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLUP | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLDOWN;
-    if ((pin->get_flags() & mask) != gpio::Flags::FLAG_NONE) {
-      pin->setup();
-    }
-  };
-
-  setup_pin_if_needed(this->rx_pin_);
-  if (this->rx_pin_ != this->tx_pin_) {
-    setup_pin_if_needed(this->tx_pin_);
+  if (this->rx_pin_) {
+    this->rx_pin_->setup();
+  }
+  if (this->tx_pin_ && this->rx_pin_ != this->tx_pin_) {
+    this->tx_pin_->setup();
   }
 
   int8_t tx = this->tx_pin_ != nullptr ? this->tx_pin_->get_pin() : -1;

esphome/components/uart/uart_component_libretiny.cpp

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ void LibreTinyUARTComponent::setup() {
 
   auto shouldFallbackToSoftwareSerial = [&]() -> bool {
     auto hasFlags = [](InternalGPIOPin *pin, const gpio::Flags mask) -> bool {
-      return pin && (pin->get_flags() & mask) != gpio::Flags::FLAG_NONE;
+      return pin && pin->get_flags() & mask != gpio::Flags::FLAG_NONE;
     };
     if (hasFlags(this->tx_pin_, gpio::Flags::FLAG_OPEN_DRAIN | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLUP | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLDOWN) ||
         hasFlags(this->rx_pin_, gpio::Flags::FLAG_OPEN_DRAIN | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLUP | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLDOWN)) {

esphome/components/uart/uart_component_rp2040.cpp

@@ -52,19 +52,11 @@ uint16_t RP2040UartComponent::get_config() {
 }
 
 void RP2040UartComponent::setup() {
-  auto setup_pin_if_needed = [](InternalGPIOPin *pin) {
-    if (!pin) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const auto mask = gpio::Flags::FLAG_OPEN_DRAIN | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLUP | gpio::Flags::FLAG_PULLDOWN;
-    if ((pin->get_flags() & mask) != gpio::Flags::FLAG_NONE) {
-      pin->setup();
-    }
-  };
-
-  setup_pin_if_needed(this->rx_pin_);
-  if (this->rx_pin_ != this->tx_pin_) {
-    setup_pin_if_needed(this->tx_pin_);
+  if (this->rx_pin_) {
+    this->rx_pin_->setup();
+  }
+  if (this->tx_pin_ && this->rx_pin_ != this->tx_pin_) {
+    this->tx_pin_->setup();
   }
 
   uint16_t config = get_config();

esphome/components/web_server/ota/__init__.py

@@ -1,17 +1,10 @@
-import logging
-
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components.esp32 import add_idf_component
 from esphome.components.ota import BASE_OTA_SCHEMA, OTAComponent, ota_to_code
-from esphome.config_helpers import merge_config
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_ID, CONF_OTA, CONF_PLATFORM, CONF_WEB_SERVER
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID
 from esphome.core import CORE, coroutine_with_priority
 from esphome.coroutine import CoroPriority
-import esphome.final_validate as fv
-from esphome.types import ConfigType
-
-_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 CODEOWNERS = ["@esphome/core"]
 DEPENDENCIES = ["network", "web_server_base"]
@@ -19,53 +12,6 @@ DEPENDENCIES = ["network", "web_server_base"]
 web_server_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("web_server")
 WebServerOTAComponent = web_server_ns.class_("WebServerOTAComponent", OTAComponent)
 
-
-def _web_server_ota_final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> None:
-    """Merge multiple web_server OTA instances into one.
-
-    Multiple web_server OTA instances register duplicate HTTP handlers for /update,
-    causing undefined behavior. Merge them into a single instance.
-    """
-    full_conf = fv.full_config.get()
-    ota_confs = full_conf.get(CONF_OTA, [])
-
-    web_server_ota_configs: list[ConfigType] = []
-    other_ota_configs: list[ConfigType] = []
-
-    for ota_conf in ota_confs:
-        if ota_conf.get(CONF_PLATFORM) == CONF_WEB_SERVER:
-            web_server_ota_configs.append(ota_conf)
-        else:
-            other_ota_configs.append(ota_conf)
-
-    if len(web_server_ota_configs) <= 1:
-        return
-
-    # Merge all web_server OTA configs into the first one
-    merged = web_server_ota_configs[0]
-    for ota_conf in web_server_ota_configs[1:]:
-        # Validate that IDs are consistent if manually specified
-        if (
-            merged[CONF_ID].is_manual
-            and ota_conf[CONF_ID].is_manual
-            and merged[CONF_ID] != ota_conf[CONF_ID]
-        ):
-            raise cv.Invalid(
-                f"Found multiple web_server OTA configurations but {CONF_ID} is inconsistent"
-            )
-        merged = merge_config(merged, ota_conf)
-
-    _LOGGER.warning(
-        "Found and merged %d web_server OTA configurations into one instance",
-        len(web_server_ota_configs),
-    )
-
-    # Replace OTA configs with merged web_server + other OTA platforms
-    other_ota_configs.append(merged)
-    full_conf[CONF_OTA] = other_ota_configs
-    fv.full_config.set(full_conf)
-
-
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
     cv.Schema(
         {
@@ -76,8 +22,6 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
     .extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
 )
 
-FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = _web_server_ota_final_validate
-
 
 @coroutine_with_priority(CoroPriority.WEB_SERVER_OTA)
 async def to_code(config):

esphome/components/web_server/web_server.cpp

@@ -359,8 +359,8 @@ void WebServer::handle_pna_cors_request(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   AsyncWebServerResponse *response = request->beginResponse(200, "");
   response->addHeader(HEADER_CORS_ALLOW_PNA, "true");
   response->addHeader(HEADER_PNA_NAME, App.get_name().c_str());
-  char mac_s[18];
-  response->addHeader(HEADER_PNA_ID, get_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(mac_s));
+  std::string mac = get_mac_address_pretty();
+  response->addHeader(HEADER_PNA_ID, mac.c_str());
   request->send(response);
 }
 #endif

esphome/components/web_server_idf/web_server_idf.cpp

@@ -94,18 +94,6 @@ void AsyncWebServer::end() {
   }
 }
 
-void AsyncWebServer::set_lru_purge_enable(bool enable) {
-  if (this->lru_purge_enable_ == enable) {
-    return;  // No change needed
-  }
-  this->lru_purge_enable_ = enable;
-  // If server is already running, restart it with new config
-  if (this->server_) {
-    this->end();
-    this->begin();
-  }
-}
-
 void AsyncWebServer::begin() {
   if (this->server_) {
     this->end();
@@ -113,8 +101,6 @@ void AsyncWebServer::begin() {
   httpd_config_t config = HTTPD_DEFAULT_CONFIG();
   config.server_port = this->port_;
   config.uri_match_fn = [](const char * /*unused*/, const char * /*unused*/, size_t /*unused*/) { return true; };
-  // Enable LRU purging if requested (e.g., by captive portal to handle probe bursts)
-  config.lru_purge_enable = this->lru_purge_enable_;
   if (httpd_start(&this->server_, &config) == ESP_OK) {
     const httpd_uri_t handler_get = {
         .uri = "",
@@ -256,7 +242,6 @@ void AsyncWebServerRequest::send(int code, const char *content_type, const char
 void AsyncWebServerRequest::redirect(const std::string &url) {
   httpd_resp_set_status(*this, "302 Found");
   httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, "Location", url.c_str());
-  httpd_resp_set_hdr(*this, "Connection", "close");
   httpd_resp_send(*this, nullptr, 0);
 }
 
@@ -368,9 +353,8 @@ void AsyncWebServerResponse::addHeader(const char *name, const char *value) {
 void AsyncResponseStream::print(float value) {
   // Use stack buffer to avoid temporary string allocation
   // Size: sign (1) + digits (10) + decimal (1) + precision (6) + exponent (5) + null (1) = 24, use 32 for safety
-  constexpr size_t float_buf_size = 32;
-  char buf[float_buf_size];
-  int len = snprintf(buf, float_buf_size, "%f", value);
+  char buf[32];
+  int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%f", value);
   this->content_.append(buf, len);
 }
 
@@ -505,18 +489,10 @@ AsyncEventSourceResponse::AsyncEventSourceResponse(const AsyncWebServerRequest *
 
 void AsyncEventSourceResponse::destroy(void *ptr) {
   auto *rsp = static_cast<AsyncEventSourceResponse *>(ptr);
-  int fd = rsp->fd_.exchange(0);  // Atomically get and clear fd
-
-  if (fd > 0) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Event source connection closed (fd: %d)", fd);
-    // Immediately shut down the socket to prevent lwIP from delivering more data
-    // This prevents "recv_tcp: recv for wrong pcb!" assertions when the TCP stack
-    // tries to deliver queued data after the session is marked as dead
-    // See: https://github.com/esphome/esphome/issues/11936
-    shutdown(fd, SHUT_RDWR);
-    // Note: We don't close() the socket - httpd owns it and will close it
-  }
-  // Session will be cleaned up in the main loop to avoid race conditions
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Event source connection closed (fd: %d)", rsp->fd_.load());
+  // Mark as dead by setting fd to 0 - will be cleaned up in the main loop
+  rsp->fd_.store(0);
+  // Note: We don't delete or remove from set here to avoid race conditions
 }
 
 // helper for allowing only unique entries in the queue

esphome/components/web_server_idf/web_server_idf.h

@@ -199,13 +199,9 @@ class AsyncWebServer {
     return *handler;
   }
 
-  void set_lru_purge_enable(bool enable);
-  httpd_handle_t get_server() { return this->server_; }
-
  protected:
   uint16_t port_{};
   httpd_handle_t server_{};
-  bool lru_purge_enable_{false};
   static esp_err_t request_handler(httpd_req_t *r);
   static esp_err_t request_post_handler(httpd_req_t *r);
   esp_err_t request_handler_(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) const;

esphome/components/wifi/__init__.py

@@ -69,12 +69,6 @@ CONF_MIN_AUTH_MODE = "min_auth_mode"
 # Limited to 127 because selected_sta_index_ is int8_t in C++
 MAX_WIFI_NETWORKS = 127
 
-# Default AP timeout - allows sufficient time to try all BSSIDs during initial connection
-# After AP starts, WiFi scanning is skipped to avoid disrupting the AP, so we only
-# get best-effort connection attempts. Longer timeout ensures we exhaust all options
-# before falling back to AP mode. Aligned with improv wifi_timeout default.
-DEFAULT_AP_TIMEOUT = "90s"
-
 wifi_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("wifi")
 EAPAuth = wifi_ns.struct("EAPAuth")
 ManualIP = wifi_ns.struct("ManualIP")
@@ -183,7 +177,7 @@ CONF_AP_TIMEOUT = "ap_timeout"
 WIFI_NETWORK_AP = WIFI_NETWORK_BASE.extend(
     {
         cv.Optional(
-            CONF_AP_TIMEOUT, default=DEFAULT_AP_TIMEOUT
+            CONF_AP_TIMEOUT, default="1min"
         ): cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds,
     }
 )

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.cpp

@@ -199,12 +199,7 @@ static constexpr uint8_t WIFI_RETRY_COUNT_PER_AP = 1;
 
 /// Cooldown duration in milliseconds after adapter restart or repeated failures
 /// Allows WiFi hardware to stabilize before next connection attempt
-static constexpr uint32_t WIFI_COOLDOWN_DURATION_MS = 500;
-
-/// Cooldown duration when fallback AP is active and captive portal may be running
-/// Longer interval gives users time to configure WiFi without constant connection attempts
-/// While connecting, WiFi can't beacon the AP properly, so needs longer cooldown
-static constexpr uint32_t WIFI_COOLDOWN_WITH_AP_ACTIVE_MS = 30000;
+static constexpr uint32_t WIFI_COOLDOWN_DURATION_MS = 1000;
 
 static constexpr uint8_t get_max_retries_for_phase(WiFiRetryPhase phase) {
   switch (phase) {
@@ -280,9 +275,7 @@ int8_t WiFiComponent::find_next_hidden_sta_(int8_t start_index) {
       }
     }
 
-    // If we didn't scan this cycle, treat all networks as potentially hidden
-    // Otherwise, only retry networks that weren't seen in the scan
-    if (!this->did_scan_this_cycle_ || !this->ssid_was_seen_in_scan_(sta.get_ssid())) {
+    if (!this->ssid_was_seen_in_scan_(sta.get_ssid())) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Hidden candidate " LOG_SECRET("'%s'") " at index %d", sta.get_ssid().c_str(), static_cast<int>(i));
       return static_cast<int8_t>(i);
     }
@@ -341,11 +334,10 @@ void WiFiComponent::setup() {
 }
 
 void WiFiComponent::start() {
-  char mac_s[18];
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "Starting\n"
                 "  Local MAC: %s",
-                get_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(mac_s));
+                get_mac_address_pretty().c_str());
   this->last_connected_ = millis();
 
   uint32_t hash = this->has_sta() ? fnv1_hash(App.get_compilation_time()) : 88491487UL;
@@ -425,6 +417,10 @@ void WiFiComponent::start() {
 void WiFiComponent::restart_adapter() {
   ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Restarting adapter");
   this->wifi_mode_(false, {});
+  // Enter cooldown state to allow WiFi hardware to stabilize after restart
+  // Don't set retry_phase_ or num_retried_ here - state machine handles transitions
+  this->state_ = WIFI_COMPONENT_STATE_COOLDOWN;
+  this->action_started_ = millis();
   this->error_from_callback_ = false;
 }
 
@@ -445,10 +441,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::loop() {
     switch (this->state_) {
       case WIFI_COMPONENT_STATE_COOLDOWN: {
         this->status_set_warning(LOG_STR("waiting to reconnect"));
-        // Use longer cooldown when captive portal/improv is active to avoid disrupting user config
-        bool portal_active = this->is_captive_portal_active_() || this->is_esp32_improv_active_();
-        uint32_t cooldown_duration = portal_active ? WIFI_COOLDOWN_WITH_AP_ACTIVE_MS : WIFI_COOLDOWN_DURATION_MS;
-        if (now - this->action_started_ > cooldown_duration) {
+        if (now - this->action_started_ > WIFI_COOLDOWN_DURATION_MS) {
           // After cooldown we either restarted the adapter because of
           // a failure, or something tried to connect over and over
           // so we entered cooldown. In both cases we call
@@ -502,8 +495,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::loop() {
 #endif  // USE_WIFI_AP
 
 #ifdef USE_IMPROV
-    if (esp32_improv::global_improv_component != nullptr && !esp32_improv::global_improv_component->is_active() &&
-        !esp32_improv::global_improv_component->should_start()) {
+    if (esp32_improv::global_improv_component != nullptr && !esp32_improv::global_improv_component->is_active()) {
       if (now - this->last_connected_ > esp32_improv::global_improv_component->get_wifi_timeout()) {
         if (this->wifi_mode_(true, {}))
           esp32_improv::global_improv_component->start();
@@ -674,21 +666,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::save_wifi_sta(const std::string &ssid, const std::string &pa
   sta.set_ssid(ssid);
   sta.set_password(password);
   this->set_sta(sta);
-
-  // Force scan on next attempt even if captive portal is still active
-  // This ensures new credentials are tried with proper BSSID selection after provisioning
-  this->force_scan_after_provision_ = true;
-
-  // Trigger connection attempt (exits cooldown if needed, no-op if already connecting/connected)
-  this->connect_soon_();
-}
-
-void WiFiComponent::connect_soon_() {
-  // Only trigger retry if we're in cooldown - if already connecting/connected, do nothing
-  if (this->state_ == WIFI_COMPONENT_STATE_COOLDOWN) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Exiting cooldown early due to new WiFi credentials");
-    this->retry_connect();
-  }
 }
 
 void WiFiComponent::start_connecting(const WiFiAP &ap) {
@@ -823,8 +800,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::print_connect_params_() {
   char bssid_s[18];
   format_mac_addr_upper(bssid.data(), bssid_s);
 
-  char mac_s[18];
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Local MAC: %s", get_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(mac_s));
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Local MAC: %s", get_mac_address_pretty().c_str());
   if (this->is_disabled()) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Disabled");
     return;
@@ -888,8 +864,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::start_scanning() {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Starting scan");
   this->wifi_scan_start_(this->passive_scan_);
   this->state_ = WIFI_COMPONENT_STATE_STA_SCANNING;
-  // Clear the force scan flag after starting the scan
-  this->force_scan_after_provision_ = false;
 }
 
 /// Comparator for WiFi scan result sorting - determines which network should be tried first
@@ -989,7 +963,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::check_scanning_finished() {
     return;
   }
   this->scan_done_ = false;
-  this->did_scan_this_cycle_ = true;
 
   if (this->scan_result_.empty()) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "No networks found");
@@ -1256,18 +1229,9 @@ WiFiRetryPhase WiFiComponent::determine_next_phase_() {
       return WiFiRetryPhase::RESTARTING_ADAPTER;
 
     case WiFiRetryPhase::RESTARTING_ADAPTER:
-      // After restart, go back to explicit hidden if we went through it initially
-      if (this->went_through_explicit_hidden_phase_()) {
-        return WiFiRetryPhase::EXPLICIT_HIDDEN;
-      }
-      // Skip scanning when captive portal/improv is active to avoid disrupting AP
-      // Even passive scans can cause brief AP disconnections on ESP32
-      // UNLESS new credentials were just provisioned - then we need to scan
-      if ((this->is_captive_portal_active_() || this->is_esp32_improv_active_()) &&
-          !this->force_scan_after_provision_) {
-        return WiFiRetryPhase::RETRY_HIDDEN;
-      }
-      return WiFiRetryPhase::SCAN_CONNECTING;
+      // After restart, go back to explicit hidden if we went through it initially, otherwise scan
+      return this->went_through_explicit_hidden_phase_() ? WiFiRetryPhase::EXPLICIT_HIDDEN
+                                                         : WiFiRetryPhase::SCAN_CONNECTING;
   }
 
   // Should never reach here
@@ -1355,12 +1319,6 @@ bool WiFiComponent::transition_to_phase_(WiFiRetryPhase new_phase) {
       if (!this->is_captive_portal_active_() && !this->is_esp32_improv_active_()) {
         this->restart_adapter();
       }
-      // Clear scan flag - we're starting a new retry cycle
-      this->did_scan_this_cycle_ = false;
-      // Always enter cooldown after restart (or skip-restart) to allow stabilization
-      // Use extended cooldown when AP is active to avoid constant scanning that blocks DNS
-      this->state_ = WIFI_COMPONENT_STATE_COOLDOWN;
-      this->action_started_ = millis();
       // Return true to indicate we should wait (go to COOLDOWN) instead of immediately connecting
       return true;
 
@@ -1456,7 +1414,6 @@ void WiFiComponent::log_and_adjust_priority_for_failed_connect_() {
         (old_priority > std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min()) ? (old_priority - 1) : std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min();
     this->set_sta_priority(failed_bssid.value(), new_priority);
   }
-
   char bssid_s[18];
   format_mac_addr_upper(failed_bssid.value().data(), bssid_s);
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Failed " LOG_SECRET("'%s'") " " LOG_SECRET("(%s)") ", priority %d → %d", ssid.c_str(), bssid_s,

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h

@@ -291,7 +291,6 @@ class WiFiComponent : public Component {
   void set_passive_scan(bool passive);
 
   void save_wifi_sta(const std::string &ssid, const std::string &password);
-
   // ========== INTERNAL METHODS ==========
   // (In most use cases you won't need these)
   /// Setup WiFi interface.
@@ -425,8 +424,6 @@ class WiFiComponent : public Component {
     return true;
   }
 
-  void connect_soon_();
-
   void wifi_loop_();
   bool wifi_mode_(optional<bool> sta, optional<bool> ap);
   bool wifi_sta_pre_setup_();
@@ -532,8 +529,6 @@ class WiFiComponent : public Component {
   bool enable_on_boot_;
   bool got_ipv4_address_{false};
   bool keep_scan_results_{false};
-  bool force_scan_after_provision_{false};
-  bool did_scan_this_cycle_{false};
 
   // Pointers at the end (naturally aligned)
   Trigger<> *connect_trigger_{new Trigger<>()};

esphome/components/wifi_info/wifi_info_text_sensor.h

@@ -126,10 +126,7 @@ class BSSIDWiFiInfo : public PollingComponent, public text_sensor::TextSensor {
 
 class MacAddressWifiInfo : public Component, public text_sensor::TextSensor {
  public:
-  void setup() override {
-    char mac_s[18];
-    this->publish_state(get_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(mac_s));
-  }
+  void setup() override { this->publish_state(get_mac_address_pretty()); }
   void dump_config() override;
 };
 

esphome/config.py

@@ -338,44 +338,21 @@ def check_replaceme(value):
         )
 
 
-def _get_item_id(item: Any) -> str | Extend | Remove | None:
-    """Attempts to get a list item's ID"""
-    if not isinstance(item, dict):
-        return None  # not a dict, can't have ID
-    # 1.- Check regular case:
-    # - id: my_id
-    item_id = item.get(CONF_ID)
-    if item_id is None and len(item) == 1:
-        # 2.- Check single-key dict case:
-        # - obj:
-        #     id: my_id
-        item = next(iter(item.values()))
-        if isinstance(item, dict):
-            item_id = item.get(CONF_ID)
-    if isinstance(item_id, Extend):
-        # Remove instances of Extend so they don't overwrite the original item when merging:
-        del item[CONF_ID]
-    return item_id
-
-
-def _build_list_index(
-    lst: list[Any],
-) -> tuple[
-    OrderedDict[str | Extend | Remove, Any], list[tuple[int, str, Any]], set[str]
-]:
+def _build_list_index(lst):
     index = OrderedDict()
     extensions, removals = [], set()
-    for pos, item in enumerate(lst):
+    for item in lst:
         if item is None:
             removals.add(None)
             continue
-        item_id = _get_item_id(item)
-        if isinstance(item_id, Extend):
-            extensions.append((pos, item_id.value, item))
-            continue
-        if isinstance(item_id, Remove):
-            removals.add(item_id.value)
-            continue
+        item_id = None
+        if isinstance(item, dict) and (item_id := item.get(CONF_ID)):
+            if isinstance(item_id, Extend):
+                extensions.append(item)
+                continue
+            if isinstance(item_id, Remove):
+                removals.add(item_id.value)
+                continue
         if not item_id or item_id in index:
             # no id or duplicate -> pass through with identity-based key
             item_id = id(item)
@@ -383,7 +360,7 @@ def _build_list_index(
     return index, extensions, removals
 
 
-def resolve_extend_remove(value: Any, is_key: bool = False) -> None:
+def resolve_extend_remove(value, is_key=None):
     if isinstance(value, ESPLiteralValue):
         return  # do not check inside literal blocks
     if isinstance(value, list):
@@ -391,16 +368,26 @@ def resolve_extend_remove(value: Any, is_key: bool = False) -> None:
         if extensions or removals:
             # Rebuild the original list after
             # processing all extensions and removals
-            for pos, item_id, item in extensions:
+            for item in extensions:
+                item_id = item[CONF_ID].value
                 if item_id in removals:
                     continue
                 old = index.get(item_id)
                 if old is None:
                     # Failed to find source for extension
-                    with cv.prepend_path(pos):
+                    # Find index of item to show error at correct position
+                    i = next(
+                        (
+                            i
+                            for i, d in enumerate(value)
+                            if d.get(CONF_ID) == item[CONF_ID]
+                        )
+                    )
+                    with cv.prepend_path(i):
                         raise cv.Invalid(
                             f"Source for extension of ID '{item_id}' was not found."
                         )
+                item[CONF_ID] = item_id
                 index[item_id] = merge_config(old, item)
             for item_id in removals:
                 index.pop(item_id, None)

esphome/const.py

@@ -336,7 +336,6 @@ CONF_ENERGY = "energy"
 CONF_ENTITY_CATEGORY = "entity_category"
 CONF_ENTITY_ID = "entity_id"
 CONF_ENUM_DATAPOINT = "enum_datapoint"
-CONF_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES = "environment_variables"
 CONF_EQUATION = "equation"
 CONF_ESP8266_DISABLE_SSL_SUPPORT = "esp8266_disable_ssl_support"
 CONF_ESPHOME = "esphome"

esphome/core/__init__.py

@@ -710,15 +710,6 @@ class EsphomeCore:
     def relative_piolibdeps_path(self, *path: str | Path) -> Path:
         return self.relative_build_path(".piolibdeps", *path)
 
-    @property
-    def platformio_cache_dir(self) -> str:
-        """Get the PlatformIO cache directory path."""
-        # Check if running in Docker/HA addon with custom cache dir
-        if (cache_dir := os.environ.get("PLATFORMIO_CACHE_DIR")) and cache_dir.strip():
-            return cache_dir
-        # Default PlatformIO cache location
-        return os.path.expanduser("~/.platformio/.cache")
-
     @property
     def firmware_bin(self) -> Path:
         if self.is_libretiny:

esphome/core/automation.h

@@ -11,26 +11,10 @@
 
 namespace esphome {
 
-// C++20 std::index_sequence is now used for tuple unpacking
-// Legacy seq<>/gens<> pattern deprecated but kept for backwards compatibility
 // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7858817/unpacking-a-tuple-to-call-a-matching-function-pointer/7858971#7858971
-// Remove before 2026.6.0
-// NOLINTBEGIN(readability-identifier-naming)
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
-#pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
-#endif
-
-template<int...> struct ESPDEPRECATED("Use std::index_sequence instead. Removed in 2026.6.0", "2025.12.0") seq {};
-template<int N, int... S>
-struct ESPDEPRECATED("Use std::make_index_sequence instead. Removed in 2026.6.0", "2025.12.0") gens
-    : gens<N - 1, N - 1, S...> {};
-template<int... S> struct gens<0, S...> { using type = seq<S...>; };
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
-#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-#endif
-// NOLINTEND(readability-identifier-naming)
+template<int...> struct seq {};                                       // NOLINT
+template<int N, int... S> struct gens : gens<N - 1, N - 1, S...> {};  // NOLINT
+template<int... S> struct gens<0, S...> { using type = seq<S...>; };  // NOLINT
 
 #define TEMPLATABLE_VALUE_(type, name) \
  protected: \
@@ -168,11 +152,11 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Condition {
 
   /// Call check with a tuple of values as parameter.
   bool check_tuple(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple) {
-    return this->check_tuple_(tuple, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+    return this->check_tuple_(tuple, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
   }
 
  protected:
-  template<size_t... S> bool check_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, std::index_sequence<S...> /*unused*/) {
+  template<int... S> bool check_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, seq<S...> /*unused*/) {
     return this->check(std::get<S>(tuple)...);
   }
 };
@@ -247,11 +231,11 @@ template<typename... Ts> class Action {
       }
     }
   }
-  template<size_t... S> void play_next_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, std::index_sequence<S...> /*unused*/) {
+  template<int... S> void play_next_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, seq<S...> /*unused*/) {
     this->play_next_(std::get<S>(tuple)...);
   }
   void play_next_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple) {
-    this->play_next_tuple_(tuple, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
+    this->play_next_tuple_(tuple, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
   }
 
   virtual void stop() {}
@@ -293,9 +277,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ActionList {
     if (this->actions_begin_ != nullptr)
       this->actions_begin_->play_complex(x...);
   }
-  void play_tuple(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple) {
-    this->play_tuple_(tuple, std::make_index_sequence<sizeof...(Ts)>{});
-  }
+  void play_tuple(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple) { this->play_tuple_(tuple, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type()); }
   void stop() {
     if (this->actions_begin_ != nullptr)
       this->actions_begin_->stop_complex();
@@ -316,7 +298,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ActionList {
   }
 
  protected:
-  template<size_t... S> void play_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, std::index_sequence<S...> /*unused*/) {
+  template<int... S> void play_tuple_(const std::tuple<Ts...> &tuple, seq<S...> /*unused*/) {
     this->play(std::get<S>(tuple)...);
   }
 

esphome/core/base_automation.h

@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DelayAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Compon
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint32_t, delay)
 
   void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
+    auto f = std::bind(&DelayAction<Ts...>::play_next_, this, x...);
     this->num_running_++;
 
     // If num_running_ > 1, we have multiple instances running in parallel
@@ -186,22 +187,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DelayAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Compon
     // WARNING: This can accumulate delays if scripts are triggered faster than they complete!
     // Users should set max_runs on parallel scripts to limit concurrent executions.
     // Issue #10264: This is a workaround for parallel script delays interfering with each other.
-
-    // Optimization: For no-argument delays (most common case), use direct lambda
-    // instead of std::bind to avoid bind overhead (~16 bytes heap + faster execution)
-    if constexpr (sizeof...(Ts) == 0) {
-      App.scheduler.set_timer_common_(
-          this, Scheduler::SchedulerItem::TIMEOUT,
-          /* is_static_string= */ true, "delay", this->delay_.value(), [this]() { this->play_next_(); },
-          /* is_retry= */ false, /* skip_cancel= */ this->num_running_ > 1);
-    } else {
-      // For delays with arguments, use std::bind to preserve argument values
-      // Arguments must be copied because original references may be invalid after delay
-      auto f = std::bind(&DelayAction<Ts...>::play_next_, this, x...);
-      App.scheduler.set_timer_common_(this, Scheduler::SchedulerItem::TIMEOUT,
-                                      /* is_static_string= */ true, "delay", this->delay_.value(x...), std::move(f),
-                                      /* is_retry= */ false, /* skip_cancel= */ this->num_running_ > 1);
-    }
+    App.scheduler.set_timer_common_(this, Scheduler::SchedulerItem::TIMEOUT,
+                                    /* is_static_string= */ true, "delay", this->delay_.value(x...), std::move(f),
+                                    /* is_retry= */ false, /* skip_cancel= */ this->num_running_ > 1);
   }
   float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 

esphome/core/config.py

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_COMPILE_PROCESS_LIMIT,
     CONF_DEBUG_SCHEDULER,
     CONF_DEVICES,
-    CONF_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES,
     CONF_ESPHOME,
     CONF_FRIENDLY_NAME,
     CONF_ID,
@@ -216,11 +215,6 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
                     cv.string_strict: cv.Any([cv.string], cv.string),
                 }
             ),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES, default={}): cv.Schema(
-                {
-                    cv.string_strict: cv.string,
-                }
-            ),
             cv.Optional(CONF_ON_BOOT): automation.validate_automation(
                 {
                     cv.GenerateID(CONF_TRIGGER_ID): cv.declare_id(StartupTrigger),
@@ -432,12 +426,6 @@ async def _add_platformio_options(pio_options):
         cg.add_platformio_option(key, val)
 
 
-@coroutine_with_priority(CoroPriority.FINAL)
-async def _add_environment_variables(env_vars: dict[str, str]) -> None:
-    # Set environment variables for the build process
-    os.environ.update(env_vars)
-
-
 @coroutine_with_priority(CoroPriority.AUTOMATION)
 async def _add_automations(config):
     for conf in config.get(CONF_ON_BOOT, []):
@@ -575,9 +563,6 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
     if config[CONF_PLATFORMIO_OPTIONS]:
         CORE.add_job(_add_platformio_options, config[CONF_PLATFORMIO_OPTIONS])
 
-    if config[CONF_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES]:
-        CORE.add_job(_add_environment_variables, config[CONF_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES])
-
     # Process areas
     all_areas: list[dict[str, str | core.ID]] = []
     if CONF_AREA in config: