[number] Modernize to C++17 nested namespaces

Co-authored-by: J. Nick Koston <nick+github@koston.org>

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@0499de31b99561a6d14a36a5f662c2a54f91beee # v4.31.2
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@014f16e7ab1402f30e7c3329d33797e7948572db # v4.31.3
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
           build-mode: ${{ matrix.build-mode }}
@@ -86,6 +86,6 @@ jobs:
           exit 1
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@0499de31b99561a6d14a36a5f662c2a54f91beee # v4.31.2
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@014f16e7ab1402f30e7c3329d33797e7948572db # v4.31.3
         with:
           category: "/language:${{matrix.language}}"

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ci:
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     # Ruff version.
-    rev: v0.14.4
+    rev: v0.14.5
     hooks:
       # Run the linter.
       - id: ruff

Doxyfile

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = ESPHome
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 2025.11.0b3
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 2025.12.0-dev
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a

esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.cpp

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 #include "automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "binary_sensor.automation";
 
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::on_state_(bool state) {
+void MultiClickTrigger::on_state_(bool state) {
   // Handle duplicate events
   if (state == this->last_state_) {
     return;
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::on_state_(bool state) {
 
   *this->at_index_ = *this->at_index_ + 1;
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_cooldown_() {
+void MultiClickTrigger::schedule_cooldown_() {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi Click: Invalid length of press, starting cooldown of %" PRIu32 " ms", this->invalid_cooldown_);
   this->is_in_cooldown_ = true;
   this->set_timeout("cooldown", this->invalid_cooldown_, [this]() {
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_cooldown_() {
   this->cancel_timeout("is_valid");
   this->cancel_timeout("is_not_valid");
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_valid_(uint32_t min_length) {
+void MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_valid_(uint32_t min_length) {
   if (min_length == 0) {
     this->is_valid_ = true;
     return;
@@ -90,19 +89,19 @@ void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_valid_(uint32_t min_length) {
     this->is_valid_ = true;
   });
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_not_valid_(uint32_t max_length) {
+void MultiClickTrigger::schedule_is_not_valid_(uint32_t max_length) {
   this->set_timeout("is_not_valid", max_length, [this]() {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi Click: You waited too long to %s.", this->parent_->state ? "RELEASE" : "PRESS");
     this->is_valid_ = false;
     this->schedule_cooldown_();
   });
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::cancel() {
+void MultiClickTrigger::cancel() {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi Click: Sequence explicitly cancelled.");
   this->is_valid_ = false;
   this->schedule_cooldown_();
 }
-void binary_sensor::MultiClickTrigger::trigger_() {
+void MultiClickTrigger::trigger_() {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi Click: Hooray, multi click is valid. Triggering!");
   this->at_index_.reset();
   this->cancel_timeout("trigger");
@@ -118,5 +117,4 @@ bool match_interval(uint32_t min_length, uint32_t max_length, uint32_t length) {
     return length >= min_length && length <= max_length;
   }
 }
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.h

@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 struct MultiClickTriggerEvent {
   bool state;
@@ -172,5 +171,4 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorInvalidateAction : public Action<Ts..
   BinarySensor *sensor_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "binary_sensor";
 
@@ -63,6 +61,4 @@ void BinarySensor::add_filters(std::initializer_list<Filter *> filters) {
 }
 bool BinarySensor::is_status_binary_sensor() const { return false; }
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h

@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 
 #include <initializer_list>
 
-namespace esphome {
-
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 class BinarySensor;
 void log_binary_sensor(const char *tag, const char *prefix, const char *type, BinarySensor *obj);
@@ -70,5 +68,4 @@ class BinarySensorInitiallyOff : public BinarySensor {
   bool has_state() const override { return true; }
 };
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.cpp

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "binary_sensor.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "sensor.filter";
 
@@ -132,6 +130,4 @@ optional<bool> SettleFilter::new_value(bool value) {
 
 float SettleFilter::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARDWARE; }
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.h

@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-
-namespace binary_sensor {
+namespace esphome::binary_sensor {
 
 class BinarySensor;
 
@@ -139,6 +137,4 @@ class SettleFilter : public Filter, public Component {
   bool steady_{true};
 };
 
-}  // namespace binary_sensor
-
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::binary_sensor

esphome/components/captive_portal/__init__.py

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+import logging
+
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import web_server_base
 from esphome.components.web_server_base import CONF_WEB_SERVER_BASE_ID
 from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_AP,
     CONF_ID,
     PLATFORM_BK72XX,
     PLATFORM_ESP32,
@@ -14,6 +17,10 @@ from esphome.const import (
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, coroutine_with_priority
 from esphome.coroutine import CoroPriority
+import esphome.final_validate as fv
+from esphome.types import ConfigType
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def AUTO_LOAD() -> list[str]:
@@ -50,6 +57,27 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 )
 
 
+def _final_validate(config: ConfigType) -> ConfigType:
+    full_config = fv.full_config.get()
+    wifi_conf = full_config.get("wifi")
+
+    if wifi_conf is None:
+        # This shouldn't happen due to DEPENDENCIES = ["wifi"], but check anyway
+        raise cv.Invalid("Captive portal requires the wifi component to be configured")
+
+    if CONF_AP not in wifi_conf:
+        _LOGGER.warning(
+            "Captive portal is enabled but no WiFi AP is configured. "
+            "The captive portal will not be accessible. "
+            "Add 'ap:' to your WiFi configuration to enable the captive portal."
+        )
+
+    return config
+
+
+FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = _final_validate
+
+
 @coroutine_with_priority(CoroPriority.CAPTIVE_PORTAL)
 async def to_code(config):
     paren = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_WEB_SERVER_BASE_ID])

esphome/components/cover/automation.h

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "cover.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace cover {
+namespace esphome::cover {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class OpenAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
@@ -131,5 +130,4 @@ class CoverClosedTrigger : public Trigger<> {
   }
 };
 
-}  // namespace cover
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::cover

esphome/components/cover/cover.cpp

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace cover {
+namespace esphome::cover {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "cover";
 
@@ -212,5 +211,4 @@ void CoverRestoreState::apply(Cover *cover) {
   cover->publish_state();
 }
 
-}  // namespace cover
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::cover

esphome/components/cover/cover.h

@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@
 
 #include "cover_traits.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace cover {
+namespace esphome::cover {
 
 const extern float COVER_OPEN;
 const extern float COVER_CLOSED;
@@ -157,5 +156,4 @@ class Cover : public EntityBase, public EntityBase_DeviceClass {
   ESPPreferenceObject rtc_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace cover
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::cover

esphome/components/cover/cover_traits.h

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace cover {
+namespace esphome::cover {
 
 class CoverTraits {
  public:
@@ -26,5 +25,4 @@ class CoverTraits {
   bool supports_stop_{false};
 };
 
-}  // namespace cover
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::cover

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.cpp

@@ -634,11 +634,13 @@ void ESP32BLE::dump_config() {
         io_capability_s = "invalid";
         break;
     }
+    char mac_s[18];
+    format_mac_addr_upper(mac_address, mac_s);
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
                   "BLE:\n"
                   "  MAC address: %s\n"
                   "  IO Capability: %s",
-                  format_mac_address_pretty(mac_address).c_str(), io_capability_s);
+                  mac_s, io_capability_s);
   } else {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Bluetooth stack is not enabled");
   }

esphome/components/font/__init__.py

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_WEIGHT,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, HexInt
-from esphome.helpers import cpp_string_escape
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
 
 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@ font_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("font")
 
 Font = font_ns.class_("Font")
 Glyph = font_ns.class_("Glyph")
-GlyphData = font_ns.struct("GlyphData")
 
 CONF_BPP = "bpp"
 CONF_EXTRAS = "extras"
@@ -463,7 +461,7 @@ FONT_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
             )
         ),
         cv.GenerateID(CONF_RAW_DATA_ID): cv.declare_id(cg.uint8),
-        cv.GenerateID(CONF_RAW_GLYPH_ID): cv.declare_id(GlyphData),
+        cv.GenerateID(CONF_RAW_GLYPH_ID): cv.declare_id(Glyph),
     },
 )
 
@@ -488,6 +486,8 @@ class GlyphInfo:
 
 
 def glyph_to_glyphinfo(glyph, font, size, bpp):
+    # Convert to 32 bit unicode codepoint
+    glyph = ord(glyph)
     scale = 256 // (1 << bpp)
     if not font.is_scalable:
         sizes = [pt_to_px(x.size) for x in font.available_sizes]
@@ -583,22 +583,15 @@ async def to_code(config):
 
     # Create the glyph table that points to data in the above array.
     glyph_initializer = [
-        cg.StructInitializer(
-            GlyphData,
-            (
-                "a_char",
-                cg.RawExpression(f"(const uint8_t *){cpp_string_escape(x.glyph)}"),
-            ),
-            (
-                "data",
-                cg.RawExpression(f"{str(prog_arr)} + {str(y - len(x.bitmap_data))}"),
-            ),
-            ("advance", x.advance),
-            ("offset_x", x.offset_x),
-            ("offset_y", x.offset_y),
-            ("width", x.width),
-            ("height", x.height),
-        )
+        [
+            x.glyph,
+            prog_arr + (y - len(x.bitmap_data)),
+            x.advance,
+            x.offset_x,
+            x.offset_y,
+            x.width,
+            x.height,
+        ]
         for (x, y) in zip(
             glyph_args, list(accumulate([len(x.bitmap_data) for x in glyph_args]))
         )

esphome/components/font/font.cpp

@@ -6,133 +6,245 @@
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace font {
-
 static const char *const TAG = "font";
 
-const uint8_t *Glyph::get_char() const { return this->glyph_data_->a_char; }
-// Compare the char at the string position with this char.
-// Return true if this char is less than or equal the other.
-bool Glyph::compare_to(const uint8_t *str) const {
-  // 1 -> this->char_
-  // 2 -> str
-  for (uint32_t i = 0;; i++) {
-    if (this->glyph_data_->a_char[i] == '\0')
-      return true;
-    if (str[i] == '\0')
-      return false;
-    if (this->glyph_data_->a_char[i] > str[i])
-      return false;
-    if (this->glyph_data_->a_char[i] < str[i])
-      return true;
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
+const uint8_t *Font::get_glyph_bitmap(const lv_font_t *font, uint32_t unicode_letter) {
+  auto *fe = (Font *) font->dsc;
+  const auto *gd = fe->get_glyph_data_(unicode_letter);
+  if (gd == nullptr) {
+    return nullptr;
   }
-  // this should not happen
-  return false;
-}
-int Glyph::match_length(const uint8_t *str) const {
-  for (uint32_t i = 0;; i++) {
-    if (this->glyph_data_->a_char[i] == '\0')
-      return i;
-    if (str[i] != this->glyph_data_->a_char[i])
-      return 0;
-  }
-  // this should not happen
-  return 0;
-}
-void Glyph::scan_area(int *x1, int *y1, int *width, int *height) const {
-  *x1 = this->glyph_data_->offset_x;
-  *y1 = this->glyph_data_->offset_y;
-  *width = this->glyph_data_->width;
-  *height = this->glyph_data_->height;
+  return gd->data;
 }
 
-Font::Font(const GlyphData *data, int data_nr, int baseline, int height, int descender, int xheight, int capheight,
+bool Font::get_glyph_dsc_cb(const lv_font_t *font, lv_font_glyph_dsc_t *dsc, uint32_t unicode_letter, uint32_t next) {
+  auto *fe = (Font *) font->dsc;
+  const auto *gd = fe->get_glyph_data_(unicode_letter);
+  if (gd == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  dsc->adv_w = gd->advance;
+  dsc->ofs_x = gd->offset_x;
+  dsc->ofs_y = fe->height_ - gd->height - gd->offset_y - fe->lv_font_.base_line;
+  dsc->box_w = gd->width;
+  dsc->box_h = gd->height;
+  dsc->is_placeholder = 0;
+  dsc->bpp = fe->get_bpp();
+  return true;
+}
+
+const Glyph *Font::get_glyph_data_(uint32_t unicode_letter) {
+  if (unicode_letter == this->last_letter_ && this->last_letter_ != 0)
+    return this->last_data_;
+  auto *glyph = this->find_glyph(unicode_letter);
+  if (glyph == nullptr) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  this->last_data_ = glyph;
+  this->last_letter_ = unicode_letter;
+  return glyph;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ *  Attempt to extract a 32 bit Unicode codepoint from a UTF-8 string.
+ *  If successful, return the codepoint and set the length to the number of bytes read.
+ *  If the end of the string has been reached and a valid codepoint has not been found, return 0 and set the length to
+ * 0.
+ *
+ * @param utf8_str The input string
+ * @param length Pointer to length storage
+ * @return The extracted code point
+ */
+static uint32_t extract_unicode_codepoint(const char *utf8_str, size_t *length) {
+  // Safely cast to uint8_t* for correct bitwise operations on bytes
+  const uint8_t *current = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(utf8_str);
+  uint32_t code_point = 0;
+  uint8_t c1 = *current++;
+
+  // check for end of string
+  if (c1 == 0) {
+    *length = 0;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // --- 1-Byte Sequence: 0xxxxxxx (ASCII) ---
+  if (c1 < 0x80) {
+    // Valid ASCII byte.
+    code_point = c1;
+    // Optimization: No need to check for continuation bytes.
+  }
+  // --- 2-Byte Sequence: 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx ---
+  else if ((c1 & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
+    uint8_t c2 = *current++;
+
+    // Error Check 1: Check if c2 is a valid continuation byte (10xxxxxx)
+    if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80) {
+      *length = 0;
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    code_point = (c1 & 0x1F) << 6;
+    code_point |= (c2 & 0x3F);
+
+    // Error Check 2: Overlong check (2-byte must be > 0x7F)
+    if (code_point <= 0x7F) {
+      *length = 0;
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  // --- 3-Byte Sequence: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx ---
+  else if ((c1 & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
+    uint8_t c2 = *current++;
+    uint8_t c3 = *current++;
+
+    // Error Check 1: Check continuation bytes
+    if (((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80) || ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)) {
+      *length = 0;
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    code_point = (c1 & 0x0F) << 12;
+    code_point |= (c2 & 0x3F) << 6;
+    code_point |= (c3 & 0x3F);
+
+    // Error Check 2: Overlong check (3-byte must be > 0x7FF)
+    // Also check for surrogates (0xD800-0xDFFF)
+    if (code_point <= 0x7FF || (code_point >= 0xD800 && code_point <= 0xDFFF)) {
+      *length = 0;
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  // --- 4-Byte Sequence: 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx ---
+  else if ((c1 & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
+    uint8_t c2 = *current++;
+    uint8_t c3 = *current++;
+    uint8_t c4 = *current++;
+
+    // Error Check 1: Check continuation bytes
+    if (((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80) || ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80) || ((c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)) {
+      *length = 0;
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    code_point = (c1 & 0x07) << 18;
+    code_point |= (c2 & 0x3F) << 12;
+    code_point |= (c3 & 0x3F) << 6;
+    code_point |= (c4 & 0x3F);
+
+    // Error Check 2: Overlong check (4-byte must be > 0xFFFF)
+    // Also check for valid Unicode range (must be <= 0x10FFFF)
+    if (code_point <= 0xFFFF || code_point > 0x10FFFF) {
+      *length = 0;
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  // --- Invalid leading byte (e.g., 10xxxxxx or 11111xxx) ---
+  else {
+    *length = 0;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  *length = current - reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(utf8_str);
+  return code_point;
+}
+
+Font::Font(const Glyph *data, int data_nr, int baseline, int height, int descender, int xheight, int capheight,
            uint8_t bpp)
-    : baseline_(baseline),
+    : glyphs_(ConstVector(data, data_nr)),
+      baseline_(baseline),
       height_(height),
       descender_(descender),
       linegap_(height - baseline - descender),
       xheight_(xheight),
       capheight_(capheight),
       bpp_(bpp) {
-  glyphs_.reserve(data_nr);
-  for (int i = 0; i < data_nr; ++i)
-    glyphs_.emplace_back(&data[i]);
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
+  this->lv_font_.dsc = this;
+  this->lv_font_.line_height = this->get_height();
+  this->lv_font_.base_line = this->lv_font_.line_height - this->get_baseline();
+  this->lv_font_.get_glyph_dsc = get_glyph_dsc_cb;
+  this->lv_font_.get_glyph_bitmap = get_glyph_bitmap;
+  this->lv_font_.subpx = LV_FONT_SUBPX_NONE;
+  this->lv_font_.underline_position = -1;
+  this->lv_font_.underline_thickness = 1;
+#endif
 }
-int Font::match_next_glyph(const uint8_t *str, int *match_length) {
+
+const Glyph *Font::find_glyph(uint32_t codepoint) const {
   int lo = 0;
   int hi = this->glyphs_.size() - 1;
   while (lo != hi) {
     int mid = (lo + hi + 1) / 2;
-    if (this->glyphs_[mid].compare_to(str)) {
+    if (this->glyphs_[mid].is_less_or_equal(codepoint)) {
       lo = mid;
     } else {
       hi = mid - 1;
     }
   }
-  *match_length = this->glyphs_[lo].match_length(str);
-  if (*match_length <= 0)
-    return -1;
-  return lo;
+  auto *result = &this->glyphs_[lo];
+  if (result->code_point == codepoint)
+    return result;
+  return nullptr;
 }
+
 #ifdef USE_DISPLAY
 void Font::measure(const char *str, int *width, int *x_offset, int *baseline, int *height) {
   *baseline = this->baseline_;
   *height = this->height_;
-  int i = 0;
   int min_x = 0;
   bool has_char = false;
   int x = 0;
-  while (str[i] != '\0') {
-    int match_length;
-    int glyph_n = this->match_next_glyph((const uint8_t *) str + i, &match_length);
-    if (glyph_n < 0) {
+  for (;;) {
+    size_t length;
+    auto code_point = extract_unicode_codepoint(str, &length);
+    if (length == 0)
+      break;
+    str += length;
+    auto *glyph = this->find_glyph(code_point);
+    if (glyph == nullptr) {
       // Unknown char, skip
-      if (!this->get_glyphs().empty())
-        x += this->get_glyphs()[0].glyph_data_->advance;
-      i++;
+      if (!this->glyphs_.empty())
+        x += this->glyphs_[0].advance;
       continue;
     }
 
-    const Glyph &glyph = this->glyphs_[glyph_n];
     if (!has_char) {
-      min_x = glyph.glyph_data_->offset_x;
+      min_x = glyph->offset_x;
     } else {
-      min_x = std::min(min_x, x + glyph.glyph_data_->offset_x);
+      min_x = std::min(min_x, x + glyph->offset_x);
     }
-    x += glyph.glyph_data_->advance;
+    x += glyph->advance;
 
-    i += match_length;
     has_char = true;
   }
   *x_offset = min_x;
   *width = x - min_x;
 }
+
 void Font::print(int x_start, int y_start, display::Display *display, Color color, const char *text, Color background) {
-  int i = 0;
   int x_at = x_start;
-  int scan_x1, scan_y1, scan_width, scan_height;
-  while (text[i] != '\0') {
-    int match_length;
-    int glyph_n = this->match_next_glyph((const uint8_t *) text + i, &match_length);
-    if (glyph_n < 0) {
+  for (;;) {
+    size_t length;
+    auto code_point = extract_unicode_codepoint(text, &length);
+    if (length == 0)
+      break;
+    text += length;
+    auto *glyph = this->find_glyph(code_point);
+    if (glyph == nullptr) {
       // Unknown char, skip
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Encountered character without representation in font: '%c'", text[i]);
-      if (!this->get_glyphs().empty()) {
-        uint8_t glyph_width = this->get_glyphs()[0].glyph_data_->advance;
-        display->filled_rectangle(x_at, y_start, glyph_width, this->height_, color);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Codepoint 0x%08" PRIx32 " not found in font", code_point);
+      if (!this->glyphs_.empty()) {
+        uint8_t glyph_width = this->glyphs_[0].advance;
+        display->rectangle(x_at, y_start, glyph_width, this->height_, color);
         x_at += glyph_width;
       }
-
-      i++;
       continue;
     }
 
-    const Glyph &glyph = this->get_glyphs()[glyph_n];
-    glyph.scan_area(&scan_x1, &scan_y1, &scan_width, &scan_height);
-
-    const uint8_t *data = glyph.glyph_data_->data;
-    const int max_x = x_at + scan_x1 + scan_width;
-    const int max_y = y_start + scan_y1 + scan_height;
+    const uint8_t *data = glyph->data;
+    const int max_x = x_at + glyph->offset_x + glyph->width;
+    const int max_y = y_start + glyph->offset_y + glyph->height;
 
     uint8_t bitmask = 0;
     uint8_t pixel_data = 0;
@@ -145,10 +257,10 @@ void Font::print(int x_start, int y_start, display::Display *display, Color colo
     auto b_g = (float) background.g;
     auto b_b = (float) background.b;
     auto b_w = (float) background.w;
-    for (int glyph_y = y_start + scan_y1; glyph_y != max_y; glyph_y++) {
-      for (int glyph_x = x_at + scan_x1; glyph_x != max_x; glyph_x++) {
+    for (int glyph_y = y_start + glyph->offset_y; glyph_y != max_y; glyph_y++) {
+      for (int glyph_x = x_at + glyph->offset_x; glyph_x != max_x; glyph_x++) {
         uint8_t pixel = 0;
-        for (int bit_num = 0; bit_num != this->bpp_; bit_num++) {
+        for (uint8_t bit_num = 0; bit_num != this->bpp_; bit_num++) {
           if (bitmask == 0) {
             pixel_data = progmem_read_byte(data++);
             bitmask = 0x80;
@@ -168,12 +280,9 @@ void Font::print(int x_start, int y_start, display::Display *display, Color colo
         }
       }
     }
-    x_at += glyph.glyph_data_->advance;
-
-    i += match_length;
+    x_at += glyph->advance;
   }
 }
 #endif
-
 }  // namespace font
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/font/font.h

@@ -6,14 +6,30 @@
 #ifdef USE_DISPLAY
 #include "esphome/components/display/display.h"
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
+#include <lvgl.h>
+#endif
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace font {
 
 class Font;
 
-struct GlyphData {
-  const uint8_t *a_char;
+class Glyph {
+ public:
+  constexpr Glyph(uint32_t code_point, const uint8_t *data, int advance, int offset_x, int offset_y, int width,
+                  int height)
+      : code_point(code_point),
+        data(data),
+        advance(advance),
+        offset_x(offset_x),
+        offset_y(offset_y),
+        width(width),
+        height(height) {}
+
+  bool is_less_or_equal(uint32_t other) const { return this->code_point <= other; }
+
+  const uint32_t code_point;
   const uint8_t *data;
   int advance;
   int offset_x;
@@ -22,26 +38,6 @@ struct GlyphData {
   int height;
 };
 
-class Glyph {
- public:
-  Glyph(const GlyphData *data) : glyph_data_(data) {}
-
-  const uint8_t *get_char() const;
-
-  bool compare_to(const uint8_t *str) const;
-
-  int match_length(const uint8_t *str) const;
-
-  void scan_area(int *x1, int *y1, int *width, int *height) const;
-
-  const GlyphData *get_glyph_data() const { return this->glyph_data_; }
-
- protected:
-  friend Font;
-
-  const GlyphData *glyph_data_;
-};
-
 class Font
 #ifdef USE_DISPLAY
     : public display::BaseFont
@@ -50,8 +46,8 @@ class Font
  public:
   /** Construct the font with the given glyphs.
    *
-   * @param data A vector of glyphs, must be sorted lexicographically.
-   * @param data_nr The number of glyphs in data.
+   * @param data A list of glyphs, must be sorted lexicographically.
+   * @param data_nr The number of glyphs
    * @param baseline The y-offset from the top of the text to the baseline.
    * @param height The y-offset from the top of the text to the bottom.
    * @param descender The y-offset from the baseline to the lowest stroke in the font (e.g. from letters like g or p).
@@ -59,10 +55,10 @@ class Font
    * @param capheight The height of capital letters, usually measured at the "X" glyph.
    * @param bpp The bits per pixel used for this font. Used to read data out of the glyph bitmaps.
    */
-  Font(const GlyphData *data, int data_nr, int baseline, int height, int descender, int xheight, int capheight,
+  Font(const Glyph *data, int data_nr, int baseline, int height, int descender, int xheight, int capheight,
        uint8_t bpp = 1);
 
-  int match_next_glyph(const uint8_t *str, int *match_length);
+  const Glyph *find_glyph(uint32_t codepoint) const;
 
 #ifdef USE_DISPLAY
   void print(int x_start, int y_start, display::Display *display, Color color, const char *text,
@@ -77,11 +73,14 @@ class Font
   inline int get_xheight() { return this->xheight_; }
   inline int get_capheight() { return this->capheight_; }
   inline int get_bpp() { return this->bpp_; }
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
+  const lv_font_t *get_lv_font() const { return &this->lv_font_; }
+#endif
 
-  const std::vector<Glyph, RAMAllocator<Glyph>> &get_glyphs() const { return glyphs_; }
+  const ConstVector<Glyph> &get_glyphs() const { return glyphs_; }
 
  protected:
-  std::vector<Glyph, RAMAllocator<Glyph>> glyphs_;
+  ConstVector<Glyph> glyphs_;
   int baseline_;
   int height_;
   int descender_;
@@ -89,6 +88,14 @@ class Font
   int xheight_;
   int capheight_;
   uint8_t bpp_;  // bits per pixel
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
+  lv_font_t lv_font_{};
+  static const uint8_t *get_glyph_bitmap(const lv_font_t *font, uint32_t unicode_letter);
+  static bool get_glyph_dsc_cb(const lv_font_t *font, lv_font_glyph_dsc_t *dsc, uint32_t unicode_letter, uint32_t next);
+  const Glyph *get_glyph_data_(uint32_t unicode_letter);
+  uint32_t last_letter_{};
+  const Glyph *last_data_{};
+#endif
 };
 
 }  // namespace font

esphome/components/lvgl/__init__.py

@@ -52,15 +52,7 @@ from .schemas import (
 from .styles import add_top_layer, styles_to_code, theme_to_code
 from .touchscreens import touchscreen_schema, touchscreens_to_code
 from .trigger import add_on_boot_triggers, generate_triggers
-from .types import (
-    FontEngine,
-    IdleTrigger,
-    PlainTrigger,
-    lv_font_t,
-    lv_group_t,
-    lv_style_t,
-    lvgl_ns,
-)
+from .types import IdleTrigger, PlainTrigger, lv_font_t, lv_group_t, lv_style_t, lvgl_ns
 from .widgets import (
     LvScrActType,
     Widget,
@@ -244,7 +236,6 @@ async def to_code(configs):
     cg.add_global(lvgl_ns.using)
     for font in helpers.esphome_fonts_used:
         await cg.get_variable(font)
-        cg.new_Pvariable(ID(f"{font}_engine", True, type=FontEngine), MockObj(font))
     default_font = config_0[df.CONF_DEFAULT_FONT]
     if not lvalid.is_lv_font(default_font):
         add_define(
@@ -256,7 +247,8 @@ async def to_code(configs):
             type=lv_font_t.operator("ptr").operator("const"),
         )
         cg.new_variable(
-            globfont_id, MockObj(await lvalid.lv_font.process(default_font))
+            globfont_id,
+            MockObj(await lvalid.lv_font.process(default_font), "->").get_lv_font(),
         )
         add_define("LV_FONT_DEFAULT", df.DEFAULT_ESPHOME_FONT)
     else:

esphome/components/lvgl/font.cpp

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-#include "lvgl_esphome.h"
-
-#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
-namespace esphome {
-namespace lvgl {
-
-static const uint8_t *get_glyph_bitmap(const lv_font_t *font, uint32_t unicode_letter) {
-  auto *fe = (FontEngine *) font->dsc;
-  const auto *gd = fe->get_glyph_data(unicode_letter);
-  if (gd == nullptr)
-    return nullptr;
-  // esph_log_d(TAG, "Returning bitmap @  %X", (uint32_t)gd->data);
-
-  return gd->data;
-}
-
-static bool get_glyph_dsc_cb(const lv_font_t *font, lv_font_glyph_dsc_t *dsc, uint32_t unicode_letter, uint32_t next) {
-  auto *fe = (FontEngine *) font->dsc;
-  const auto *gd = fe->get_glyph_data(unicode_letter);
-  if (gd == nullptr)
-    return false;
-  dsc->adv_w = gd->advance;
-  dsc->ofs_x = gd->offset_x;
-  dsc->ofs_y = fe->height - gd->height - gd->offset_y - fe->baseline;
-  dsc->box_w = gd->width;
-  dsc->box_h = gd->height;
-  dsc->is_placeholder = 0;
-  dsc->bpp = fe->bpp;
-  return true;
-}
-
-FontEngine::FontEngine(font::Font *esp_font) : font_(esp_font) {
-  this->bpp = esp_font->get_bpp();
-  this->lv_font_.dsc = this;
-  this->lv_font_.line_height = this->height = esp_font->get_height();
-  this->lv_font_.base_line = this->baseline = this->lv_font_.line_height - esp_font->get_baseline();
-  this->lv_font_.get_glyph_dsc = get_glyph_dsc_cb;
-  this->lv_font_.get_glyph_bitmap = get_glyph_bitmap;
-  this->lv_font_.subpx = LV_FONT_SUBPX_NONE;
-  this->lv_font_.underline_position = -1;
-  this->lv_font_.underline_thickness = 1;
-}
-
-const lv_font_t *FontEngine::get_lv_font() { return &this->lv_font_; }
-
-const font::GlyphData *FontEngine::get_glyph_data(uint32_t unicode_letter) {
-  if (unicode_letter == last_letter_)
-    return this->last_data_;
-  uint8_t unicode[5];
-  memset(unicode, 0, sizeof unicode);
-  if (unicode_letter > 0xFFFF) {
-    unicode[0] = 0xF0 + ((unicode_letter >> 18) & 0x7);
-    unicode[1] = 0x80 + ((unicode_letter >> 12) & 0x3F);
-    unicode[2] = 0x80 + ((unicode_letter >> 6) & 0x3F);
-    unicode[3] = 0x80 + (unicode_letter & 0x3F);
-  } else if (unicode_letter > 0x7FF) {
-    unicode[0] = 0xE0 + ((unicode_letter >> 12) & 0xF);
-    unicode[1] = 0x80 + ((unicode_letter >> 6) & 0x3F);
-    unicode[2] = 0x80 + (unicode_letter & 0x3F);
-  } else if (unicode_letter > 0x7F) {
-    unicode[0] = 0xC0 + ((unicode_letter >> 6) & 0x1F);
-    unicode[1] = 0x80 + (unicode_letter & 0x3F);
-  } else {
-    unicode[0] = unicode_letter;
-  }
-  int match_length;
-  int glyph_n = this->font_->match_next_glyph(unicode, &match_length);
-  if (glyph_n < 0)
-    return nullptr;
-  this->last_data_ = this->font_->get_glyphs()[glyph_n].get_glyph_data();
-  this->last_letter_ = unicode_letter;
-  return this->last_data_;
-}
-}  // namespace lvgl
-}  // namespace esphome
-#endif  // USES_LVGL_FONT

esphome/components/lvgl/lv_validation.py

@@ -493,6 +493,7 @@ class LvFont(LValidator):
                 return LV_FONTS
             if is_lv_font(value):
                 return lv_builtin_font(value)
+            add_lv_use("font")
             fontval = cv.use_id(Font)(value)
             esphome_fonts_used.add(fontval)
             return requires_component("font")(fontval)
@@ -502,7 +503,9 @@ class LvFont(LValidator):
     async def process(self, value, args=()):
         if is_lv_font(value):
             return literal(f"&lv_font_{value}")
-        return literal(f"{value}_engine->get_lv_font()")
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            return literal(f"{value}")
+        return await super().process(value, args)
 
 
 lv_font = LvFont()

esphome/components/lvgl/lvgl_esphome.h

@@ -50,6 +50,14 @@ static const display::ColorBitness LV_BITNESS = display::ColorBitness::COLOR_BIT
 static const display::ColorBitness LV_BITNESS = display::ColorBitness::COLOR_BITNESS_332;
 #endif  // LV_COLOR_DEPTH
 
+#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
+inline void lv_obj_set_style_text_font(lv_obj_t *obj, const font::Font *font, lv_style_selector_t part) {
+  lv_obj_set_style_text_font(obj, font->get_lv_font(), part);
+}
+inline void lv_style_set_text_font(lv_style_t *style, const font::Font *font) {
+  lv_style_set_text_font(style, font->get_lv_font());
+}
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_LVGL_IMAGE
 // Shortcut / overload, so that the source of an image can easily be updated
 // from within a lambda.
@@ -134,24 +142,6 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ObjUpdateAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  protected:
   std::function<void(Ts...)> lamb_;
 };
-#ifdef USE_LVGL_FONT
-class FontEngine {
- public:
-  FontEngine(font::Font *esp_font);
-  const lv_font_t *get_lv_font();
-
-  const font::GlyphData *get_glyph_data(uint32_t unicode_letter);
-  uint16_t baseline{};
-  uint16_t height{};
-  uint8_t bpp{};
-
- protected:
-  font::Font *font_{};
-  uint32_t last_letter_{};
-  const font::GlyphData *last_data_{};
-  lv_font_t lv_font_{};
-};
-#endif  // USE_LVGL_FONT
 #ifdef USE_LVGL_ANIMIMG
 void lv_animimg_stop(lv_obj_t *obj);
 #endif  // USE_LVGL_ANIMIMG

esphome/components/lvgl/types.py

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ lv_coord_t = cg.global_ns.namespace("lv_coord_t")
 lv_event_code_t = cg.global_ns.enum("lv_event_code_t")
 lv_indev_type_t = cg.global_ns.enum("lv_indev_type_t")
 lv_key_t = cg.global_ns.enum("lv_key_t")
-FontEngine = lvgl_ns.class_("FontEngine")
 PlainTrigger = esphome_ns.class_("Trigger<>", automation.Trigger.template())
 DrawEndTrigger = esphome_ns.class_(
     "Trigger<uint32_t, uint32_t>", automation.Trigger.template(cg.uint32, cg.uint32)

esphome/components/network/ip_address.h

@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ struct IPAddress {
   operator arduino_ns::IPAddress() const { return ip_addr_get_ip4_u32(&ip_addr_); }
 #endif
 
-  bool is_set() { return !ip_addr_isany(&ip_addr_); }  // NOLINT(readability-simplify-boolean-expr)
-  bool is_ip4() { return IP_IS_V4(&ip_addr_); }
-  bool is_ip6() { return IP_IS_V6(&ip_addr_); }
-  bool is_multicast() { return ip_addr_ismulticast(&ip_addr_); }
+  bool is_set() const { return !ip_addr_isany(&ip_addr_); }  // NOLINT(readability-simplify-boolean-expr)
+  bool is_ip4() const { return IP_IS_V4(&ip_addr_); }
+  bool is_ip6() const { return IP_IS_V6(&ip_addr_); }
+  bool is_multicast() const { return ip_addr_ismulticast(&ip_addr_); }
   std::string str() const { return str_lower_case(ipaddr_ntoa(&ip_addr_)); }
   bool operator==(const IPAddress &other) const { return ip_addr_cmp(&ip_addr_, &other.ip_addr_); }
   bool operator!=(const IPAddress &other) const { return !ip_addr_cmp(&ip_addr_, &other.ip_addr_); }

esphome/components/nrf52/__init__.py

@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ nrf52_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("nrf52")
 DeviceFirmwareUpdate = nrf52_ns.class_("DeviceFirmwareUpdate", cg.Component)
 
 CONF_DFU = "dfu"
+CONF_DCDC = "dcdc"
 CONF_REG0 = "reg0"
 CONF_UICR_ERASE = "uicr_erase"
 
@@ -121,6 +122,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
                     cv.Required(CONF_RESET_PIN): pins.gpio_output_pin_schema,
                 }
             ),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_DCDC, default=True): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_REG0): cv.Schema(
                 {
                     cv.Required(CONF_VOLTAGE): cv.All(
@@ -196,6 +198,7 @@ async def to_code(config: ConfigType) -> None:
 
     if dfu_config := config.get(CONF_DFU):
         CORE.add_job(_dfu_to_code, dfu_config)
+    zephyr_add_prj_conf("BOARD_ENABLE_DCDC", config[CONF_DCDC])
 
     if reg0_config := config.get(CONF_REG0):
         value = VOLTAGE_LEVELS.index(reg0_config[CONF_VOLTAGE])

esphome/components/number/automation.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 #include "automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace number {
+namespace esphome::number {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "number.automation";
 
@@ -52,5 +51,4 @@ void ValueRangeTrigger::on_state_(float state) {
   this->rtc_.save(&in_range);
 }
 
-}  // namespace number
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::number

esphome/components/number/automation.h

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace number {
+namespace esphome::number {
 
 class NumberStateTrigger : public Trigger<float> {
  public:
@@ -91,5 +90,4 @@ template<typename... Ts> class NumberInRangeCondition : public Condition<Ts...>
   float max_{NAN};
 };
 
-}  // namespace number
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::number

esphome/components/number/number.cpp

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace number {
+namespace esphome::number {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "number";
 
@@ -43,5 +42,4 @@ void Number::add_on_state_callback(std::function<void(float)> &&callback) {
   this->state_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
 
-}  // namespace number
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::number

esphome/components/number/number.h

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
 #include "number_call.h"
 #include "number_traits.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace number {
+namespace esphome::number {
 
 class Number;
 void log_number(const char *tag, const char *prefix, const char *type, Number *obj);
@@ -53,5 +52,4 @@ class Number : public EntityBase {
   CallbackManager<void(float)> state_callback_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace number
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::number

esphome/components/number/number_call.cpp

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 #include "number.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace number {
+namespace esphome::number {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "number";
 
@@ -125,5 +124,4 @@ void NumberCall::perform() {
   this->parent_->control(target_value);
 }
 
-}  // namespace number
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::number

esphome/components/number/number_call.h

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "number_traits.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace number {
+namespace esphome::number {
 
 class Number;
 
@@ -44,5 +43,4 @@ class NumberCall {
   bool cycle_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace number
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::number

esphome/components/number/number_traits.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "number_traits.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace number {
+namespace esphome::number {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "number";
 
-}  // namespace number
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::number

esphome/components/number/number_traits.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/entity_base.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace number {
+namespace esphome::number {
 
 enum NumberMode : uint8_t {
   NUMBER_MODE_AUTO = 0,
@@ -35,5 +34,4 @@ class NumberTraits : public EntityBase_DeviceClass, public EntityBase_UnitOfMeas
   NumberMode mode_{NUMBER_MODE_AUTO};
 };
 
-}  // namespace number
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::number

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.cpp

@@ -670,25 +670,25 @@ void WiFiComponent::save_wifi_sta(const std::string &ssid, const std::string &pa
 
 void WiFiComponent::start_connecting(const WiFiAP &ap) {
   // Log connection attempt at INFO level with priority
-  std::string bssid_formatted;
+  char bssid_s[18];
   int8_t priority = 0;
 
   if (ap.get_bssid().has_value()) {
-    bssid_formatted = format_mac_address_pretty(ap.get_bssid().value().data());
+    format_mac_addr_upper(ap.get_bssid().value().data(), bssid_s);
     priority = this->get_sta_priority(ap.get_bssid().value());
   }
 
   ESP_LOGI(TAG,
            "Connecting to " LOG_SECRET("'%s'") " " LOG_SECRET("(%s)") " (priority %d, attempt %u/%u in phase %s)...",
-           ap.get_ssid().c_str(), ap.get_bssid().has_value() ? bssid_formatted.c_str() : LOG_STR_LITERAL("any"),
-           priority, this->num_retried_ + 1, get_max_retries_for_phase(this->retry_phase_),
+           ap.get_ssid().c_str(), ap.get_bssid().has_value() ? bssid_s : LOG_STR_LITERAL("any"), priority,
+           this->num_retried_ + 1, get_max_retries_for_phase(this->retry_phase_),
            LOG_STR_ARG(retry_phase_to_log_string(this->retry_phase_)));
 
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERBOSE
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Connection Params:");
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "  SSID: '%s'", ap.get_ssid().c_str());
   if (ap.get_bssid().has_value()) {
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "  BSSID: %s", format_mac_address_pretty(ap.get_bssid()->data()).c_str());
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "  BSSID: %s", bssid_s);
   } else {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "  BSSID: Not Set");
   }
@@ -797,6 +797,8 @@ const LogString *get_signal_bars(int8_t rssi) {
 
 void WiFiComponent::print_connect_params_() {
   bssid_t bssid = wifi_bssid();
+  char bssid_s[18];
+  format_mac_addr_upper(bssid.data(), bssid_s);
 
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Local MAC: %s", get_mac_address_pretty().c_str());
   if (this->is_disabled()) {
@@ -819,9 +821,9 @@ void WiFiComponent::print_connect_params_() {
                                                                            "  Gateway: %s\n"
                                                                            "  DNS1: %s\n"
                                                                            "  DNS2: %s",
-                wifi_ssid().c_str(), format_mac_address_pretty(bssid.data()).c_str(), App.get_name().c_str(), rssi,
-                LOG_STR_ARG(get_signal_bars(rssi)), get_wifi_channel(), wifi_subnet_mask_().str().c_str(),
-                wifi_gateway_ip_().str().c_str(), wifi_dns_ip_(0).str().c_str(), wifi_dns_ip_(1).str().c_str());
+                wifi_ssid().c_str(), bssid_s, App.get_name().c_str(), rssi, LOG_STR_ARG(get_signal_bars(rssi)),
+                get_wifi_channel(), wifi_subnet_mask_().str().c_str(), wifi_gateway_ip_().str().c_str(),
+                wifi_dns_ip_(0).str().c_str(), wifi_dns_ip_(1).str().c_str());
 #ifdef ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERBOSE
   if (const WiFiAP *config = this->get_selected_sta_(); config && config->get_bssid().has_value()) {
     ESP_LOGV(TAG, "  Priority: %d", this->get_sta_priority(*config->get_bssid()));
@@ -1412,8 +1414,10 @@ void WiFiComponent::log_and_adjust_priority_for_failed_connect_() {
         (old_priority > std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min()) ? (old_priority - 1) : std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min();
     this->set_sta_priority(failed_bssid.value(), new_priority);
   }
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Failed " LOG_SECRET("'%s'") " " LOG_SECRET("(%s)") ", priority %d → %d", ssid.c_str(),
-           format_mac_address_pretty(failed_bssid.value().data()).c_str(), old_priority, new_priority);
+  char bssid_s[18];
+  format_mac_addr_upper(failed_bssid.value().data(), bssid_s);
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Failed " LOG_SECRET("'%s'") " " LOG_SECRET("(%s)") ", priority %d → %d", ssid.c_str(), bssid_s,
+           old_priority, new_priority);
 
   // After adjusting priority, check if all priorities are now at minimum
   // If so, clear the vector to save memory and reset for fresh start

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component.h

@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ class WiFiComponent : public Component {
   bool wifi_sta_pre_setup_();
   bool wifi_apply_output_power_(float output_power);
   bool wifi_apply_power_save_();
-  bool wifi_sta_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip);
+  bool wifi_sta_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip);
   bool wifi_apply_hostname_();
   bool wifi_sta_connect_(const WiFiAP &ap);
   void wifi_pre_setup_();
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ class WiFiComponent : public Component {
   bool wifi_scan_start_(bool passive);
 
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_AP
-  bool wifi_ap_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip);
+  bool wifi_ap_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip);
   bool wifi_start_ap_(const WiFiAP &ap);
 #endif  // USE_WIFI_AP
 

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp8266.cpp

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ void netif_set_addr(struct netif *netif, const ip4_addr_t *ip, const ip4_addr_t
 };
 #endif
 
-bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) {
+bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip) {
   // enable STA
   if (!this->wifi_mode_(true, {}))
     return false;
@@ -525,8 +525,10 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback(System_Event_t *event) {
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' reason='Probe Request Unsuccessful'", buf);
         s_sta_connect_not_found = true;
       } else {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf,
-                 format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), LOG_STR_ARG(get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason)));
+        char bssid_s[18];
+        format_mac_addr_upper(it.bssid, bssid_s);
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf, bssid_s,
+                 LOG_STR_ARG(get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason)));
         s_sta_connect_error = true;
       }
       s_sta_connected = false;
@@ -730,7 +732,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_done_callback_(void *arg, STATUS status) {
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_AP
-bool WiFiComponent::wifi_ap_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) {
+bool WiFiComponent::wifi_ap_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip) {
   // enable AP
   if (!this->wifi_mode_({}, true))
     return false;

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_connect_(const WiFiAP &ap) {
   return true;
 }
 
-bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) {
+bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip) {
   // enable STA
   if (!this->wifi_mode_(true, {}))
     return false;
@@ -746,8 +746,10 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_process_event_(IDFWiFiEvent *data) {
       ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' reason='Station Roaming'", buf);
       return;
     } else {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf,
-               format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
+      char bssid_s[18];
+      format_mac_addr_upper(it.bssid, bssid_s);
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf, bssid_s,
+               get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
       s_sta_connect_error = true;
     }
     s_sta_connected = false;
@@ -884,7 +886,7 @@ bool WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_start_(bool passive) {
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_AP
-bool WiFiComponent::wifi_ap_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) {
+bool WiFiComponent::wifi_ap_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip) {
   esp_err_t err;
 
   // enable AP

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_libretiny.cpp

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_pre_setup_() {
   return true;
 }
 bool WiFiComponent::wifi_apply_power_save_() { return WiFi.setSleep(this->power_save_ != WIFI_POWER_SAVE_NONE); }
-bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) {
+bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip) {
   // enable STA
   if (!this->wifi_mode_(true, {}))
     return false;
@@ -299,8 +299,10 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_event_callback_(esphome_wifi_event_id_t event, esphome_
       if (it.reason == WIFI_REASON_NO_AP_FOUND) {
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' reason='Probe Request Unsuccessful'", buf);
       } else {
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf,
-                 format_mac_address_pretty(it.bssid).c_str(), get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
+        char bssid_s[18];
+        format_mac_addr_upper(it.bssid, bssid_s);
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnected ssid='%s' bssid=" LOG_SECRET("%s") " reason='%s'", buf, bssid_s,
+                 get_disconnect_reason_str(it.reason));
       }
 
       uint8_t reason = it.reason;
@@ -434,7 +436,7 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_done_callback_() {
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_AP
-bool WiFiComponent::wifi_ap_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) {
+bool WiFiComponent::wifi_ap_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip) {
   // enable AP
   if (!this->wifi_mode_({}, true))
     return false;

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_pico_w.cpp

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_connect_(const WiFiAP &ap) {
 
 bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_pre_setup_() { return this->wifi_mode_(true, {}); }
 
-bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) {
+bool WiFiComponent::wifi_sta_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip) {
   if (!manual_ip.has_value()) {
     return true;
   }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ bool WiFiComponent::wifi_scan_start_(bool passive) {
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_WIFI_AP
-bool WiFiComponent::wifi_ap_ip_config_(optional<ManualIP> manual_ip) {
+bool WiFiComponent::wifi_ap_ip_config_(const optional<ManualIP> &manual_ip) {
   esphome::network::IPAddress ip_address, gateway, subnet, dns;
   if (manual_ip.has_value()) {
     ip_address = manual_ip->static_ip;

esphome/const.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from enum import Enum
 
 from esphome.enum import StrEnum
 
-__version__ = "2025.11.0b3"
+__version__ = "2025.12.0-dev"
 
 ALLOWED_NAME_CHARS = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_"
 VALID_SUBSTITUTIONS_CHARACTERS = (

esphome/core/helpers.h

@@ -111,6 +111,23 @@ template<> constexpr int64_t byteswap(int64_t n) { return __builtin_bswap64(n);
 /// @name Container utilities
 ///@{
 
+/// Lightweight read-only view over a const array stored in RODATA (will typically be in flash memory)
+/// Avoids copying data from flash to RAM by keeping a pointer to the flash data.
+/// Similar to std::span but with minimal overhead for embedded systems.
+
+template<typename T> class ConstVector {
+ public:
+  constexpr ConstVector(const T *data, size_t size) : data_(data), size_(size) {}
+
+  const constexpr T &operator[](size_t i) const { return data_[i]; }
+  constexpr size_t size() const { return size_; }
+  constexpr bool empty() const { return size_ == 0; }
+
+ protected:
+  const T *data_;
+  size_t size_;
+};
+
 /// Minimal static vector - saves memory by avoiding std::vector overhead
 template<typename T, size_t N> class StaticVector {
  public:

requirements_test.txt

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-pylint==4.0.2
+pylint==4.0.3
 flake8==7.3.0  # also change in .pre-commit-config.yaml when updating
-ruff==0.14.4  # also change in .pre-commit-config.yaml when updating
+ruff==0.14.5  # also change in .pre-commit-config.yaml when updating
 pyupgrade==3.21.1  # also change in .pre-commit-config.yaml when updating
 pre-commit
 
 # Unit tests
-pytest==9.0.0
+pytest==9.0.1
 pytest-cov==7.0.0
 pytest-mock==3.15.1
 pytest-asyncio==1.3.0

tests/components/lvgl/lvgl-package.yaml

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ lvgl:
       line_width: 8
       line_rounded: true
     - id: date_style
-      text_font: roboto10
+      text_font: !lambda return id(roboto10);
       align: center
       text_color: !lambda return color_id2;
       bg_opa: cover
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ lvgl:
               snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "Setup: %d", 42);
               return std::string(buf);
             align: top_mid
-            text_font: space16
+            text_font: !lambda return id(space16);
         - label:
             id: chip_info_label
             # Test complex setup lambda (real-world pattern)

tests/components/lvgl/test.host.yaml

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ touchscreen:
 
 lvgl:
   - id: lvgl_0
+    default_font: space16
     displays: sdl0
   - id: lvgl_1
     displays: sdl1
@@ -39,3 +40,8 @@ lvgl:
                 text: Click ME
           on_click:
             logger.log: Clicked
+
+font:
+  - file: "gfonts://Roboto"
+    id: space16
+    bpp: 4

tests/components/nrf52/test.nrf52-adafruit.yaml

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ nrf52:
       inverted: true
       mode:
         output: true
+  dcdc: False
   reg0:
     voltage: 2.1V
     uicr_erase: true

tests/integration/fixtures/sensor_timeout_filter.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+esphome:
+  name: test-timeout-filters
+
+host:
+api:
+  batch_delay: 0ms  # Disable batching to receive all state updates
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG
+
+# Template sensors that we'll use to publish values
+sensor:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Timeout Last"
+    id: source_timeout_last
+    accuracy_decimals: 1
+
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Timeout Reset"
+    id: source_timeout_reset
+    accuracy_decimals: 1
+
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Timeout Static"
+    id: source_timeout_static
+    accuracy_decimals: 1
+
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Timeout Lambda"
+    id: source_timeout_lambda
+    accuracy_decimals: 1
+
+  # Test 1: TimeoutFilter - "last" mode (outputs last received value)
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_timeout_last
+    name: "Timeout Last Sensor"
+    id: timeout_last_sensor
+    filters:
+      - timeout:
+          timeout: 100ms
+          value: last  # Explicitly specify "last" mode to use TimeoutFilter class
+
+  # Test 2: TimeoutFilter - reset behavior (same filter, different source)
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_timeout_reset
+    name: "Timeout Reset Sensor"
+    id: timeout_reset_sensor
+    filters:
+      - timeout:
+          timeout: 100ms
+          value: last  # Explicitly specify "last" mode
+
+  # Test 3: TimeoutFilterConfigured - static value mode
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_timeout_static
+    name: "Timeout Static Sensor"
+    id: timeout_static_sensor
+    filters:
+      - timeout:
+          timeout: 100ms
+          value: 99.9
+
+  # Test 4: TimeoutFilterConfigured - lambda mode
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_timeout_lambda
+    name: "Timeout Lambda Sensor"
+    id: timeout_lambda_sensor
+    filters:
+      - timeout:
+          timeout: 100ms
+          value: !lambda "return -1.0;"
+
+# Scripts to publish values with controlled timing
+script:
+  # Test 1: Single value followed by timeout
+  - id: test_timeout_last_script
+    then:
+      # Publish initial value
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_timeout_last
+          state: 42.0
+      # Wait for timeout to fire (100ms + margin)
+      - delay: 150ms
+
+  # Test 2: Multiple values before timeout (should reset timer)
+  - id: test_timeout_reset_script
+    then:
+      # Publish first value
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_timeout_reset
+          state: 10.0
+      # Wait 50ms (halfway to timeout)
+      - delay: 50ms
+      # Publish second value (resets timeout)
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_timeout_reset
+          state: 20.0
+      # Wait 50ms (halfway to timeout again)
+      - delay: 50ms
+      # Publish third value (resets timeout)
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_timeout_reset
+          state: 30.0
+      # Wait for timeout to fire (100ms + margin)
+      - delay: 150ms
+
+  # Test 3: Static value timeout
+  - id: test_timeout_static_script
+    then:
+      # Publish initial value
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_timeout_static
+          state: 55.5
+      # Wait for timeout to fire
+      - delay: 150ms
+
+  # Test 4: Lambda value timeout
+  - id: test_timeout_lambda_script
+    then:
+      # Publish initial value
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_timeout_lambda
+          state: 77.7
+      # Wait for timeout to fire
+      - delay: 150ms
+
+# Buttons to trigger each test scenario
+button:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Timeout Last Button"
+    id: test_timeout_last_button
+    on_press:
+      - script.execute: test_timeout_last_script
+
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Timeout Reset Button"
+    id: test_timeout_reset_button
+    on_press:
+      - script.execute: test_timeout_reset_script
+
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Timeout Static Button"
+    id: test_timeout_static_button
+    on_press:
+      - script.execute: test_timeout_static_script
+
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Timeout Lambda Button"
+    id: test_timeout_lambda_button
+    on_press:
+      - script.execute: test_timeout_lambda_script

tests/integration/test_sensor_timeout_filter.py

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+"""Test sensor timeout filter functionality."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+
+from aioesphomeapi import EntityState, SensorState
+import pytest
+
+from .state_utils import InitialStateHelper, build_key_to_entity_mapping
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sensor_timeout_filter(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test TimeoutFilter and TimeoutFilterConfigured with all modes."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+
+    # Track state changes for all sensors
+    timeout_last_states: list[float] = []
+    timeout_reset_states: list[float] = []
+    timeout_static_states: list[float] = []
+    timeout_lambda_states: list[float] = []
+
+    # Futures for each test scenario
+    test1_complete = loop.create_future()  # TimeoutFilter - last mode
+    test2_complete = loop.create_future()  # TimeoutFilter - reset behavior
+    test3_complete = loop.create_future()  # TimeoutFilterConfigured - static value
+    test4_complete = loop.create_future()  # TimeoutFilterConfigured - lambda
+
+    def on_state(state: EntityState) -> None:
+        """Track sensor state updates."""
+        if not isinstance(state, SensorState):
+            return
+
+        if state.missing_state:
+            return
+
+        sensor_name = key_to_sensor.get(state.key)
+
+        # Test 1: TimeoutFilter - last mode
+        if sensor_name == "timeout_last_sensor":
+            timeout_last_states.append(state.state)
+            # Expect 2 values: initial 42.0 + timeout fires with 42.0
+            if len(timeout_last_states) >= 2 and not test1_complete.done():
+                test1_complete.set_result(True)
+
+        # Test 2: TimeoutFilter - reset behavior
+        elif sensor_name == "timeout_reset_sensor":
+            timeout_reset_states.append(state.state)
+            # Expect 4 values: 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, then timeout fires with 30.0
+            if len(timeout_reset_states) >= 4 and not test2_complete.done():
+                test2_complete.set_result(True)
+
+        # Test 3: TimeoutFilterConfigured - static value
+        elif sensor_name == "timeout_static_sensor":
+            timeout_static_states.append(state.state)
+            # Expect 2 values: initial 55.5 + timeout fires with 99.9
+            if len(timeout_static_states) >= 2 and not test3_complete.done():
+                test3_complete.set_result(True)
+
+        # Test 4: TimeoutFilterConfigured - lambda
+        elif sensor_name == "timeout_lambda_sensor":
+            timeout_lambda_states.append(state.state)
+            # Expect 2 values: initial 77.7 + timeout fires with -1.0
+            if len(timeout_lambda_states) >= 2 and not test4_complete.done():
+                test4_complete.set_result(True)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        entities, services = await client.list_entities_services()
+
+        key_to_sensor = build_key_to_entity_mapping(
+            entities,
+            [
+                "timeout_last_sensor",
+                "timeout_reset_sensor",
+                "timeout_static_sensor",
+                "timeout_lambda_sensor",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        initial_state_helper = InitialStateHelper(entities)
+        client.subscribe_states(initial_state_helper.on_state_wrapper(on_state))
+
+        try:
+            await initial_state_helper.wait_for_initial_states()
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail("Timeout waiting for initial states")
+
+        # Helper to find buttons by object_id substring
+        def find_button(object_id_substring: str) -> int:
+            """Find a button by object_id substring and return its key."""
+            button = next(
+                (e for e in entities if object_id_substring in e.object_id.lower()),
+                None,
+            )
+            assert button is not None, f"Button '{object_id_substring}' not found"
+            return button.key
+
+        # Find all test buttons
+        test1_button_key = find_button("test_timeout_last_button")
+        test2_button_key = find_button("test_timeout_reset_button")
+        test3_button_key = find_button("test_timeout_static_button")
+        test4_button_key = find_button("test_timeout_lambda_button")
+
+        # === Test 1: TimeoutFilter - last mode ===
+        client.button_command(test1_button_key)
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test1_complete, timeout=2.0)
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(f"Test 1 timeout. Received states: {timeout_last_states}")
+
+        assert len(timeout_last_states) == 2, (
+            f"Test 1: Should have 2 states, got {len(timeout_last_states)}: {timeout_last_states}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_last_states[0] == pytest.approx(42.0), (
+            f"Test 1: First state should be 42.0, got {timeout_last_states[0]}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_last_states[1] == pytest.approx(42.0), (
+            f"Test 1: Timeout should output last value (42.0), got {timeout_last_states[1]}"
+        )
+
+        # === Test 2: TimeoutFilter - reset behavior ===
+        client.button_command(test2_button_key)
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test2_complete, timeout=2.0)
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(f"Test 2 timeout. Received states: {timeout_reset_states}")
+
+        assert len(timeout_reset_states) == 4, (
+            f"Test 2: Should have 4 states, got {len(timeout_reset_states)}: {timeout_reset_states}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_reset_states[0] == pytest.approx(10.0), (
+            f"Test 2: First state should be 10.0, got {timeout_reset_states[0]}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_reset_states[1] == pytest.approx(20.0), (
+            f"Test 2: Second state should be 20.0, got {timeout_reset_states[1]}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_reset_states[2] == pytest.approx(30.0), (
+            f"Test 2: Third state should be 30.0, got {timeout_reset_states[2]}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_reset_states[3] == pytest.approx(30.0), (
+            f"Test 2: Timeout should output last value (30.0), got {timeout_reset_states[3]}"
+        )
+
+        # === Test 3: TimeoutFilterConfigured - static value ===
+        client.button_command(test3_button_key)
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test3_complete, timeout=2.0)
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(f"Test 3 timeout. Received states: {timeout_static_states}")
+
+        assert len(timeout_static_states) == 2, (
+            f"Test 3: Should have 2 states, got {len(timeout_static_states)}: {timeout_static_states}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_static_states[0] == pytest.approx(55.5), (
+            f"Test 3: First state should be 55.5, got {timeout_static_states[0]}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_static_states[1] == pytest.approx(99.9), (
+            f"Test 3: Timeout should output configured value (99.9), got {timeout_static_states[1]}"
+        )
+
+        # === Test 4: TimeoutFilterConfigured - lambda ===
+        client.button_command(test4_button_key)
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test4_complete, timeout=2.0)
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(f"Test 4 timeout. Received states: {timeout_lambda_states}")
+
+        assert len(timeout_lambda_states) == 2, (
+            f"Test 4: Should have 2 states, got {len(timeout_lambda_states)}: {timeout_lambda_states}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_lambda_states[0] == pytest.approx(77.7), (
+            f"Test 4: First state should be 77.7, got {timeout_lambda_states[0]}"
+        )
+        assert timeout_lambda_states[1] == pytest.approx(-1.0), (
+            f"Test 4: Timeout should evaluate lambda (-1.0), got {timeout_lambda_states[1]}"
+        )