[network] Fix uninitialized type field in IPAddress esp_ip4_addr_t constructor

2025.11.0

.github/workflows/auto-label-pr.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.sender.type != 'Bot'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
 
       - name: Generate a token
         id: generate-token

.github/workflows/ci-api-proto.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:

.github/workflows/ci-clang-tidy-hash.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
 
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0

.github/workflows/ci-docker.yml

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
           - "docker"
           # - "lint"
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:

.github/workflows/ci-memory-impact-comment.yml

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Check out code from base repository
         if: steps.pr.outputs.skip != 'true'
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
         with:
           # Always check out from the base repository (esphome/esphome), never from forks
           # Use the PR's target branch to ensure we run trusted code from the main repo

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
       cache-key: ${{ steps.cache-key.outputs.key }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Generate cache-key
         id: cache-key
         run: echo key="${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt', 'requirements_test.txt', '.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.python-linters == 'true'
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       - common
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ jobs:
       - common
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         id: restore-python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ jobs:
       component-test-batches: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.component-test-batches }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
         with:
           # Fetch enough history to find the merge base
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.determine-jobs.outputs.integration-tests == 'true'
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Set up Python 3.13
         id: python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && (needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-run-all == 'true' || needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-components != '[]')
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
 
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ jobs:
       GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
         with:
           # Need history for HEAD~1 to work for checking changed files
           fetch-depth: 2
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ jobs:
           version: 1.0
 
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && !startsWith(github.base_ref, 'beta') && !startsWith(github.base_ref, 'release')
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ jobs:
       skip: ${{ steps.check-script.outputs.skip }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out target branch
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.base_ref }}
 
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ jobs:
       flash_usage: ${{ steps.extract.outputs.flash_usage }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out PR branch
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:
@@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ jobs:
       GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Restore Python
         uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
         with:

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ jobs:
             # your codebase is analyzed, see https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/code-scanning/creating-an-advanced-setup-for-code-scanning/codeql-code-scanning-for-compiled-languages
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@014f16e7ab1402f30e7c3329d33797e7948572db # v4.31.3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@e12f0178983d466f2f6028f5cc7a6d786fd97f4b # v4.31.4
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
           build-mode: ${{ matrix.build-mode }}
@@ -86,6 +86,6 @@ jobs:
           exit 1
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@014f16e7ab1402f30e7c3329d33797e7948572db # v4.31.3
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@e12f0178983d466f2f6028f5cc7a6d786fd97f4b # v4.31.4
         with:
           category: "/language:${{matrix.language}}"

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
       branch_build: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.branch_build }}
       deploy_env: ${{ steps.tag.outputs.deploy_env }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Get tag
         id: tag
         # yamllint disable rule:line-length
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
       contents: read
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ jobs:
             os: "ubuntu-24.04-arm"
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@e797f83bcb11b83ae66e0230d6156d7c80228e7c # v6.0.0
         with:
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ jobs:
           - ghcr
           - dockerhub
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
 
       - name: Download digests
         uses: actions/download-artifact@018cc2cf5baa6db3ef3c5f8a56943fffe632ef53 # v6.0.0

.github/workflows/sync-device-classes.yml

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository == 'esphome/esphome'
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
 
       - name: Checkout Home Assistant
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@93cb6efe18208431cddfb8368fd83d5badbf9bfd # v5.0.1
         with:
           repository: home-assistant/core
           path: lib/home-assistant

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_dump.cpp

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, float value, in
 static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, uint64_t value, int indent = 2) {
   char buffer[64];
   append_field_prefix(out, field_name, indent);
-  snprintf(buffer, 64, "%llu", value);
+  snprintf(buffer, 64, "%" PRIu64, value);
   append_with_newline(out, buffer);
 }
 

esphome/components/bh1750/bh1750.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include "bh1750.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
-#include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
-namespace esphome::bh1750 {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace bh1750 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "bh1750.sensor";
 
@@ -13,31 +13,6 @@ static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L = 0b00100011;
 static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H = 0b00100000;
 static const uint8_t BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2 = 0b00100001;
 
-static constexpr uint32_t MEASUREMENT_TIMEOUT_MS = 2000;
-static constexpr float HIGH_LIGHT_THRESHOLD_LX = 7000.0f;
-
-// Measurement time constants (datasheet values)
-static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_DEFAULT = 69;
-static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_MIN = 31;
-static constexpr uint16_t MTREG_MAX = 254;
-static constexpr uint16_t MEAS_TIME_L_MS = 24;   // L-resolution max measurement time @ mtreg=69
-static constexpr uint16_t MEAS_TIME_H_MS = 180;  // H/H2-resolution max measurement time @ mtreg=69
-
-// Conversion constants (datasheet formulas)
-static constexpr float RESOLUTION_DIVISOR = 1.2f;  // counts to lux conversion divisor
-static constexpr float MODE_H2_DIVISOR = 2.0f;     // H2 mode has 2x higher resolution
-
-// MTreg calculation constants
-static constexpr int COUNTS_TARGET = 50000;  // Target counts for optimal range (avoid saturation)
-static constexpr int COUNTS_NUMERATOR = 10;
-static constexpr int COUNTS_DENOMINATOR = 12;
-
-// MTreg register bit manipulation constants
-static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_HI_SHIFT = 5;       // High 3 bits start at bit 5
-static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_HI_MASK = 0b111;    // 3-bit mask for high bits
-static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_LO_SHIFT = 0;       // Low 5 bits start at bit 0
-static constexpr uint8_t MTREG_LO_MASK = 0b11111;  // 5-bit mask for low bits
-
 /*
 bh1750 properties:
 
@@ -68,7 +43,74 @@ void BH1750Sensor::setup() {
     this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
-  this->state_ = IDLE;
+}
+
+void BH1750Sensor::read_lx_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, const std::function<void(float)> &f) {
+  // turn on (after one-shot sensor automatically powers down)
+  uint8_t turn_on = BH1750_COMMAND_POWER_ON;
+  if (this->write(&turn_on, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Power on failed");
+    f(NAN);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (active_mtreg_ != mtreg) {
+    // set mtreg
+    uint8_t mtreg_hi = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_HI | ((mtreg >> 5) & 0b111);
+    uint8_t mtreg_lo = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_LO | ((mtreg >> 0) & 0b11111);
+    if (this->write(&mtreg_hi, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK || this->write(&mtreg_lo, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Set measurement time failed");
+      active_mtreg_ = 0;
+      f(NAN);
+      return;
+    }
+    active_mtreg_ = mtreg;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t cmd;
+  uint16_t meas_time;
+  switch (mode) {
+    case BH1750_MODE_L:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L;
+      meas_time = 24 * mtreg / 69;
+      break;
+    case BH1750_MODE_H:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H;
+      meas_time = 180 * mtreg / 69;
+      break;
+    case BH1750_MODE_H2:
+      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2;
+      meas_time = 180 * mtreg / 69;
+      break;
+    default:
+      f(NAN);
+      return;
+  }
+  if (this->write(&cmd, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Start measurement failed");
+    f(NAN);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // probably not needed, but adjust for rounding
+  meas_time++;
+
+  this->set_timeout("read", meas_time, [this, mode, mtreg, f]() {
+    uint16_t raw_value;
+    if (this->read(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&raw_value), 2) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Read data failed");
+      f(NAN);
+      return;
+    }
+    raw_value = i2c::i2ctohs(raw_value);
+
+    float lx = float(raw_value) / 1.2f;
+    lx *= 69.0f / mtreg;
+    if (mode == BH1750_MODE_H2)
+      lx /= 2.0f;
+
+    f(lx);
+  });
 }
 
 void BH1750Sensor::dump_config() {
@@ -82,189 +124,45 @@ void BH1750Sensor::dump_config() {
 }
 
 void BH1750Sensor::update() {
-  const uint32_t now = millis();
-
-  // Start coarse measurement to determine optimal mode/mtreg
-  if (this->state_ != IDLE) {
-    // Safety timeout: reset if stuck
-    if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ > MEASUREMENT_TIMEOUT_MS) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Measurement timeout, resetting state");
-      this->state_ = IDLE;
-    } else {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Previous measurement not complete, skipping update");
+  // first do a quick measurement in L-mode with full range
+  // to find right range
+  this->read_lx_(BH1750_MODE_L, 31, [this](float val) {
+    if (std::isnan(val)) {
+      this->status_set_warning();
+      this->publish_state(NAN);
       return;
     }
-  }
 
-  if (!this->start_measurement_(BH1750_MODE_L, MTREG_MIN, now)) {
-    this->status_set_warning();
-    this->publish_state(NAN);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  this->state_ = WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT;
-  this->enable_loop();  // Enable loop while measurement in progress
-}
-
-void BH1750Sensor::loop() {
-  const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
-
-  switch (this->state_) {
-    case IDLE:
-      // Disable loop when idle to save cycles
-      this->disable_loop();
-      break;
-
-    case WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT:
-      if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ >= this->measurement_duration_) {
-        this->state_ = READING_COARSE_RESULT;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case READING_COARSE_RESULT: {
-      float lx;
-      if (!this->read_measurement_(lx)) {
-        this->fail_and_reset_();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      this->process_coarse_result_(lx);
-
-      // Start fine measurement with optimal settings
-      // fetch millis() again since the read can take a bit
-      if (!this->start_measurement_(this->fine_mode_, this->fine_mtreg_, millis())) {
-        this->fail_and_reset_();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      this->state_ = WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT;
-      break;
+    BH1750Mode use_mode;
+    uint8_t use_mtreg;
+    if (val <= 7000) {
+      use_mode = BH1750_MODE_H2;
+      use_mtreg = 254;
+    } else {
+      use_mode = BH1750_MODE_H;
+      // lx = counts / 1.2 * (69 / mtreg)
+      // -> mtreg = counts / 1.2 * (69 / lx)
+      // calculate for counts=50000 (allow some range to not saturate, but maximize mtreg)
+      // -> mtreg = 50000*(10/12)*(69/lx)
+      int ideal_mtreg = 50000 * 10 * 69 / (12 * (int) val);
+      use_mtreg = std::min(254, std::max(31, ideal_mtreg));
     }
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "L result: %f -> Calculated mode=%d, mtreg=%d", val, (int) use_mode, use_mtreg);
 
-    case WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT:
-      if (now - this->measurement_start_time_ >= this->measurement_duration_) {
-        this->state_ = READING_FINE_RESULT;
+    this->read_lx_(use_mode, use_mtreg, [this](float val) {
+      if (std::isnan(val)) {
+        this->status_set_warning();
+        this->publish_state(NAN);
+        return;
       }
-      break;
-
-    case READING_FINE_RESULT: {
-      float lx;
-      if (!this->read_measurement_(lx)) {
-        this->fail_and_reset_();
-        break;
-      }
-
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Illuminance=%.1flx", this->get_name().c_str(), lx);
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Illuminance=%.1flx", this->get_name().c_str(), val);
       this->status_clear_warning();
-      this->publish_state(lx);
-      this->state_ = IDLE;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-bool BH1750Sensor::start_measurement_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, uint32_t now) {
-  // Power on
-  uint8_t turn_on = BH1750_COMMAND_POWER_ON;
-  if (this->write(&turn_on, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Power on failed");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // Set MTreg if changed
-  if (this->active_mtreg_ != mtreg) {
-    uint8_t mtreg_hi = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_HI | ((mtreg >> MTREG_HI_SHIFT) & MTREG_HI_MASK);
-    uint8_t mtreg_lo = BH1750_COMMAND_MT_REG_LO | ((mtreg >> MTREG_LO_SHIFT) & MTREG_LO_MASK);
-    if (this->write(&mtreg_hi, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK || this->write(&mtreg_lo, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Set measurement time failed");
-      this->active_mtreg_ = 0;
-      return false;
-    }
-    this->active_mtreg_ = mtreg;
-  }
-
-  // Start measurement
-  uint8_t cmd;
-  uint16_t meas_time;
-  switch (mode) {
-    case BH1750_MODE_L:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_L;
-      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_L_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
-      break;
-    case BH1750_MODE_H:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H;
-      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_H_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
-      break;
-    case BH1750_MODE_H2:
-      cmd = BH1750_COMMAND_ONE_TIME_H2;
-      meas_time = MEAS_TIME_H_MS * mtreg / MTREG_DEFAULT;
-      break;
-    default:
-      return false;
-  }
-
-  if (this->write(&cmd, 1) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Start measurement failed");
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // Store current measurement parameters
-  this->current_mode_ = mode;
-  this->current_mtreg_ = mtreg;
-  this->measurement_start_time_ = now;
-  this->measurement_duration_ = meas_time + 1;  // Add 1ms for safety
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool BH1750Sensor::read_measurement_(float &lx_out) {
-  uint16_t raw_value;
-  if (this->read(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&raw_value), 2) != i2c::ERROR_OK) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Read data failed");
-    return false;
-  }
-  raw_value = i2c::i2ctohs(raw_value);
-
-  float lx = float(raw_value) / RESOLUTION_DIVISOR;
-  lx *= float(MTREG_DEFAULT) / this->current_mtreg_;
-  if (this->current_mode_ == BH1750_MODE_H2) {
-    lx /= MODE_H2_DIVISOR;
-  }
-
-  lx_out = lx;
-  return true;
-}
-
-void BH1750Sensor::process_coarse_result_(float lx) {
-  if (std::isnan(lx)) {
-    // Use defaults if coarse measurement failed
-    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H2;
-    this->fine_mtreg_ = MTREG_MAX;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if (lx <= HIGH_LIGHT_THRESHOLD_LX) {
-    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H2;
-    this->fine_mtreg_ = MTREG_MAX;
-  } else {
-    this->fine_mode_ = BH1750_MODE_H;
-    // lx = counts / 1.2 * (69 / mtreg)
-    // -> mtreg = counts / 1.2 * (69 / lx)
-    // calculate for counts=50000 (allow some range to not saturate, but maximize mtreg)
-    // -> mtreg = 50000*(10/12)*(69/lx)
-    int ideal_mtreg = COUNTS_TARGET * COUNTS_NUMERATOR * MTREG_DEFAULT / (COUNTS_DENOMINATOR * (int) lx);
-    this->fine_mtreg_ = std::min((int) MTREG_MAX, std::max((int) MTREG_MIN, ideal_mtreg));
-  }
-
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "L result: %.1f -> Calculated mode=%d, mtreg=%d", lx, (int) this->fine_mode_, this->fine_mtreg_);
-}
-
-void BH1750Sensor::fail_and_reset_() {
-  this->status_set_warning();
-  this->publish_state(NAN);
-  this->state_ = IDLE;
+      this->publish_state(val);
+    });
+  });
 }
 
 float BH1750Sensor::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::DATA; }
 
-}  // namespace esphome::bh1750
+}  // namespace bh1750
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/bh1750/bh1750.h

@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 #include "esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h"
 
-namespace esphome::bh1750 {
+namespace esphome {
+namespace bh1750 {
 
-enum BH1750Mode : uint8_t {
+enum BH1750Mode {
   BH1750_MODE_L,
   BH1750_MODE_H,
   BH1750_MODE_H2,
@@ -20,36 +21,13 @@ class BH1750Sensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent, public i2c:
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void update() override;
-  void loop() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
 
  protected:
-  // State machine states
-  enum State : uint8_t {
-    IDLE,
-    WAITING_COARSE_MEASUREMENT,
-    READING_COARSE_RESULT,
-    WAITING_FINE_MEASUREMENT,
-    READING_FINE_RESULT,
-  };
+  void read_lx_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, const std::function<void(float)> &f);
 
-  // 4-byte aligned members
-  uint32_t measurement_start_time_{0};
-  uint32_t measurement_duration_{0};
-
-  // 1-byte members grouped together to minimize padding
-  State state_{IDLE};
-  BH1750Mode current_mode_{BH1750_MODE_L};
-  uint8_t current_mtreg_{31};
-  BH1750Mode fine_mode_{BH1750_MODE_H2};
-  uint8_t fine_mtreg_{254};
   uint8_t active_mtreg_{0};
-
-  // Helper methods
-  bool start_measurement_(BH1750Mode mode, uint8_t mtreg, uint32_t now);
-  bool read_measurement_(float &lx_out);
-  void process_coarse_result_(float lx);
-  void fail_and_reset_();
 };
 
-}  // namespace esphome::bh1750
+}  // namespace bh1750
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/bme68x_bsec2/bme68x_bsec2.cpp

@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ void BME68xBSEC2Component::dump_config() {
   if (this->is_failed()) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Communication failed (BSEC2 status: %d, BME68X status: %d)", this->bsec_status_,
              this->bme68x_status_);
+    if (this->bsec_status_ == BSEC_I_SU_SUBSCRIBEDOUTPUTGATES) {
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "No sensors, add at least one sensor to the config");
+    }
   }
 
   if (this->algorithm_output_ != ALGORITHM_OUTPUT_IAQ) {

esphome/components/captive_portal/__init__.py

@@ -72,6 +72,16 @@ def _final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
             "Add 'ap:' to your WiFi configuration to enable the captive portal."
         )
 
+    # Register socket needs for DNS server and additional HTTP connections
+    # - 1 UDP socket for DNS server
+    # - 3 additional TCP sockets for captive portal detection probes + configuration requests
+    #   OS captive portal detection makes multiple probe requests that stay in TIME_WAIT.
+    #   Need headroom for actual user configuration requests.
+    #   LRU purging will reclaim idle sockets to prevent exhaustion from repeated attempts.
+    from esphome.components import socket
+
+    socket.consume_sockets(4, "captive_portal")(config)
+
     return config
 
 

esphome/components/captive_portal/captive_portal.cpp

@@ -13,14 +13,16 @@ static const char *const TAG = "captive_portal";
 void CaptivePortal::handle_config(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   AsyncResponseStream *stream = request->beginResponseStream(ESPHOME_F("application/json"));
   stream->addHeader(ESPHOME_F("cache-control"), ESPHOME_F("public, max-age=0, must-revalidate"));
+  char mac_s[18];
+  const char *mac_str = get_mac_address_pretty_into_buffer(mac_s);
 #ifdef USE_ESP8266
   stream->print(ESPHOME_F("{\"mac\":\""));
-  stream->print(get_mac_address_pretty().c_str());
+  stream->print(mac_str);
   stream->print(ESPHOME_F("\",\"name\":\""));
   stream->print(App.get_name().c_str());
   stream->print(ESPHOME_F("\",\"aps\":[{}"));
 #else
-  stream->printf(R"({"mac":"%s","name":"%s","aps":[{})", get_mac_address_pretty().c_str(), App.get_name().c_str());
+  stream->printf(R"({"mac":"%s","name":"%s","aps":[{})", mac_str, App.get_name().c_str());
 #endif
 
   for (auto &scan : wifi::global_wifi_component->get_scan_result()) {
@@ -50,8 +52,8 @@ void CaptivePortal::handle_wifisave(AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Requested WiFi Settings Change:");
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  SSID='%s'", ssid.c_str());
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Password=" LOG_SECRET("'%s'"), psk.c_str());
-  wifi::global_wifi_component->save_wifi_sta(ssid, psk);
-  wifi::global_wifi_component->start_scanning();
+  // Defer save to main loop thread to avoid NVS operations from HTTP thread
+  this->defer([ssid, psk]() { wifi::global_wifi_component->save_wifi_sta(ssid, psk); });
   request->redirect(ESPHOME_F("/?save"));
 }
 
@@ -63,6 +65,12 @@ void CaptivePortal::start() {
   this->base_->init();
   if (!this->initialized_) {
     this->base_->add_handler(this);
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+    // Enable LRU socket purging to handle captive portal detection probe bursts
+    // OS captive portal detection makes many simultaneous HTTP requests which can
+    // exhaust sockets. LRU purging automatically closes oldest idle connections.
+    this->base_->get_server()->set_lru_purge_enable(true);
+#endif
   }
 
   network::IPAddress ip = wifi::global_wifi_component->wifi_soft_ap_ip();

esphome/components/captive_portal/captive_portal.h

@@ -40,6 +40,10 @@ class CaptivePortal : public AsyncWebHandler, public Component {
   void end() {
     this->active_ = false;
     this->disable_loop();  // Stop processing DNS requests
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+    // Disable LRU socket purging now that captive portal is done
+    this->base_->get_server()->set_lru_purge_enable(false);
+#endif
     this->base_->deinit();
     if (this->dns_server_ != nullptr) {
       this->dns_server_->stop();

esphome/components/dashboard_import/dashboard_import.cpp

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace dashboard_import {
 
-static std::string g_package_import_url;  // NOLINT
+static const char *g_package_import_url = "";  // NOLINT
 
-const std::string &get_package_import_url() { return g_package_import_url; }
-void set_package_import_url(std::string url) { g_package_import_url = std::move(url); }
+const char *get_package_import_url() { return g_package_import_url; }
+void set_package_import_url(const char *url) { g_package_import_url = url; }
 
 }  // namespace dashboard_import
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/dashboard_import/dashboard_import.h

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <string>
-
 namespace esphome {
 namespace dashboard_import {
 
-const std::string &get_package_import_url();
-void set_package_import_url(std::string url);
+const char *get_package_import_url();
+void set_package_import_url(const char *url);
 
 }  // namespace dashboard_import
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/epaper_spi/display.py

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def customise_schema(config):
     """
     config = cv.Schema(
         {
-            cv.Required(CONF_MODEL): cv.one_of(*MODELS, upper=True),
+            cv.Required(CONF_MODEL): cv.one_of(*MODELS, upper=True, space="-"),
         },
         extra=cv.ALLOW_EXTRA,
     )(config)

esphome/components/epaper_spi/models/spectra_e6.py

@@ -32,11 +32,15 @@ class SpectraE6(EpaperModel):
 
 spectra_e6 = SpectraE6("spectra-e6")
 
-spectra_e6.extend(
-    "Seeed-reTerminal-E1002",
+spectra_e6_7p3 = spectra_e6.extend(
+    "7.3in-Spectra-E6",
     width=800,
     height=480,
     data_rate="20MHz",
+)
+
+spectra_e6_7p3.extend(
+    "Seeed-reTerminal-E1002",
     cs_pin=10,
     dc_pin=11,
     reset_pin=12,

esphome/components/esp32/__init__.py

@@ -931,6 +931,12 @@ async def to_code(config):
         add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_MBEDTLS_CERTIFICATE_BUNDLE", True)
         add_idf_sdkconfig_option("CONFIG_ESP_PHY_REDUCE_TX_POWER", True)
 
+        # ESP32-S2 Arduino: Disable USB Serial on boot to avoid TinyUSB dependency
+        if get_esp32_variant() == VARIANT_ESP32S2:
+            cg.add_build_unflag("-DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=1")
+            cg.add_build_unflag("-DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0")
+            cg.add_build_flag("-DARDUINO_USB_CDC_ON_BOOT=0")
+
     cg.add_build_flag("-Wno-nonnull-compare")
 
     add_idf_sdkconfig_option(f"CONFIG_IDF_TARGET_{variant}", True)

esphome/components/esp32_improv/__init__.py

@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@ CONF_ON_STOP = "on_stop"
 CONF_STATUS_INDICATOR = "status_indicator"
 CONF_WIFI_TIMEOUT = "wifi_timeout"
 
+# Default WiFi timeout - aligned with WiFi component ap_timeout
+# Allows sufficient time to try all BSSIDs before starting provisioning mode
+DEFAULT_WIFI_TIMEOUT = "90s"
+
 
 improv_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("improv")
 Error = improv_ns.enum("Error")
@@ -59,7 +63,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
                 CONF_AUTHORIZED_DURATION, default="1min"
             ): cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds,
             cv.Optional(
-                CONF_WIFI_TIMEOUT, default="1min"
+                CONF_WIFI_TIMEOUT, default=DEFAULT_WIFI_TIMEOUT
             ): cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds,
             cv.Optional(CONF_ON_PROVISIONED): automation.validate_automation(
                 {

esphome/components/esp32_improv/esp32_improv_component.cpp

@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ void ESP32ImprovComponent::loop() {
           // Set initial state based on whether we have an authorizer
           this->set_state_(this->get_initial_state_(), false);
           this->set_error_(improv::ERROR_NONE);
+          this->should_start_ = false;  // Clear flag after starting
           ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Service started!");
         }
       }

esphome/components/esp32_improv/esp32_improv_component.h

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ class ESP32ImprovComponent : public Component, public improv_base::ImprovBase {
   void start();
   void stop();
   bool is_active() const { return this->state_ != improv::STATE_STOPPED; }
+  bool should_start() const { return this->should_start_; }
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP32_IMPROV_STATE_CALLBACK
   void add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(improv::State, improv::Error)> &&callback) {

esphome/components/ld2410/automation.h

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BluetoothPasswordSetAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
@@ -18,5 +17,4 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BluetoothPasswordSetAction : public Action<Ts...>
   LD2410Component *ld2410_comp_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/button/factory_reset_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "factory_reset_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void FactoryResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/button/factory_reset_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Componen
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/button/query_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "query_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void QueryButton::press_action() { this->parent_->read_all_info(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/button/query_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class QueryButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class QueryButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/button/restart_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "restart_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void RestartButton::press_action() { this->parent_->restart_and_read_all_info(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/button/restart_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class RestartButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class RestartButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.cpp

@@ -9,12 +9,9 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2410";
-static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
-static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
 enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
@@ -181,15 +178,15 @@ static inline bool validate_header_footer(const uint8_t *header_footer, const ui
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::dump_config() {
-  std::string mac_str =
-      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
-  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
-                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+  char mac_s[18];
+  char version_s[20];
+  const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
+  ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "LD2410:\n"
                 "  Firmware version: %s\n"
                 "  MAC address: %s",
-                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str());
+                version_s, mac_str);
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "Target", this->target_binary_sensor_);
@@ -448,12 +445,12 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_() {
 
     case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
       std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
-      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
-                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
+      char version_s[20];
+      ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version_s);
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version_s);
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -506,9 +503,9 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_() {
         std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
       }
 
-      std::string mac_str =
-          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
+      char mac_s[18];
+      const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str);
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
         this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);
@@ -784,5 +781,4 @@ void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s) {
 }
 #endif
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.h

@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@
 
 #include <array>
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 using namespace ld24xx;
 
@@ -133,5 +132,4 @@ class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
 #endif
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/number/gate_threshold_number.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "gate_threshold_number.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 GateThresholdNumber::GateThresholdNumber(uint8_t gate) : gate_(gate) {}
 
@@ -10,5 +9,4 @@ void GateThresholdNumber::control(float value) {
   this->parent_->set_gate_threshold(this->gate_);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/number/gate_threshold_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class GateThresholdNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -15,5 +14,4 @@ class GateThresholdNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2410Compone
   void control(float value) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/number/light_threshold_number.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "light_threshold_number.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void LightThresholdNumber::control(float value) {
   this->publish_state(value);
   this->parent_->set_light_out_control();
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/number/light_threshold_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class LightThresholdNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class LightThresholdNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2410Compon
   void control(float value) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/number/max_distance_timeout_number.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "max_distance_timeout_number.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void MaxDistanceTimeoutNumber::control(float value) {
   this->publish_state(value);
   this->parent_->set_max_distances_timeout();
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/number/max_distance_timeout_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class MaxDistanceTimeoutNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class MaxDistanceTimeoutNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2410Co
   void control(float value) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/select/baud_rate_select.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "baud_rate_select.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void BaudRateSelect::control(size_t index) {
   this->publish_state(index);
   this->parent_->set_baud_rate(this->option_at(index));
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/select/baud_rate_select.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class BaudRateSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class BaudRateSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
   void control(size_t index) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/select/distance_resolution_select.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "distance_resolution_select.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void DistanceResolutionSelect::control(size_t index) {
   this->publish_state(index);
   this->parent_->set_distance_resolution(this->option_at(index));
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/select/distance_resolution_select.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class DistanceResolutionSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class DistanceResolutionSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2410Co
   void control(size_t index) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/select/light_out_control_select.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "light_out_control_select.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void LightOutControlSelect::control(size_t index) {
   this->publish_state(index);
   this->parent_->set_light_out_control();
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/select/light_out_control_select.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class LightOutControlSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class LightOutControlSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2410Compo
   void control(size_t index) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/switch/bluetooth_switch.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "bluetooth_switch.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void BluetoothSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
   this->publish_state(state);
   this->parent_->set_bluetooth(state);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/switch/bluetooth_switch.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class BluetoothSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class BluetoothSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<LD2410Component>
   void write_state(bool state) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/switch/engineering_mode_switch.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "engineering_mode_switch.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 void EngineeringModeSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
   this->publish_state(state);
   this->parent_->set_engineering_mode(state);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/switch/engineering_mode_switch.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
 #include "../ld2410.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
+namespace esphome::ld2410 {
 
 class EngineeringModeSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class EngineeringModeSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<LD2410Comp
   void write_state(bool state) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2410

esphome/components/ld2412/button/factory_reset_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "factory_reset_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void FactoryResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/button/factory_reset_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2412Componen
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/button/query_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "query_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void QueryButton::press_action() { this->parent_->read_all_info(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/button/query_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class QueryButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class QueryButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/button/restart_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "restart_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void RestartButton::press_action() { this->parent_->restart_and_read_all_info(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/button/restart_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class RestartButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class RestartButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/button/start_dynamic_background_correction_button.cpp

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@
 
 #include "restart_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void StartDynamicBackgroundCorrectionButton::press_action() { this->parent_->start_dynamic_background_correction(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/button/start_dynamic_background_correction_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class StartDynamicBackgroundCorrectionButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class StartDynamicBackgroundCorrectionButton : public button::Button, public Par
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/ld2412.cpp

@@ -10,12 +10,9 @@
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2412";
-static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
-static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
 enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
@@ -200,15 +197,15 @@ static inline bool validate_header_footer(const uint8_t *header_footer, const ui
 }
 
 void LD2412Component::dump_config() {
-  std::string mac_str =
-      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
-  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
-                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+  char mac_s[18];
+  char version_s[20];
+  const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
+  ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "LD2412:\n"
                 "  Firmware version: %s\n"
                 "  MAC address: %s",
-                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str());
+                version_s, mac_str);
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "DynamicBackgroundCorrectionStatus",
@@ -492,12 +489,12 @@ bool LD2412Component::handle_ack_data_() {
 
     case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
       std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
-      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
-                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
+      char version_s[20];
+      ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version_s);
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version_s);
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -544,9 +541,9 @@ bool LD2412Component::handle_ack_data_() {
         std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
       }
 
-      std::string mac_str =
-          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
+      char mac_s[18];
+      const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str);
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
         this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);
@@ -857,5 +854,4 @@ void LD2412Component::set_gate_still_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s) {
 }
 #endif
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/ld2412.h

@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@
 
 #include <array>
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 using namespace ld24xx;
 
@@ -137,5 +136,4 @@ class LD2412Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
 #endif
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/number/gate_threshold_number.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "gate_threshold_number.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 GateThresholdNumber::GateThresholdNumber(uint8_t gate) : gate_(gate) {}
 
@@ -10,5 +9,4 @@ void GateThresholdNumber::control(float value) {
   this->parent_->set_gate_threshold();
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/number/gate_threshold_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class GateThresholdNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -15,5 +14,4 @@ class GateThresholdNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2412Compone
   void control(float value) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/number/light_threshold_number.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "light_threshold_number.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void LightThresholdNumber::control(float value) {
   this->publish_state(value);
   this->parent_->set_light_out_control();
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/number/light_threshold_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class LightThresholdNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class LightThresholdNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2412Compon
   void control(float value) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/number/max_distance_timeout_number.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "max_distance_timeout_number.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void MaxDistanceTimeoutNumber::control(float value) {
   this->publish_state(value);
   this->parent_->set_basic_config();
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/number/max_distance_timeout_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class MaxDistanceTimeoutNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class MaxDistanceTimeoutNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2412Co
   void control(float value) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/select/baud_rate_select.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "baud_rate_select.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void BaudRateSelect::control(size_t index) {
   this->publish_state(index);
   this->parent_->set_baud_rate(this->option_at(index));
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/select/baud_rate_select.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class BaudRateSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class BaudRateSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
   void control(size_t index) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/select/distance_resolution_select.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "distance_resolution_select.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void DistanceResolutionSelect::control(size_t index) {
   this->publish_state(index);
   this->parent_->set_distance_resolution(this->option_at(index));
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/select/distance_resolution_select.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class DistanceResolutionSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class DistanceResolutionSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2412Co
   void control(size_t index) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/select/light_out_control_select.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "light_out_control_select.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void LightOutControlSelect::control(size_t index) {
   this->publish_state(index);
   this->parent_->set_light_out_control();
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/select/light_out_control_select.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class LightOutControlSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class LightOutControlSelect : public select::Select, public Parented<LD2412Compo
   void control(size_t index) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/switch/bluetooth_switch.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "bluetooth_switch.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void BluetoothSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
   this->publish_state(state);
   this->parent_->set_bluetooth(state);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/switch/bluetooth_switch.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class BluetoothSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class BluetoothSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<LD2412Component>
   void write_state(bool state) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/switch/engineering_mode_switch.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "engineering_mode_switch.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 void EngineeringModeSwitch::write_state(bool state) {
   this->publish_state(state);
   this->parent_->set_engineering_mode(state);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2412/switch/engineering_mode_switch.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/switch/switch.h"
 #include "../ld2412.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2412 {
+namespace esphome::ld2412 {
 
 class EngineeringModeSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<LD2412Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class EngineeringModeSwitch : public switch_::Switch, public Parented<LD2412Comp
   void write_state(bool state) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2412
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2412

esphome/components/ld2420/binary_sensor/ld2420_binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2420.binary_sensor";
 
@@ -12,5 +11,4 @@ void LD2420BinarySensor::dump_config() {
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "Presence", this->presence_bsensor_);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/binary_sensor/ld2420_binary_sensor.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "../ld2420.h"
 #include "esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 class LD2420BinarySensor : public LD2420Listener, public Component, binary_sensor::BinarySensor {
  public:
@@ -21,5 +20,4 @@ class LD2420BinarySensor : public LD2420Listener, public Component, binary_senso
   binary_sensor::BinarySensor *presence_bsensor_{nullptr};
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/button/reconfig_buttons.cpp

@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2420.button";
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 void LD2420ApplyConfigButton::press_action() { this->parent_->apply_config_action(); }
 void LD2420RevertConfigButton::press_action() { this->parent_->revert_config_action(); }
 void LD2420RestartModuleButton::press_action() { this->parent_->restart_module_action(); }
 void LD2420FactoryResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset_action(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/button/reconfig_buttons.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2420.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 class LD2420ApplyConfigButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2420Component> {
  public:
@@ -38,5 +37,4 @@ class LD2420FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2420Co
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/ld2420.cpp

@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ Gate 0 high thresh = 10 00 uint16_t 0x0010, Threshold value = 60 EA 00 00 uint32
 Gate 0 low thresh = 20 00 uint16_t 0x0020, Threshold value = 60 EA 00 00 uint32_t 0x0000EA60
 */
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2420";
 
@@ -880,5 +879,4 @@ void LD2420Component::refresh_gate_config_numbers() {
 
 #endif
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/ld2420.h

@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #endif
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 static const uint8_t CALIBRATE_SAMPLES = 64;
 static const uint8_t MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 46;  // Max characters for serial buffer
@@ -193,5 +192,4 @@ class LD2420Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   std::vector<LD2420Listener *> listeners_{};
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/number/gate_config_number.cpp

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2420.number";
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 void LD2420TimeoutNumber::control(float timeout) {
   this->publish_state(timeout);
@@ -69,5 +68,4 @@ void LD2420StillThresholdNumbers::control(float still_threshold) {
   }
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/number/gate_config_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2420.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 class LD2420TimeoutNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2420Component> {
  public:
@@ -74,5 +73,4 @@ class LD2420MoveThresholdNumbers : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2420
   void control(float move_threshold) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/select/operating_mode_select.cpp

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2420.select";
 
@@ -12,5 +11,4 @@ void LD2420Select::control(size_t index) {
   this->parent_->set_operating_mode(this->option_at(index));
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/select/operating_mode_select.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "../ld2420.h"
 #include "esphome/components/select/select.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 class LD2420Select : public Component, public select::Select, public Parented<LD2420Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class LD2420Select : public Component, public select::Select, public Parented<LD
   void control(size_t index) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/sensor/ld2420_sensor.cpp

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2420.sensor";
 
@@ -12,5 +11,4 @@ void LD2420Sensor::dump_config() {
   LOG_SENSOR("  ", "Distance", this->distance_sensor_);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/sensor/ld2420_sensor.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "../ld2420.h"
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 class LD2420Sensor : public LD2420Listener, public Component, sensor::Sensor {
  public:
@@ -30,5 +29,4 @@ class LD2420Sensor : public LD2420Listener, public Component, sensor::Sensor {
   std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> energy_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(TOTAL_GATES);
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/text_sensor/ld2420_text_sensor.cpp

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2420.text_sensor";
 
@@ -12,5 +11,4 @@ void LD2420TextSensor::dump_config() {
   LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "Firmware", this->fw_version_text_sensor_);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2420/text_sensor/ld2420_text_sensor.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "../ld2420.h"
 #include "esphome/components/text_sensor/text_sensor.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2420 {
+namespace esphome::ld2420 {
 
 class LD2420TextSensor : public LD2420Listener, public Component, text_sensor::TextSensor {
  public:
@@ -20,5 +19,4 @@ class LD2420TextSensor : public LD2420Listener, public Component, text_sensor::T
   text_sensor::TextSensor *fw_version_text_sensor_{nullptr};
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2420
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2420

esphome/components/ld2450/button/factory_reset_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "factory_reset_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 void FactoryResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/button/factory_reset_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2450.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2450Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2450Componen
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/button/restart_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #include "restart_button.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 void RestartButton::press_action() { this->parent_->restart_and_read_all_info(); }
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/button/restart_button.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/button/button.h"
 #include "../ld2450.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 class RestartButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2450Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class RestartButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2450Component> {
   void press_action() override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.cpp

@@ -13,12 +13,9 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <numbers>
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2450";
-static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
-static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
 enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
@@ -192,15 +189,15 @@ void LD2450Component::setup() {
 }
 
 void LD2450Component::dump_config() {
-  std::string mac_str =
-      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
-  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
-                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+  char mac_s[18];
+  char version_s[20];
+  const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
+  ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                 "LD2450:\n"
                 "  Firmware version: %s\n"
                 "  MAC address: %s",
-                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str());
+                version_s, mac_str);
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
   LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTarget", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
@@ -642,12 +639,12 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_() {
 
     case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
       std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
-      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
-                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
+      char version_s[20];
+      ld24xx::format_version_str(this->version_, version_s);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version_s);
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version_s);
       }
 #endif
       break;
@@ -663,9 +660,9 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_() {
         std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
       }
 
-      std::string mac_str =
-          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
+      char mac_s[18];
+      const char *mac_str = ld24xx::format_mac_str(this->mac_address_, mac_s);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str);
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
         this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);
@@ -941,5 +938,4 @@ float LD2450Component::restore_from_flash_() {
 }
 #endif
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.h

@@ -31,8 +31,7 @@
 
 #include <array>
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 using namespace ld24xx;
 
@@ -193,5 +192,4 @@ class LD2450Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
 #endif
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/number/presence_timeout_number.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "presence_timeout_number.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 void PresenceTimeoutNumber::control(float value) {
   this->publish_state(value);
   this->parent_->set_presence_timeout();
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/number/presence_timeout_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2450.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 class PresenceTimeoutNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2450Component> {
  public:
@@ -14,5 +13,4 @@ class PresenceTimeoutNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2450Compo
   void control(float value) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/number/zone_coordinate_number.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "zone_coordinate_number.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 ZoneCoordinateNumber::ZoneCoordinateNumber(uint8_t zone) : zone_(zone) {}
 
@@ -10,5 +9,4 @@ void ZoneCoordinateNumber::control(float value) {
   this->parent_->set_zone_coordinate(this->zone_);
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/number/zone_coordinate_number.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #include "../ld2450.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 class ZoneCoordinateNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2450Component> {
  public:
@@ -15,5 +14,4 @@ class ZoneCoordinateNumber : public number::Number, public Parented<LD2450Compon
   void control(float value) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450

esphome/components/ld2450/select/baud_rate_select.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 #include "baud_rate_select.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
+namespace esphome::ld2450 {
 
 void BaudRateSelect::control(size_t index) {
   this->publish_state(index);
   this->parent_->set_baud_rate(this->option_at(index));
 }
 
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::ld2450