[scheduler] Reduce set_timer_common_ hot path size by 25%

Restructure set_timer_common_ to reduce icache pressure on the hot path
(538 → 405 bytes on ESP32):

- Extract calculate_interval_offset_ as noinline helper - float math and
  random_float() only needed for intervals, not timeouts
- Extract is_retry_cancelled_locked_ as noinline helper - retry path is
  cold and deprecated (removal planned for 2026.8.0)
- Merge duplicated cancel+push_back epilogue by computing a target vector
  pointer (defer_queue_ vs to_add_) before the branch, converging both
  paths at a single cancel+push sequence
- Replace 4-way switch on name_type with unified set_name() method that
  does a single branch + store instead of 4 separate bitfield RMW
  sequences
- Remove now-unused individual name setters (set_static_name,
  set_hashed_name, set_numeric_id, set_internal_id)

esphome/core/scheduler.cpp

@@ -107,6 +107,24 @@ static void validate_static_string(const char *name) {
 // iterating over them from the loop task is fine; but iterating from any other context requires the lock to be held to
 // avoid the main thread modifying the list while it is being accessed.
 
+// Calculate random offset for interval timers
+// Extracted from set_timer_common_ to reduce code size - float math + random_float()
+// only needed for intervals, not timeouts
+uint32_t Scheduler::calculate_interval_offset_(uint32_t delay) {
+  return static_cast<uint32_t>(std::min(delay / 2, MAX_INTERVAL_DELAY) * random_float());
+}
+
+// Check if a retry was already cancelled in items_ or to_add_
+// Extracted from set_timer_common_ to reduce code size - retry path is cold and deprecated
+// Remove before 2026.8.0 along with all retry code
+bool Scheduler::is_retry_cancelled_locked_(Component *component, NameType name_type, const char *static_name,
+                                           uint32_t hash_or_id) {
+  return has_cancelled_timeout_in_container_locked_(this->items_, component, name_type, static_name, hash_or_id,
+                                                    /* match_retry= */ true) ||
+         has_cancelled_timeout_in_container_locked_(this->to_add_, component, name_type, static_name, hash_or_id,
+                                                    /* match_retry= */ true);
+}
+
 // Common implementation for both timeout and interval
 // name_type determines storage type: STATIC_STRING uses static_name, others use hash_or_id
 void HOT Scheduler::set_timer_common_(Component *component, SchedulerItem::Type type, NameType name_type,
@@ -130,84 +148,66 @@ void HOT Scheduler::set_timer_common_(Component *component, SchedulerItem::Type
   // Create and populate the scheduler item
   auto item = this->get_item_from_pool_locked_();
   item->component = component;
-  switch (name_type) {
-    case NameType::STATIC_STRING:
-      item->set_static_name(static_name);
-      break;
-    case NameType::HASHED_STRING:
-      item->set_hashed_name(hash_or_id);
-      break;
-    case NameType::NUMERIC_ID:
-      item->set_numeric_id(hash_or_id);
-      break;
-    case NameType::NUMERIC_ID_INTERNAL:
-      item->set_internal_id(hash_or_id);
-      break;
-  }
+  item->set_name(name_type, static_name, hash_or_id);
   item->type = type;
   item->callback = std::move(func);
   // Reset remove flag - recycled items may have been cancelled (remove=true) in previous use
   this->set_item_removed_(item.get(), false);
   item->is_retry = is_retry;
 
+  // Determine target container: defer_queue_ for deferred items, to_add_ for everything else.
+  // Using a pointer lets both paths share the cancel + push_back epilogue.
+  auto *target = &this->to_add_;
+
 #ifndef ESPHOME_THREAD_SINGLE
   // Special handling for defer() (delay = 0, type = TIMEOUT)
   // Single-core platforms don't need thread-safe defer handling
   if (delay == 0 && type == SchedulerItem::TIMEOUT) {
     // Put in defer queue for guaranteed FIFO execution
-    if (!skip_cancel) {
-      this->cancel_item_locked_(component, name_type, static_name, hash_or_id, type);
-    }
-    this->defer_queue_.push_back(std::move(item));
-    return;
-  }
+    target = &this->defer_queue_;
+  } else
 #endif /* not ESPHOME_THREAD_SINGLE */
-
-  // Type-specific setup
-  if (type == SchedulerItem::INTERVAL) {
-    item->interval = delay;
-    // first execution happens immediately after a random smallish offset
-    // Calculate random offset (0 to min(interval/2, 5s))
-    uint32_t offset = (uint32_t) (std::min(delay / 2, MAX_INTERVAL_DELAY) * random_float());
-    item->set_next_execution(now + offset);
+  {
+    // Type-specific setup
+    if (type == SchedulerItem::INTERVAL) {
+      item->interval = delay;
+      // first execution happens immediately after a random smallish offset
+      uint32_t offset = this->calculate_interval_offset_(delay);
+      item->set_next_execution(now + offset);
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERBOSE
-    SchedulerNameLog name_log;
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Scheduler interval for %s is %" PRIu32 "ms, offset %" PRIu32 "ms",
-             name_log.format(name_type, static_name, hash_or_id), delay, offset);
+      SchedulerNameLog name_log;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Scheduler interval for %s is %" PRIu32 "ms, offset %" PRIu32 "ms",
+               name_log.format(name_type, static_name, hash_or_id), delay, offset);
 #endif
-  } else {
-    item->interval = 0;
-    item->set_next_execution(now + delay);
-  }
+    } else {
+      item->interval = 0;
+      item->set_next_execution(now + delay);
+    }
 
 #ifdef ESPHOME_DEBUG_SCHEDULER
-  this->debug_log_timer_(item.get(), name_type, static_name, hash_or_id, type, delay, now);
+    this->debug_log_timer_(item.get(), name_type, static_name, hash_or_id, type, delay, now);
 #endif /* ESPHOME_DEBUG_SCHEDULER */
 
-  // For retries, check if there's a cancelled timeout first
-  // Skip check for anonymous retries (STATIC_STRING with nullptr) - they can't be cancelled by name
-  if (is_retry && (name_type != NameType::STATIC_STRING || static_name != nullptr) && type == SchedulerItem::TIMEOUT &&
-      (has_cancelled_timeout_in_container_locked_(this->items_, component, name_type, static_name, hash_or_id,
-                                                  /* match_retry= */ true) ||
-       has_cancelled_timeout_in_container_locked_(this->to_add_, component, name_type, static_name, hash_or_id,
-                                                  /* match_retry= */ true))) {
-    // Skip scheduling - the retry was cancelled
+    // For retries, check if there's a cancelled timeout first
+    // Skip check for anonymous retries (STATIC_STRING with nullptr) - they can't be cancelled by name
+    if (is_retry && (name_type != NameType::STATIC_STRING || static_name != nullptr) &&
+        type == SchedulerItem::TIMEOUT &&
+        this->is_retry_cancelled_locked_(component, name_type, static_name, hash_or_id)) {
+      // Skip scheduling - the retry was cancelled
 #ifdef ESPHOME_DEBUG_SCHEDULER
-    SchedulerNameLog skip_name_log;
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Skipping retry '%s' - found cancelled item",
-             skip_name_log.format(name_type, static_name, hash_or_id));
+      SchedulerNameLog skip_name_log;
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Skipping retry '%s' - found cancelled item",
+               skip_name_log.format(name_type, static_name, hash_or_id));
 #endif
-    return;
+      return;
+    }
   }
 
-  // If name is provided, do atomic cancel-and-add (unless skip_cancel is true)
-  // Cancel existing items
+  // Common epilogue: atomic cancel-and-add (unless skip_cancel is true)
   if (!skip_cancel) {
     this->cancel_item_locked_(component, name_type, static_name, hash_or_id, type);
   }
-  // Add new item directly to to_add_
-  // since we have the lock held
-  this->to_add_.push_back(std::move(item));
+  target->push_back(std::move(item));
 }
 
 void HOT Scheduler::set_timeout(Component *component, const char *name, uint32_t timeout, std::function<void()> func) {

esphome/core/scheduler.h

@@ -219,28 +219,15 @@ class Scheduler {
     // Helper to get the name type
     NameType get_name_type() const { return name_type_; }
 
-    // Helper to set a static string name (no allocation)
-    void set_static_name(const char *name) {
-      name_.static_name = name;
-      name_type_ = NameType::STATIC_STRING;
-    }
-
-    // Helper to set a hashed string name (hash computed from std::string)
-    void set_hashed_name(uint32_t hash) {
-      name_.hash_or_id = hash;
-      name_type_ = NameType::HASHED_STRING;
-    }
-
-    // Helper to set a numeric ID name
-    void set_numeric_id(uint32_t id) {
-      name_.hash_or_id = id;
-      name_type_ = NameType::NUMERIC_ID;
-    }
-
-    // Helper to set an internal numeric ID (separate namespace from NUMERIC_ID)
-    void set_internal_id(uint32_t id) {
-      name_.hash_or_id = id;
-      name_type_ = NameType::NUMERIC_ID_INTERNAL;
+    // Set name storage: for STATIC_STRING stores the pointer, for all other types stores hash_or_id.
+    // Both union members occupy the same offset, so only one store is needed.
+    void set_name(NameType type, const char *static_name, uint32_t hash_or_id) {
+      if (type == NameType::STATIC_STRING) {
+        name_.static_name = static_name;
+      } else {
+        name_.hash_or_id = hash_or_id;
+      }
+      name_type_ = type;
     }
 
     static bool cmp(const std::unique_ptr<SchedulerItem> &a, const std::unique_ptr<SchedulerItem> &b);
@@ -355,6 +342,17 @@ class Scheduler {
   // Helper to perform full cleanup when too many items are cancelled
   void full_cleanup_removed_items_();
 
+  // Helper to calculate random offset for interval timers - extracted to reduce code size of set_timer_common_
+  // IMPORTANT: Must not be inlined - called only for intervals, keeping it out of the hot path saves flash.
+  uint32_t __attribute__((noinline)) calculate_interval_offset_(uint32_t delay);
+
+  // Helper to check if a retry was already cancelled - extracted to reduce code size of set_timer_common_
+  // Remove before 2026.8.0 along with all retry code.
+  // IMPORTANT: Must not be inlined - retry path is cold and deprecated.
+  // IMPORTANT: Caller must hold the scheduler lock before calling this function.
+  bool __attribute__((noinline))
+  is_retry_cancelled_locked_(Component *component, NameType name_type, const char *static_name, uint32_t hash_or_id);
+
 #ifdef ESPHOME_DEBUG_SCHEDULER
   // Helper for debug logging in set_timer_common_ - extracted to reduce code size
   void debug_log_timer_(const SchedulerItem *item, NameType name_type, const char *static_name, uint32_t hash_or_id,