Merge pull request #9394 from esphome/bump-2025.7.0b1

2025.7.0b1

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -214,17 +214,51 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
         run: |
           ./venv/Scripts/activate
-          pytest -vv --cov-report=xml --tb=native -n auto tests
+          pytest -vv --cov-report=xml --tb=native -n auto tests --ignore=tests/integration/
       - name: Run pytest
         if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' || matrix.os == 'macOS-latest'
         run: |
           . venv/bin/activate
-          pytest -vv --cov-report=xml --tb=native -n auto tests
+          pytest -vv --cov-report=xml --tb=native -n auto tests --ignore=tests/integration/
       - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5.4.3
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
 
+  integration-tests:
+    name: Run integration tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs:
+      - common
+    steps:
+      - name: Check out code from GitHub
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
+      - name: Set up Python 3.13
+        id: python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v5.6.0
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.13"
+      - name: Restore Python virtual environment
+        id: cache-venv
+        uses: actions/cache@v4.2.3
+        with:
+          path: venv
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ steps.python.outputs.python-version }}-venv-${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
+      - name: Create Python virtual environment
+        if: steps.cache-venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          python -m venv venv
+          . venv/bin/activate
+          python --version
+          pip install -r requirements.txt -r requirements_test.txt
+          pip install -e .
+      - name: Register matcher
+        run: echo "::add-matcher::.github/workflows/matchers/pytest.json"
+      - name: Run integration tests
+        run: |
+          . venv/bin/activate
+          pytest -vv --no-cov --tb=native -n auto tests/integration/
+
   clang-format:
     name: Check clang-format
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
@@ -494,6 +528,7 @@ jobs:
       - flake8
       - pylint
       - pytest
+      - integration-tests
       - pyupgrade
       - clang-tidy
       - list-components

CODEOWNERS

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ esphome/components/bp1658cj/* @Cossid
 esphome/components/bp5758d/* @Cossid
 esphome/components/button/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/bytebuffer/* @clydebarrow
+esphome/components/camera/* @DT-art1 @bdraco
 esphome/components/canbus/* @danielschramm @mvturnho
 esphome/components/cap1188/* @mreditor97
 esphome/components/captive_portal/* @OttoWinter
@@ -169,6 +170,7 @@ esphome/components/ft5x06/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/ft63x6/* @gpambrozio
 esphome/components/gcja5/* @gcormier
 esphome/components/gdk101/* @Szewcson
+esphome/components/gl_r01_i2c/* @pkejval
 esphome/components/globals/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/gp2y1010au0f/* @zry98
 esphome/components/gp8403/* @jesserockz
@@ -253,6 +255,7 @@ esphome/components/ln882x/* @lamauny
 esphome/components/lock/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/logger/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/logger/select/* @clydebarrow
+esphome/components/lps22/* @nagisa
 esphome/components/ltr390/* @latonita @sjtrny
 esphome/components/ltr501/* @latonita
 esphome/components/ltr_als_ps/* @latonita
@@ -441,6 +444,7 @@ esphome/components/sun/* @OttoWinter
 esphome/components/sun_gtil2/* @Mat931
 esphome/components/switch/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/switch/binary_sensor/* @ssieb
+esphome/components/sx126x/* @swoboda1337
 esphome/components/sx127x/* @swoboda1337
 esphome/components/syslog/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/t6615/* @tylermenezes

Doxyfile

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = ESPHome
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 2025.7.0-dev
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 2025.7.0b1
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a

esphome/components/adc/__init__.py

@@ -10,8 +10,15 @@ from esphome.components.esp32.const import (
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
     VARIANT_ESP32S3,
 )
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_ANALOG, CONF_INPUT, CONF_NUMBER, PLATFORM_ESP8266
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_ANALOG,
+    CONF_INPUT,
+    CONF_NUMBER,
+    PLATFORM_ESP8266,
+    PlatformFramework,
+)
 from esphome.core import CORE
 
 CODEOWNERS = ["@esphome/core"]
@@ -229,3 +236,20 @@ def validate_adc_pin(value):
         )(value)
 
     raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "adc_sensor_esp32.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+        "adc_sensor_esp8266.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO},
+        "adc_sensor_rp2040.cpp": {PlatformFramework.RP2040_ARDUINO},
+        "adc_sensor_libretiny.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+    }
+)

esphome/components/apds9960/apds9960.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ void APDS9960::setup() {
     return;
   }
 
-  if (id != 0xAB && id != 0x9C && id != 0xA8) {  // APDS9960 all should have one of these IDs
+  if (id != 0xAB && id != 0x9C && id != 0xA8 && id != 0x9E) {  // APDS9960 all should have one of these IDs
     this->error_code_ = WRONG_ID;
     this->mark_failed();
     return;

esphome/components/api/__init__.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import base64
 from esphome import automation
 from esphome.automation import Condition
 import esphome.codegen as cg
+from esphome.config_helpers import get_logger_level
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ACTION,
@@ -313,3 +314,17 @@ async def homeassistant_tag_scanned_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, arg
 @automation.register_condition("api.connected", APIConnectedCondition, {})
 async def api_connected_to_code(config, condition_id, template_arg, args):
     return cg.new_Pvariable(condition_id, template_arg)
+
+
+def FILTER_SOURCE_FILES() -> list[str]:
+    """Filter out api_pb2_dump.cpp when proto message dumping is not enabled."""
+    # api_pb2_dump.cpp is only needed when HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP is defined
+    # This is a particularly large file that still needs to be opened and read
+    # all the way to the end even when ifdef'd out
+    #
+    # HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP is defined when ESPHOME_LOG_HAS_VERY_VERBOSE is set,
+    # which happens when the logger level is VERY_VERBOSE
+    if get_logger_level() != "VERY_VERBOSE":
+        return ["api_pb2_dump.cpp"]
+
+    return []

esphome/components/api/api.proto

@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ message ListEntitiesCameraResponse {
   option (id) = 43;
   option (base_class) = "InfoResponseProtoMessage";
   option (source) = SOURCE_SERVER;
-  option (ifdef) = "USE_ESP32_CAMERA";
+  option (ifdef) = "USE_CAMERA";
 
   string object_id = 1;
   fixed32 key = 2;
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ message ListEntitiesCameraResponse {
 message CameraImageResponse {
   option (id) = 44;
   option (source) = SOURCE_SERVER;
-  option (ifdef) = "USE_ESP32_CAMERA";
+  option (ifdef) = "USE_CAMERA";
 
   fixed32 key = 1;
   bytes data = 2;
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ message CameraImageResponse {
 message CameraImageRequest {
   option (id) = 45;
   option (source) = SOURCE_CLIENT;
-  option (ifdef) = "USE_ESP32_CAMERA";
+  option (ifdef) = "USE_CAMERA";
   option (no_delay) = true;
 
   bool single = 1;

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -38,10 +38,23 @@ static constexpr uint16_t PING_RETRY_INTERVAL = 1000;
 static constexpr uint32_t KEEPALIVE_DISCONNECT_TIMEOUT = (KEEPALIVE_TIMEOUT_MS * 5) / 2;
 
 static const char *const TAG = "api.connection";
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
-static const int ESP32_CAMERA_STOP_STREAM = 5000;
+static const int CAMERA_STOP_STREAM = 5000;
 #endif
 
+// Helper macro for entity command handlers - gets entity by key, returns if not found, and creates call object
+#define ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(entity_type, entity_var, getter_name) \
+  entity_type *entity_var = App.get_##getter_name##_by_key(msg.key); \
+  if ((entity_var) == nullptr) \
+    return; \
+  auto call = (entity_var)->make_call();
+
+// Helper macro for entity command handlers that don't use make_call() - gets entity by key and returns if not found
+#define ENTITY_COMMAND_GET(entity_type, entity_var, getter_name) \
+  entity_type *entity_var = App.get_##getter_name##_by_key(msg.key); \
+  if ((entity_var) == nullptr) \
+    return;
+
 APIConnection::APIConnection(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> sock, APIServer *parent)
     : parent_(parent), initial_state_iterator_(this), list_entities_iterator_(this) {
 #if defined(USE_API_PLAINTEXT) && defined(USE_API_NOISE)
@@ -58,6 +71,11 @@ APIConnection::APIConnection(std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> sock, APIServer *pa
 #else
 #error "No frame helper defined"
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
+  if (camera::Camera::instance() != nullptr) {
+    this->image_reader_ = std::unique_ptr<camera::CameraImageReader>{camera::Camera::instance()->create_image_reader()};
+  }
+#endif
 }
 
 uint32_t APIConnection::get_batch_delay_ms_() const { return this->parent_->get_batch_delay(); }
@@ -180,10 +198,10 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
     }
   }
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
-  if (this->image_reader_.available() && this->helper_->can_write_without_blocking()) {
+  if (this->image_reader_ && this->image_reader_->available() && this->helper_->can_write_without_blocking()) {
-    uint32_t to_send = std::min((size_t) MAX_PACKET_SIZE, this->image_reader_.available());
+    uint32_t to_send = std::min((size_t) MAX_PACKET_SIZE, this->image_reader_->available());
-    bool done = this->image_reader_.available() == to_send;
+    bool done = this->image_reader_->available() == to_send;
     uint32_t msg_size = 0;
     ProtoSize::add_fixed_field<4>(msg_size, 1, true);
     // partial message size calculated manually since its a special case
@@ -193,18 +211,18 @@ void APIConnection::loop() {
 
     auto buffer = this->create_buffer(msg_size);
     // fixed32 key = 1;
-    buffer.encode_fixed32(1, esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->get_object_id_hash());
+    buffer.encode_fixed32(1, camera::Camera::instance()->get_object_id_hash());
     // bytes data = 2;
-    buffer.encode_bytes(2, this->image_reader_.peek_data_buffer(), to_send);
+    buffer.encode_bytes(2, this->image_reader_->peek_data_buffer(), to_send);
     // bool done = 3;
     buffer.encode_bool(3, done);
 
     bool success = this->send_buffer(buffer, CameraImageResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);
 
     if (success) {
-      this->image_reader_.consume_data(to_send);
+      this->image_reader_->consume_data(to_send);
       if (done) {
-        this->image_reader_.return_image();
+        this->image_reader_->return_image();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -356,11 +374,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_cover_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *c
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesCoverResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::cover_command(const CoverCommandRequest &msg) {
-  cover::Cover *cover = App.get_cover_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(cover::Cover, cover, cover)
-  if (cover == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = cover->make_call();
   if (msg.has_legacy_command) {
     switch (msg.legacy_command) {
       case enums::LEGACY_COVER_COMMAND_OPEN:
@@ -422,11 +436,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_fan_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *con
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesFanResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::fan_command(const FanCommandRequest &msg) {
-  fan::Fan *fan = App.get_fan_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(fan::Fan, fan, fan)
-  if (fan == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = fan->make_call();
   if (msg.has_state)
     call.set_state(msg.state);
   if (msg.has_oscillating)
@@ -499,11 +509,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_light_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *c
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesLightResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::light_command(const LightCommandRequest &msg) {
-  light::LightState *light = App.get_light_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(light::LightState, light, light)
-  if (light == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = light->make_call();
   if (msg.has_state)
     call.set_state(msg.state);
   if (msg.has_brightness)
@@ -592,9 +598,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_switch_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesSwitchResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::switch_command(const SwitchCommandRequest &msg) {
-  switch_::Switch *a_switch = App.get_switch_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_GET(switch_::Switch, a_switch, switch)
-  if (a_switch == nullptr)
-    return;
 
   if (msg.state) {
     a_switch->turn_on();
@@ -703,11 +707,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_climate_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesClimateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::climate_command(const ClimateCommandRequest &msg) {
-  climate::Climate *climate = App.get_climate_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(climate::Climate, climate, climate)
-  if (climate == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = climate->make_call();
   if (msg.has_mode)
     call.set_mode(static_cast<climate::ClimateMode>(msg.mode));
   if (msg.has_target_temperature)
@@ -762,11 +762,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_number_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesNumberResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::number_command(const NumberCommandRequest &msg) {
-  number::Number *number = App.get_number_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(number::Number, number, number)
-  if (number == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = number->make_call();
   call.set_value(msg.state);
   call.perform();
 }
@@ -796,11 +792,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_date_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *co
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesDateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::date_command(const DateCommandRequest &msg) {
-  datetime::DateEntity *date = App.get_date_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(datetime::DateEntity, date, date)
-  if (date == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = date->make_call();
   call.set_date(msg.year, msg.month, msg.day);
   call.perform();
 }
@@ -830,11 +822,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_time_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *co
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesTimeResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::time_command(const TimeCommandRequest &msg) {
-  datetime::TimeEntity *time = App.get_time_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(datetime::TimeEntity, time, time)
-  if (time == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = time->make_call();
   call.set_time(msg.hour, msg.minute, msg.second);
   call.perform();
 }
@@ -866,11 +854,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_datetime_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesDateTimeResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::datetime_command(const DateTimeCommandRequest &msg) {
-  datetime::DateTimeEntity *datetime = App.get_datetime_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(datetime::DateTimeEntity, datetime, datetime)
-  if (datetime == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = datetime->make_call();
   call.set_datetime(msg.epoch_seconds);
   call.perform();
 }
@@ -904,11 +888,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_text_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *co
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesTextResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::text_command(const TextCommandRequest &msg) {
-  text::Text *text = App.get_text_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(text::Text, text, text)
-  if (text == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = text->make_call();
   call.set_value(msg.state);
   call.perform();
 }
@@ -940,11 +920,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_select_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesSelectResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::select_command(const SelectCommandRequest &msg) {
-  select::Select *select = App.get_select_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(select::Select, select, select)
-  if (select == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = select->make_call();
   call.set_option(msg.state);
   call.perform();
 }
@@ -961,10 +937,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_button_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesButtonResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void esphome::api::APIConnection::button_command(const ButtonCommandRequest &msg) {
-  button::Button *button = App.get_button_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_GET(button::Button, button, button)
-  if (button == nullptr)
-    return;
-
   button->press();
 }
 #endif
@@ -995,9 +968,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_lock_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *co
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesLockResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::lock_command(const LockCommandRequest &msg) {
-  lock::Lock *a_lock = App.get_lock_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_GET(lock::Lock, a_lock, lock)
-  if (a_lock == nullptr)
-    return;
 
   switch (msg.command) {
     case enums::LOCK_UNLOCK:
@@ -1040,11 +1011,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_valve_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *c
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesValveResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::valve_command(const ValveCommandRequest &msg) {
-  valve::Valve *valve = App.get_valve_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(valve::Valve, valve, valve)
-  if (valve == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = valve->make_call();
   if (msg.has_position)
     call.set_position(msg.position);
   if (msg.stop)
@@ -1091,11 +1058,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_media_player_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnec
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesMediaPlayerResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::media_player_command(const MediaPlayerCommandRequest &msg) {
-  media_player::MediaPlayer *media_player = App.get_media_player_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(media_player::MediaPlayer, media_player, media_player)
-  if (media_player == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = media_player->make_call();
   if (msg.has_command) {
     call.set_command(static_cast<media_player::MediaPlayerCommand>(msg.command));
   }
@@ -1112,36 +1075,36 @@ void APIConnection::media_player_command(const MediaPlayerCommandRequest &msg) {
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
-void APIConnection::set_camera_state(std::shared_ptr<esp32_camera::CameraImage> image) {
+void APIConnection::set_camera_state(std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> image) {
   if (!this->flags_.state_subscription)
     return;
-  if (this->image_reader_.available())
+  if (!this->image_reader_)
     return;
-  if (image->was_requested_by(esphome::esp32_camera::API_REQUESTER) ||
+  if (this->image_reader_->available())
-      image->was_requested_by(esphome::esp32_camera::IDLE))
+    return;
-    this->image_reader_.set_image(std::move(image));
+  if (image->was_requested_by(esphome::camera::API_REQUESTER) || image->was_requested_by(esphome::camera::IDLE))
+    this->image_reader_->set_image(std::move(image));
 }
 uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_camera_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
                                              bool is_single) {
-  auto *camera = static_cast<esp32_camera::ESP32Camera *>(entity);
+  auto *camera = static_cast<camera::Camera *>(entity);
   ListEntitiesCameraResponse msg;
   msg.unique_id = get_default_unique_id("camera", camera);
   fill_entity_info_base(camera, msg);
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesCameraResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::camera_image(const CameraImageRequest &msg) {
-  if (esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera == nullptr)
+  if (camera::Camera::instance() == nullptr)
     return;
 
   if (msg.single)
-    esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->request_image(esphome::esp32_camera::API_REQUESTER);
+    camera::Camera::instance()->request_image(esphome::camera::API_REQUESTER);
   if (msg.stream) {
-    esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->start_stream(esphome::esp32_camera::API_REQUESTER);
+    camera::Camera::instance()->start_stream(esphome::camera::API_REQUESTER);
 
-    App.scheduler.set_timeout(this->parent_, "api_esp32_camera_stop_stream", ESP32_CAMERA_STOP_STREAM, []() {
+    App.scheduler.set_timeout(this->parent_, "api_camera_stop_stream", CAMERA_STOP_STREAM,
-      esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->stop_stream(esphome::esp32_camera::API_REQUESTER);
+                              []() { camera::Camera::instance()->stop_stream(esphome::camera::API_REQUESTER); });
-    });
   }
 }
 #endif
@@ -1213,66 +1176,53 @@ void APIConnection::bluetooth_scanner_set_mode(const BluetoothScannerSetModeRequ
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_VOICE_ASSISTANT
+bool APIConnection::check_voice_assistant_api_connection_() const {
+  return voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr &&
+         voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_api_connection() == this;
+}
+
 void APIConnection::subscribe_voice_assistant(const SubscribeVoiceAssistantRequest &msg) {
   if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr) {
     voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->client_subscription(this, msg.subscribe);
   }
 }
 void APIConnection::on_voice_assistant_response(const VoiceAssistantResponse &msg) {
-  if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr) {
+  if (!this->check_voice_assistant_api_connection_()) {
-    if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_api_connection() != this) {
+    return;
-      return;
+  }
-    }
 
-    if (msg.error) {
+  if (msg.error) {
-      voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->failed_to_start();
+    voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->failed_to_start();
-      return;
+    return;
-    }
+  }
-    if (msg.port == 0) {
+  if (msg.port == 0) {
-      // Use API Audio
+    // Use API Audio
-      voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->start_streaming();
+    voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->start_streaming();
-    } else {
+  } else {
-      struct sockaddr_storage storage;
+    struct sockaddr_storage storage;
-      socklen_t len = sizeof(storage);
+    socklen_t len = sizeof(storage);
-      this->helper_->getpeername((struct sockaddr *) &storage, &len);
+    this->helper_->getpeername((struct sockaddr *) &storage, &len);
-      voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->start_streaming(&storage, msg.port);
+    voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->start_streaming(&storage, msg.port);
-    }
   }
 };
 void APIConnection::on_voice_assistant_event_response(const VoiceAssistantEventResponse &msg) {
-  if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr) {
+  if (this->check_voice_assistant_api_connection_()) {
-    if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_api_connection() != this) {
-      return;
-    }
-
     voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->on_event(msg);
   }
 }
 void APIConnection::on_voice_assistant_audio(const VoiceAssistantAudio &msg) {
-  if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr) {
+  if (this->check_voice_assistant_api_connection_()) {
-    if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_api_connection() != this) {
-      return;
-    }
-
     voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->on_audio(msg);
   }
 };
 void APIConnection::on_voice_assistant_timer_event_response(const VoiceAssistantTimerEventResponse &msg) {
-  if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr) {
+  if (this->check_voice_assistant_api_connection_()) {
-    if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_api_connection() != this) {
-      return;
-    }
-
     voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->on_timer_event(msg);
   }
 };
 
 void APIConnection::on_voice_assistant_announce_request(const VoiceAssistantAnnounceRequest &msg) {
-  if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr) {
+  if (this->check_voice_assistant_api_connection_()) {
-    if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_api_connection() != this) {
-      return;
-    }
-
     voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->on_announce(msg);
   }
 }
@@ -1280,35 +1230,29 @@ void APIConnection::on_voice_assistant_announce_request(const VoiceAssistantAnno
 VoiceAssistantConfigurationResponse APIConnection::voice_assistant_get_configuration(
     const VoiceAssistantConfigurationRequest &msg) {
   VoiceAssistantConfigurationResponse resp;
-  if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr) {
+  if (!this->check_voice_assistant_api_connection_()) {
-    if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_api_connection() != this) {
+    return resp;
-      return resp;
-    }
-
-    auto &config = voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_configuration();
-    for (auto &wake_word : config.available_wake_words) {
-      VoiceAssistantWakeWord resp_wake_word;
-      resp_wake_word.id = wake_word.id;
-      resp_wake_word.wake_word = wake_word.wake_word;
-      for (const auto &lang : wake_word.trained_languages) {
-        resp_wake_word.trained_languages.push_back(lang);
-      }
-      resp.available_wake_words.push_back(std::move(resp_wake_word));
-    }
-    for (auto &wake_word_id : config.active_wake_words) {
-      resp.active_wake_words.push_back(wake_word_id);
-    }
-    resp.max_active_wake_words = config.max_active_wake_words;
   }
+
+  auto &config = voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_configuration();
+  for (auto &wake_word : config.available_wake_words) {
+    VoiceAssistantWakeWord resp_wake_word;
+    resp_wake_word.id = wake_word.id;
+    resp_wake_word.wake_word = wake_word.wake_word;
+    for (const auto &lang : wake_word.trained_languages) {
+      resp_wake_word.trained_languages.push_back(lang);
+    }
+    resp.available_wake_words.push_back(std::move(resp_wake_word));
+  }
+  for (auto &wake_word_id : config.active_wake_words) {
+    resp.active_wake_words.push_back(wake_word_id);
+  }
+  resp.max_active_wake_words = config.max_active_wake_words;
   return resp;
 }
 
 void APIConnection::voice_assistant_set_configuration(const VoiceAssistantSetConfiguration &msg) {
-  if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant != nullptr) {
+  if (this->check_voice_assistant_api_connection_()) {
-    if (voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->get_api_connection() != this) {
-      return;
-    }
-
     voice_assistant::global_voice_assistant->on_set_configuration(msg.active_wake_words);
   }
 }
@@ -1341,11 +1285,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_alarm_control_panel_info(EntityBase *entity, AP
                                   is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::alarm_control_panel_command(const AlarmControlPanelCommandRequest &msg) {
-  alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel *a_alarm_control_panel = App.get_alarm_control_panel_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_MAKE_CALL(alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel, a_alarm_control_panel, alarm_control_panel)
-  if (a_alarm_control_panel == nullptr)
-    return;
-
-  auto call = a_alarm_control_panel->make_call();
   switch (msg.command) {
     case enums::ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_DISARM:
       call.disarm();
@@ -1433,9 +1373,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_update_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *
   return encode_message_to_buffer(msg, ListEntitiesUpdateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::update_command(const UpdateCommandRequest &msg) {
-  update::UpdateEntity *update = App.get_update_by_key(msg.key);
+  ENTITY_COMMAND_GET(update::UpdateEntity, update, update)
-  if (update == nullptr)
-    return;
 
   switch (msg.command) {
     case enums::UPDATE_COMMAND_UPDATE:
@@ -1454,12 +1392,11 @@ void APIConnection::update_command(const UpdateCommandRequest &msg) {
 }
 #endif
 
-bool APIConnection::try_send_log_message(int level, const char *tag, const char *line) {
+bool APIConnection::try_send_log_message(int level, const char *tag, const char *line, size_t message_len) {
   if (this->flags_.log_subscription < level)
     return false;
 
   // Pre-calculate message size to avoid reallocations
-  const size_t line_length = strlen(line);
   uint32_t msg_size = 0;
 
   // Add size for level field (field ID 1, varint type)
@@ -1468,14 +1405,14 @@ bool APIConnection::try_send_log_message(int level, const char *tag, const char
 
   // Add size for string field (field ID 3, string type)
   // 1 byte for field tag + size of length varint + string length
-  msg_size += 1 + api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(line_length)) + line_length;
+  msg_size += 1 + api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(message_len)) + message_len;
 
   // Create a pre-sized buffer
   auto buffer = this->create_buffer(msg_size);
 
   // Encode the message (SubscribeLogsResponse)
   buffer.encode_uint32(1, static_cast<uint32_t>(level));  // LogLevel level = 1
-  buffer.encode_string(3, line, line_length);             // string message = 3
+  buffer.encode_string(3, line, message_len);             // string message = 3
 
   // SubscribeLogsResponse - 29
   return this->send_buffer(buffer, SubscribeLogsResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE);

esphome/components/api/api_connection.h

@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
   bool send_text_sensor_state(text_sensor::TextSensor *text_sensor);
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
-  void set_camera_state(std::shared_ptr<esp32_camera::CameraImage> image);
+  void set_camera_state(std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> image);
   void camera_image(const CameraImageRequest &msg) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   bool send_media_player_state(media_player::MediaPlayer *media_player);
   void media_player_command(const MediaPlayerCommandRequest &msg) override;
 #endif
-  bool try_send_log_message(int level, const char *tag, const char *line);
+  bool try_send_log_message(int level, const char *tag, const char *line, size_t message_len);
   void send_homeassistant_service_call(const HomeassistantServiceResponse &call) {
     if (!this->flags_.service_call_subscription)
       return;
@@ -301,6 +301,11 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   static uint16_t encode_message_to_buffer(ProtoMessage &msg, uint16_t message_type, APIConnection *conn,
                                            uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single);
 
+#ifdef USE_VOICE_ASSISTANT
+  // Helper to check voice assistant validity and connection ownership
+  inline bool check_voice_assistant_api_connection_() const;
+#endif
+
   // Helper method to process multiple entities from an iterator in a batch
   template<typename Iterator> void process_iterator_batch_(Iterator &iterator) {
     size_t initial_size = this->deferred_batch_.size();
@@ -425,7 +430,7 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   static uint16_t try_send_update_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
                                        bool is_single);
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
   static uint16_t try_send_camera_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
                                        bool is_single);
 #endif
@@ -455,8 +460,8 @@ class APIConnection : public APIServerConnection {
   // These contain vectors/pointers internally, so putting them early ensures good alignment
   InitialStateIterator initial_state_iterator_;
   ListEntitiesIterator list_entities_iterator_;
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
-  esp32_camera::CameraImageReader image_reader_;
+  std::unique_ptr<camera::CameraImageReader> image_reader_;
 #endif
 
   // Group 3: Strings (12 bytes each on 32-bit, 4-byte aligned)

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.cpp

@@ -225,6 +225,22 @@ APIError APIFrameHelper::init_common_() {
 }
 
 #define HELPER_LOG(msg, ...) ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "%s: " msg, this->info_.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+APIError APIFrameHelper::handle_socket_read_result_(ssize_t received) {
+  if (received == -1) {
+    if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
+      return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+    }
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    HELPER_LOG("Socket read failed with errno %d", errno);
+    return APIError::SOCKET_READ_FAILED;
+  } else if (received == 0) {
+    state_ = State::FAILED;
+    HELPER_LOG("Connection closed");
+    return APIError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
+  }
+  return APIError::OK;
+}
 // uncomment to log raw packets
 //#define HELPER_LOG_PACKETS
 
@@ -327,17 +343,9 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
     // no header information yet
     uint8_t to_read = 3 - rx_header_buf_len_;
     ssize_t received = this->socket_->read(&rx_header_buf_[rx_header_buf_len_], to_read);
-    if (received == -1) {
+    APIError err = handle_socket_read_result_(received);
-      if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
+    if (err != APIError::OK) {
-        return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+      return err;
-      }
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Socket read failed with errno %d", errno);
-      return APIError::SOCKET_READ_FAILED;
-    } else if (received == 0) {
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Connection closed");
-      return APIError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
     }
     rx_header_buf_len_ += static_cast<uint8_t>(received);
     if (static_cast<uint8_t>(received) != to_read) {
@@ -372,17 +380,9 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
     // more data to read
     uint16_t to_read = msg_size - rx_buf_len_;
     ssize_t received = this->socket_->read(&rx_buf_[rx_buf_len_], to_read);
-    if (received == -1) {
+    APIError err = handle_socket_read_result_(received);
-      if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
+    if (err != APIError::OK) {
-        return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+      return err;
-      }
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Socket read failed with errno %d", errno);
-      return APIError::SOCKET_READ_FAILED;
-    } else if (received == 0) {
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Connection closed");
-      return APIError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
     }
     rx_buf_len_ += static_cast<uint16_t>(received);
     if (static_cast<uint16_t>(received) != to_read) {
@@ -614,20 +614,14 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
   return APIError::OK;
 }
 APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) {
-  std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
-  uint16_t payload_len = static_cast<uint16_t>(raw_buffer->size() - frame_header_padding_);
-
   // Resize to include MAC space (required for Noise encryption)
-  raw_buffer->resize(raw_buffer->size() + frame_footer_size_);
+  buffer.get_buffer()->resize(buffer.get_buffer()->size() + frame_footer_size_);
-
+  PacketInfo packet{type, 0,
-  // Use write_protobuf_packets with a single packet
+                    static_cast<uint16_t>(buffer.get_buffer()->size() - frame_header_padding_ - frame_footer_size_)};
-  std::vector<PacketInfo> packets;
+  return write_protobuf_packets(buffer, std::span<const PacketInfo>(&packet, 1));
-  packets.emplace_back(type, 0, payload_len);
-
-  return write_protobuf_packets(buffer, packets);
 }
 
-APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, const std::vector<PacketInfo> &packets) {
+APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, std::span<const PacketInfo> packets) {
   APIError aerr = state_action_();
   if (aerr != APIError::OK) {
     return aerr;
@@ -642,18 +636,15 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, co
   }
 
   std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
+  uint8_t *buffer_data = raw_buffer->data();  // Cache buffer pointer
+
   this->reusable_iovs_.clear();
   this->reusable_iovs_.reserve(packets.size());
 
   // We need to encrypt each packet in place
   for (const auto &packet : packets) {
-    uint16_t type = packet.message_type;
-    uint16_t offset = packet.offset;
-    uint16_t payload_len = packet.payload_size;
-    uint16_t msg_len = 4 + payload_len;  // type(2) + data_len(2) + payload
-
     // The buffer already has padding at offset
-    uint8_t *buf_start = raw_buffer->data() + offset;
+    uint8_t *buf_start = buffer_data + packet.offset;
 
     // Write noise header
     buf_start[0] = 0x01;  // indicator
@@ -661,10 +652,10 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, co
 
     // Write message header (to be encrypted)
     const uint8_t msg_offset = 3;
-    buf_start[msg_offset + 0] = (uint8_t) (type >> 8);         // type high byte
+    buf_start[msg_offset] = static_cast<uint8_t>(packet.message_type >> 8);      // type high byte
-    buf_start[msg_offset + 1] = (uint8_t) type;                // type low byte
+    buf_start[msg_offset + 1] = static_cast<uint8_t>(packet.message_type);       // type low byte
-    buf_start[msg_offset + 2] = (uint8_t) (payload_len >> 8);  // data_len high byte
+    buf_start[msg_offset + 2] = static_cast<uint8_t>(packet.payload_size >> 8);  // data_len high byte
-    buf_start[msg_offset + 3] = (uint8_t) payload_len;         // data_len low byte
+    buf_start[msg_offset + 3] = static_cast<uint8_t>(packet.payload_size);       // data_len low byte
     // payload data is already in the buffer starting at offset + 7
 
     // Make sure we have space for MAC
@@ -673,7 +664,8 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, co
     // Encrypt the message in place
     NoiseBuffer mbuf;
     noise_buffer_init(mbuf);
-    noise_buffer_set_inout(mbuf, buf_start + msg_offset, msg_len, msg_len + frame_footer_size_);
+    noise_buffer_set_inout(mbuf, buf_start + msg_offset, 4 + packet.payload_size,
+                           4 + packet.payload_size + frame_footer_size_);
 
     int err = noise_cipherstate_encrypt(send_cipher_, &mbuf);
     if (err != 0) {
@@ -683,14 +675,12 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, co
     }
 
     // Fill in the encrypted size
-    buf_start[1] = (uint8_t) (mbuf.size >> 8);
+    buf_start[1] = static_cast<uint8_t>(mbuf.size >> 8);
-    buf_start[2] = (uint8_t) mbuf.size;
+    buf_start[2] = static_cast<uint8_t>(mbuf.size);
 
     // Add iovec for this encrypted packet
-    struct iovec iov;
+    this->reusable_iovs_.push_back(
-    iov.iov_base = buf_start;
+        {buf_start, static_cast<size_t>(3 + mbuf.size)});  // indicator + size + encrypted data
-    iov.iov_len = 3 + mbuf.size;  // indicator + size + encrypted data
-    this->reusable_iovs_.push_back(iov);
   }
 
   // Send all encrypted packets in one writev call
@@ -865,17 +855,9 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
     // Try to get to at least 3 bytes total (indicator + 2 varint bytes), then read one byte at a time
     ssize_t received =
         this->socket_->read(&rx_header_buf_[rx_header_buf_pos_], rx_header_buf_pos_ < 3 ? 3 - rx_header_buf_pos_ : 1);
-    if (received == -1) {
+    APIError err = handle_socket_read_result_(received);
-      if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
+    if (err != APIError::OK) {
-        return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+      return err;
-      }
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Socket read failed with errno %d", errno);
-      return APIError::SOCKET_READ_FAILED;
-    } else if (received == 0) {
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Connection closed");
-      return APIError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
     }
 
     // If this was the first read, validate the indicator byte
@@ -959,17 +941,9 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_(ParsedFrame *frame) {
     // more data to read
     uint16_t to_read = rx_header_parsed_len_ - rx_buf_len_;
     ssize_t received = this->socket_->read(&rx_buf_[rx_buf_len_], to_read);
-    if (received == -1) {
+    APIError err = handle_socket_read_result_(received);
-      if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK || errno == EAGAIN) {
+    if (err != APIError::OK) {
-        return APIError::WOULD_BLOCK;
+      return err;
-      }
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Socket read failed with errno %d", errno);
-      return APIError::SOCKET_READ_FAILED;
-    } else if (received == 0) {
-      state_ = State::FAILED;
-      HELPER_LOG("Connection closed");
-      return APIError::CONNECTION_CLOSED;
     }
     rx_buf_len_ += static_cast<uint16_t>(received);
     if (static_cast<uint16_t>(received) != to_read) {
@@ -1029,18 +1003,11 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) {
   return APIError::OK;
 }
 APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) {
-  std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
+  PacketInfo packet{type, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(buffer.get_buffer()->size() - frame_header_padding_)};
-  uint16_t payload_len = static_cast<uint16_t>(raw_buffer->size() - frame_header_padding_);
+  return write_protobuf_packets(buffer, std::span<const PacketInfo>(&packet, 1));
-
-  // Use write_protobuf_packets with a single packet
-  std::vector<PacketInfo> packets;
-  packets.emplace_back(type, 0, payload_len);
-
-  return write_protobuf_packets(buffer, packets);
 }
 
-APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer,
+APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, std::span<const PacketInfo> packets) {
-                                                         const std::vector<PacketInfo> &packets) {
   if (state_ != State::DATA) {
     return APIError::BAD_STATE;
   }
@@ -1050,17 +1017,15 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer
   }
 
   std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
+  uint8_t *buffer_data = raw_buffer->data();  // Cache buffer pointer
+
   this->reusable_iovs_.clear();
   this->reusable_iovs_.reserve(packets.size());
 
   for (const auto &packet : packets) {
-    uint16_t type = packet.message_type;
-    uint16_t offset = packet.offset;
-    uint16_t payload_len = packet.payload_size;
-
     // Calculate varint sizes for header layout
-    uint8_t size_varint_len = api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(payload_len));
+    uint8_t size_varint_len = api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(packet.payload_size));
-    uint8_t type_varint_len = api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(type));
+    uint8_t type_varint_len = api::ProtoSize::varint(static_cast<uint32_t>(packet.message_type));
     uint8_t total_header_len = 1 + size_varint_len + type_varint_len;
 
     // Calculate where to start writing the header
@@ -1088,23 +1053,20 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer
     //
     // The message starts at offset + frame_header_padding_
     // So we write the header starting at offset + frame_header_padding_ - total_header_len
-    uint8_t *buf_start = raw_buffer->data() + offset;
+    uint8_t *buf_start = buffer_data + packet.offset;
     uint32_t header_offset = frame_header_padding_ - total_header_len;
 
     // Write the plaintext header
     buf_start[header_offset] = 0x00;  // indicator
 
-    // Encode size varint directly into buffer
+    // Encode varints directly into buffer
-    ProtoVarInt(payload_len).encode_to_buffer_unchecked(buf_start + header_offset + 1, size_varint_len);
+    ProtoVarInt(packet.payload_size).encode_to_buffer_unchecked(buf_start + header_offset + 1, size_varint_len);
-
+    ProtoVarInt(packet.message_type)
-    // Encode type varint directly into buffer
+        .encode_to_buffer_unchecked(buf_start + header_offset + 1 + size_varint_len, type_varint_len);
-    ProtoVarInt(type).encode_to_buffer_unchecked(buf_start + header_offset + 1 + size_varint_len, type_varint_len);
 
     // Add iovec for this packet (header + payload)
-    struct iovec iov;
+    this->reusable_iovs_.push_back(
-    iov.iov_base = buf_start + header_offset;
+        {buf_start + header_offset, static_cast<size_t>(total_header_len + packet.payload_size)});
-    iov.iov_len = total_header_len + payload_len;
-    this->reusable_iovs_.push_back(iov);
   }
 
   // Send all packets in one writev call

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper.h

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <deque>
 #include <limits>
+#include <span>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ class APIFrameHelper {
   // Write multiple protobuf packets in a single operation
   // packets contains (message_type, offset, length) for each message in the buffer
   // The buffer contains all messages with appropriate padding before each
-  virtual APIError write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, const std::vector<PacketInfo> &packets) = 0;
+  virtual APIError write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, std::span<const PacketInfo> packets) = 0;
   // Get the frame header padding required by this protocol
   virtual uint8_t frame_header_padding() = 0;
   // Get the frame footer size required by this protocol
@@ -175,6 +176,9 @@ class APIFrameHelper {
 
   // Common initialization for both plaintext and noise protocols
   APIError init_common_();
+
+  // Helper method to handle socket read results
+  APIError handle_socket_read_result_(ssize_t received);
 };
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
@@ -194,7 +198,7 @@ class APINoiseFrameHelper : public APIFrameHelper {
   APIError loop() override;
   APIError read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) override;
   APIError write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) override;
-  APIError write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, const std::vector<PacketInfo> &packets) override;
+  APIError write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, std::span<const PacketInfo> packets) override;
   // Get the frame header padding required by this protocol
   uint8_t frame_header_padding() override { return frame_header_padding_; }
   // Get the frame footer size required by this protocol
@@ -248,7 +252,7 @@ class APIPlaintextFrameHelper : public APIFrameHelper {
   APIError loop() override;
   APIError read_packet(ReadPacketBuffer *buffer) override;
   APIError write_protobuf_packet(uint16_t type, ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) override;
-  APIError write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, const std::vector<PacketInfo> &packets) override;
+  APIError write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, std::span<const PacketInfo> packets) override;
   uint8_t frame_header_padding() override { return frame_header_padding_; }
   // Get the frame footer size required by this protocol
   uint8_t frame_footer_size() override { return frame_footer_size_; }

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.cpp

@@ -2216,7 +2216,7 @@ void ExecuteServiceRequest::calculate_size(uint32_t &total_size) const {
   ProtoSize::add_fixed_field<4>(total_size, 1, this->key != 0, false);
   ProtoSize::add_repeated_message(total_size, 1, this->args);
 }
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
 bool ListEntitiesCameraResponse::decode_varint(uint32_t field_id, ProtoVarInt value) {
   switch (field_id) {
     case 5: {

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.h

@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ class ExecuteServiceRequest : public ProtoMessage {
   bool decode_32bit(uint32_t field_id, Proto32Bit value) override;
   bool decode_length(uint32_t field_id, ProtoLengthDelimited value) override;
 };
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
 class ListEntitiesCameraResponse : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
  public:
   static constexpr uint16_t MESSAGE_TYPE = 43;

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_service.cpp

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ void APIServerConnectionBase::read_message(uint32_t msg_size, uint32_t msg_type,
       this->on_execute_service_request(msg);
       break;
     }
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
     case 45: {
       CameraImageRequest msg;
       msg.decode(msg_data, msg_size);
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ void APIServerConnection::on_button_command_request(const ButtonCommandRequest &
   }
 }
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
 void APIServerConnection::on_camera_image_request(const CameraImageRequest &msg) {
   if (this->check_authenticated_()) {
     this->camera_image(msg);

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_service.h

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class APIServerConnectionBase : public ProtoService {
 
   virtual void on_execute_service_request(const ExecuteServiceRequest &value){};
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
   virtual void on_camera_image_request(const CameraImageRequest &value){};
 #endif
 
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ class APIServerConnection : public APIServerConnectionBase {
 #ifdef USE_BUTTON
   virtual void button_command(const ButtonCommandRequest &msg) = 0;
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
   virtual void camera_image(const CameraImageRequest &msg) = 0;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ class APIServerConnection : public APIServerConnectionBase {
 #ifdef USE_BUTTON
   void on_button_command_request(const ButtonCommandRequest &msg) override;
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
   void on_camera_image_request(const CameraImageRequest &msg) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE

esphome/components/api/api_server.cpp

@@ -24,6 +24,14 @@ static const char *const TAG = "api";
 // APIServer
 APIServer *global_api_server = nullptr;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
 
+#ifndef USE_API_YAML_SERVICES
+// Global empty vector to avoid guard variables (saves 8 bytes)
+// This is initialized at program startup before any threads
+static const std::vector<UserServiceDescriptor *> empty_user_services{};
+
+const std::vector<UserServiceDescriptor *> &get_empty_user_services_instance() { return empty_user_services; }
+#endif
+
 APIServer::APIServer() {
   global_api_server = this;
   // Pre-allocate shared write buffer
@@ -96,30 +104,30 @@ void APIServer::setup() {
 
 #ifdef USE_LOGGER
   if (logger::global_logger != nullptr) {
-    logger::global_logger->add_on_log_callback([this](int level, const char *tag, const char *message) {
+    logger::global_logger->add_on_log_callback(
-      if (this->shutting_down_) {
+        [this](int level, const char *tag, const char *message, size_t message_len) {
-        // Don't try to send logs during shutdown
+          if (this->shutting_down_) {
-        // as it could result in a recursion and
+            // Don't try to send logs during shutdown
-        // we would be filling a buffer we are trying to clear
+            // as it could result in a recursion and
-        return;
+            // we would be filling a buffer we are trying to clear
-      }
+            return;
-      for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
+          }
-        if (!c->flags_.remove)
+          for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
-          c->try_send_log_message(level, tag, message);
+            if (!c->flags_.remove)
-      }
+              c->try_send_log_message(level, tag, message, message_len);
-    });
+          }
+        });
   }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
-  if (esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera != nullptr && !esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->is_internal()) {
+  if (camera::Camera::instance() != nullptr && !camera::Camera::instance()->is_internal()) {
-    esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->add_image_callback(
+    camera::Camera::instance()->add_image_callback([this](const std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> &image) {
-        [this](const std::shared_ptr<esp32_camera::CameraImage> &image) {
+      for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
-          for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
+        if (!c->flags_.remove)
-            if (!c->flags_.remove)
+          c->set_camera_state(image);
-              c->set_camera_state(image);
+      }
-          }
+    });
-        });
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -253,180 +261,114 @@ bool APIServer::check_password(const std::string &password) const {
 
 void APIServer::handle_disconnect(APIConnection *conn) {}
 
+// Macro for entities without extra parameters
+#define API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(entity_type, entity_name) \
+  void APIServer::on_##entity_name##_update(entity_type *obj) { /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \
+    if (obj->is_internal()) \
+      return; \
+    for (auto &c : this->clients_) \
+      c->send_##entity_name##_state(obj); \
+  }
+
+// Macro for entities with extra parameters (but parameters not used in send)
+#define API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(entity_type, entity_name, ...) \
+  void APIServer::on_##entity_name##_update(entity_type *obj, __VA_ARGS__) { /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \
+    if (obj->is_internal()) \
+      return; \
+    for (auto &c : this->clients_) \
+      c->send_##entity_name##_state(obj); \
+  }
+
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-void APIServer::on_binary_sensor_update(binary_sensor::BinarySensor *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(binary_sensor::BinarySensor, binary_sensor)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_binary_sensor_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_COVER
-void APIServer::on_cover_update(cover::Cover *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(cover::Cover, cover)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_cover_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_FAN
-void APIServer::on_fan_update(fan::Fan *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(fan::Fan, fan)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_fan_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_LIGHT
-void APIServer::on_light_update(light::LightState *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(light::LightState, light)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_light_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-void APIServer::on_sensor_update(sensor::Sensor *obj, float state) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(sensor::Sensor, sensor, float state)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_sensor_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-void APIServer::on_switch_update(switch_::Switch *obj, bool state) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(switch_::Switch, switch, bool state)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_switch_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-void APIServer::on_text_sensor_update(text_sensor::TextSensor *obj, const std::string &state) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(text_sensor::TextSensor, text_sensor, const std::string &state)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_text_sensor_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
-void APIServer::on_climate_update(climate::Climate *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(climate::Climate, climate)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_climate_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-void APIServer::on_number_update(number::Number *obj, float state) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(number::Number, number, float state)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_number_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
-void APIServer::on_date_update(datetime::DateEntity *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(datetime::DateEntity, date)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_date_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_TIME
-void APIServer::on_time_update(datetime::TimeEntity *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(datetime::TimeEntity, time)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_time_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATETIME
-void APIServer::on_datetime_update(datetime::DateTimeEntity *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(datetime::DateTimeEntity, datetime)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_datetime_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_TEXT
-void APIServer::on_text_update(text::Text *obj, const std::string &state) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(text::Text, text, const std::string &state)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_text_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-void APIServer::on_select_update(select::Select *obj, const std::string &state, size_t index) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(select::Select, select, const std::string &state, size_t index)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_select_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_LOCK
-void APIServer::on_lock_update(lock::Lock *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(lock::Lock, lock)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_lock_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_VALVE
-void APIServer::on_valve_update(valve::Valve *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(valve::Valve, valve)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_valve_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_MEDIA_PLAYER
-void APIServer::on_media_player_update(media_player::MediaPlayer *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(media_player::MediaPlayer, media_player)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_media_player_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
+// Event is a special case - it's the only entity that passes extra parameters to the send method
 void APIServer::on_event(event::Event *obj, const std::string &event_type) {
+  if (obj->is_internal())
+    return;
   for (auto &c : this->clients_)
     c->send_event(obj, event_type);
 }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_UPDATE
+// Update is a special case - the method is called on_update, not on_update_update
 void APIServer::on_update(update::UpdateEntity *obj) {
+  if (obj->is_internal())
+    return;
   for (auto &c : this->clients_)
     c->send_update_state(obj);
 }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL
-void APIServer::on_alarm_control_panel_update(alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel *obj) {
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel, alarm_control_panel)
-  if (obj->is_internal())
-    return;
-  for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_alarm_control_panel_state(obj);
-}
 #endif
 
 float APIServer::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::AFTER_WIFI; }

esphome/components/api/api_server.h

@@ -25,6 +25,11 @@ struct SavedNoisePsk {
 } PACKED;  // NOLINT
 #endif
 
+#ifndef USE_API_YAML_SERVICES
+// Forward declaration of helper function
+const std::vector<UserServiceDescriptor *> &get_empty_user_services_instance();
+#endif
+
 class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
  public:
   APIServer();
@@ -151,8 +156,11 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 #ifdef USE_API_YAML_SERVICES
     return this->user_services_;
 #else
-    static const std::vector<UserServiceDescriptor *> EMPTY;
+    if (this->user_services_) {
-    return this->user_services_ ? *this->user_services_ : EMPTY;
+      return *this->user_services_;
+    }
+    // Return reference to global empty instance (no guard needed)
+    return get_empty_user_services_instance();
 #endif
   }
 

esphome/components/api/list_entities.cpp

@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ LIST_ENTITIES_HANDLER(lock, lock::Lock, ListEntitiesLockResponse)
 #ifdef USE_VALVE
 LIST_ENTITIES_HANDLER(valve, valve::Valve, ListEntitiesValveResponse)
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
-LIST_ENTITIES_HANDLER(camera, esp32_camera::ESP32Camera, ListEntitiesCameraResponse)
+LIST_ENTITIES_HANDLER(camera, camera::Camera, ListEntitiesCameraResponse)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
 LIST_ENTITIES_HANDLER(climate, climate::Climate, ListEntitiesClimateResponse)

esphome/components/api/list_entities.h

@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class ListEntitiesIterator : public ComponentIterator {
   bool on_text_sensor(text_sensor::TextSensor *entity) override;
 #endif
   bool on_service(UserServiceDescriptor *service) override;
-#ifdef USE_ESP32_CAMERA
+#ifdef USE_CAMERA
-  bool on_camera(esp32_camera::ESP32Camera *entity) override;
+  bool on_camera(camera::Camera *entity) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
   bool on_climate(climate::Climate *entity) override;

esphome/components/bluetooth_proxy/bluetooth_proxy.cpp

@@ -52,11 +52,21 @@ bool BluetoothProxy::parse_device(const esp32_ble_tracker::ESPBTDevice &device)
   return true;
 }
 
-static constexpr size_t FLUSH_BATCH_SIZE = 8;
+// Batch size for BLE advertisements to maximize WiFi efficiency
-static std::vector<api::BluetoothLERawAdvertisement> &get_batch_buffer() {
+// Each advertisement is up to 80 bytes when packaged (including protocol overhead)
-  static std::vector<api::BluetoothLERawAdvertisement> batch_buffer;
+// Most advertisements are 20-30 bytes, allowing even more to fit per packet
-  return batch_buffer;
+// 16 advertisements × 80 bytes (worst case) = 1280 bytes out of ~1320 bytes usable payload
-}
+// This achieves ~97% WiFi MTU utilization while staying under the limit
+static constexpr size_t FLUSH_BATCH_SIZE = 16;
+
+namespace {
+// Batch buffer in anonymous namespace to avoid guard variable (saves 8 bytes)
+// This is initialized at program startup before any threads
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+std::vector<api::BluetoothLERawAdvertisement> batch_buffer;
+}  // namespace
+
+static std::vector<api::BluetoothLERawAdvertisement> &get_batch_buffer() { return batch_buffer; }
 
 bool BluetoothProxy::parse_devices(const esp32_ble::BLEScanResult *scan_results, size_t count) {
   if (!api::global_api_server->is_connected() || this->api_connection_ == nullptr || !this->raw_advertisements_)
@@ -170,7 +180,7 @@ int BluetoothProxy::get_bluetooth_connections_free() {
 void BluetoothProxy::loop() {
   if (!api::global_api_server->is_connected() || this->api_connection_ == nullptr) {
     for (auto *connection : this->connections_) {
-      if (connection->get_address() != 0) {
+      if (connection->get_address() != 0 && !connection->disconnect_pending()) {
         connection->disconnect();
       }
     }

esphome/components/camera/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+CODEOWNERS = ["@DT-art1", "@bdraco"]

esphome/components/camera/camera.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#include "camera.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace camera {
+
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+Camera *Camera::global_camera = nullptr;
+
+Camera::Camera() {
+  if (global_camera != nullptr) {
+    this->status_set_error("Multiple cameras are configured, but only one is supported.");
+    this->mark_failed();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  global_camera = this;
+}
+
+Camera *Camera::instance() { return global_camera; }
+
+}  // namespace camera
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/camera/camera.h

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/automation.h"
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/entity_base.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace camera {
+
+/** Different sources for filtering.
+ *  IDLE: Camera requests to send an image to the API.
+ *  API_REQUESTER: API requests a new image.
+ *  WEB_REQUESTER: ESP32 web server request an image. Ignored by API.
+ */
+enum CameraRequester : uint8_t { IDLE, API_REQUESTER, WEB_REQUESTER };
+
+/** Abstract camera image base class.
+ *  Encapsulates the JPEG encoded data and it is shared among
+ *  all connected clients.
+ */
+class CameraImage {
+ public:
+  virtual uint8_t *get_data_buffer() = 0;
+  virtual size_t get_data_length() = 0;
+  virtual bool was_requested_by(CameraRequester requester) const = 0;
+  virtual ~CameraImage() {}
+};
+
+/** Abstract image reader base class.
+ *  Keeps track of the data offset of the camera image and
+ *  how many bytes are remaining to read. When the image
+ *  is returned, the shared_ptr is reset and the camera can
+ *  reuse the memory of the camera image.
+ */
+class CameraImageReader {
+ public:
+  virtual void set_image(std::shared_ptr<CameraImage> image) = 0;
+  virtual size_t available() const = 0;
+  virtual uint8_t *peek_data_buffer() = 0;
+  virtual void consume_data(size_t consumed) = 0;
+  virtual void return_image() = 0;
+  virtual ~CameraImageReader() {}
+};
+
+/** Abstract camera base class. Collaborates with API.
+ *  1) API server starts and installs callback (add_image_callback)
+ *     which is called by the camera when a new image is available.
+ *  2) New API client connects and creates a new image reader (create_image_reader).
+ *  3) API connection receives protobuf CameraImageRequest and calls request_image.
+ *  3.a) API connection receives protobuf CameraImageRequest and calls start_stream.
+ *  4) Camera implementation provides JPEG data in the CameraImage and calls callback.
+ *  5) API connection sets the image in the image reader.
+ *  6) API connection consumes data from the image reader and returns the image when finished.
+ *  7.a) Camera captures a new image and continues with 4) until start_stream is called.
+ */
+class Camera : public EntityBase, public Component {
+ public:
+  Camera();
+  // Camera implementation invokes callback to publish a new image.
+  virtual void add_image_callback(std::function<void(std::shared_ptr<CameraImage>)> &&callback) = 0;
+  /// Returns a new camera image reader that keeps track of the JPEG data in the camera image.
+  virtual CameraImageReader *create_image_reader() = 0;
+  // Connection, camera or web server requests one new JPEG image.
+  virtual void request_image(CameraRequester requester) = 0;
+  // Connection, camera or web server requests a stream of images.
+  virtual void start_stream(CameraRequester requester) = 0;
+  // Connection or web server stops the previously started stream.
+  virtual void stop_stream(CameraRequester requester) = 0;
+  virtual ~Camera() {}
+  /// The singleton instance of the camera implementation.
+  static Camera *instance();
+
+ protected:
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+  static Camera *global_camera;
+};
+
+}  // namespace camera
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/const/__init__.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 CODEOWNERS = ["@esphome/core"]
 
+CONF_BYTE_ORDER = "byte_order"
 CONF_DRAW_ROUNDING = "draw_rounding"
 CONF_ON_STATE_CHANGE = "on_state_change"
 CONF_REQUEST_HEADERS = "request_headers"

esphome/components/debug/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_BLOCK,
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_FREE,
     CONF_ID,
     CONF_LOOP_TIME,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 
 CODEOWNERS = ["@OttoWinter"]
@@ -44,3 +46,21 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 async def to_code(config):
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "debug_esp32.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+        "debug_esp8266.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO},
+        "debug_host.cpp": {PlatformFramework.HOST_NATIVE},
+        "debug_rp2040.cpp": {PlatformFramework.RP2040_ARDUINO},
+        "debug_libretiny.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+    }
+)

esphome/components/deep_sleep/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from esphome import automation, pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
-from esphome.components import time
+from esphome.components import esp32, time
 from esphome.components.esp32 import get_esp32_variant
 from esphome.components.esp32.const import (
     VARIANT_ESP32,
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from esphome.components.esp32.const import (
     VARIANT_ESP32S2,
     VARIANT_ESP32S3,
 )
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_DEFAULT,
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_WAKEUP_PIN,
     PLATFORM_ESP32,
     PLATFORM_ESP8266,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 
 WAKEUP_PINS = {
@@ -114,12 +116,20 @@ def validate_pin_number(value):
     return value
 
 
-def validate_config(config):
+def _validate_ex1_wakeup_mode(value):
-    if get_esp32_variant() == VARIANT_ESP32C3 and CONF_ESP32_EXT1_WAKEUP in config:
+    if value == "ALL_LOW":
-        raise cv.Invalid("ESP32-C3 does not support wakeup from touch.")
+        esp32.only_on_variant(supported=[VARIANT_ESP32], msg_prefix="ALL_LOW")(value)
-    if get_esp32_variant() == VARIANT_ESP32C3 and CONF_TOUCH_WAKEUP in config:
+    if value == "ANY_LOW":
-        raise cv.Invalid("ESP32-C3 does not support wakeup from ext1")
+        esp32.only_on_variant(
-    return config
+            supported=[
+                VARIANT_ESP32S2,
+                VARIANT_ESP32S3,
+                VARIANT_ESP32C6,
+                VARIANT_ESP32H2,
+            ],
+            msg_prefix="ANY_LOW",
+        )(value)
+    return value
 
 
 deep_sleep_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("deep_sleep")
@@ -146,6 +156,7 @@ WAKEUP_PIN_MODES = {
 esp_sleep_ext1_wakeup_mode_t = cg.global_ns.enum("esp_sleep_ext1_wakeup_mode_t")
 Ext1Wakeup = deep_sleep_ns.struct("Ext1Wakeup")
 EXT1_WAKEUP_MODES = {
+    "ANY_LOW": esp_sleep_ext1_wakeup_mode_t.ESP_EXT1_WAKEUP_ANY_LOW,
     "ALL_LOW": esp_sleep_ext1_wakeup_mode_t.ESP_EXT1_WAKEUP_ALL_LOW,
     "ANY_HIGH": esp_sleep_ext1_wakeup_mode_t.ESP_EXT1_WAKEUP_ANY_HIGH,
 }
@@ -185,16 +196,28 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             ),
             cv.Optional(CONF_ESP32_EXT1_WAKEUP): cv.All(
                 cv.only_on_esp32,
+                esp32.only_on_variant(
+                    unsupported=[VARIANT_ESP32C3], msg_prefix="Wakeup from ext1"
+                ),
                 cv.Schema(
                     {
                         cv.Required(CONF_PINS): cv.ensure_list(
                             pins.internal_gpio_input_pin_schema, validate_pin_number
                         ),
-                        cv.Required(CONF_MODE): cv.enum(EXT1_WAKEUP_MODES, upper=True),
+                        cv.Required(CONF_MODE): cv.All(
+                            cv.enum(EXT1_WAKEUP_MODES, upper=True),
+                            _validate_ex1_wakeup_mode,
+                        ),
                     }
                 ),
             ),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_TOUCH_WAKEUP): cv.All(cv.only_on_esp32, cv.boolean),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TOUCH_WAKEUP): cv.All(
+                cv.only_on_esp32,
+                esp32.only_on_variant(
+                    unsupported=[VARIANT_ESP32C3], msg_prefix="Wakeup from touch"
+                ),
+                cv.boolean,
+            ),
         }
     ).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA),
     cv.only_on([PLATFORM_ESP32, PLATFORM_ESP8266]),
@@ -313,3 +336,14 @@ async def deep_sleep_action_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg)
     await cg.register_parented(var, config[CONF_ID])
     return var
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "deep_sleep_esp32.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+        "deep_sleep_esp8266.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO},
+    }
+)

esphome/components/esp32/__init__.py

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def get_download_types(storage_json):
     ]
 
 
-def only_on_variant(*, supported=None, unsupported=None):
+def only_on_variant(*, supported=None, unsupported=None, msg_prefix="This feature"):
     """Config validator for features only available on some ESP32 variants."""
     if supported is not None and not isinstance(supported, list):
         supported = [supported]
@@ -200,11 +200,11 @@ def only_on_variant(*, supported=None, unsupported=None):
         variant = get_esp32_variant()
         if supported is not None and variant not in supported:
             raise cv.Invalid(
-                f"This feature is only available on {', '.join(supported)}"
+                f"{msg_prefix} is only available on {', '.join(supported)}"
             )
         if unsupported is not None and variant in unsupported:
             raise cv.Invalid(
-                f"This feature is not available on {', '.join(unsupported)}"
+                f"{msg_prefix} is not available on {', '.join(unsupported)}"
             )
         return obj
 

esphome/components/esp32/helpers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_ESP32
+
+#include "esp_efuse.h"
+#include "esp_efuse_table.h"
+#include "esp_mac.h"
+
+#include <freertos/FreeRTOS.h>
+#include <freertos/portmacro.h>
+#include "esp_random.h"
+#include "esp_system.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+uint32_t random_uint32() { return esp_random(); }
+bool random_bytes(uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+  esp_fill_random(data, len);
+  return true;
+}
+
+Mutex::Mutex() { handle_ = xSemaphoreCreateMutex(); }
+Mutex::~Mutex() {}
+void Mutex::lock() { xSemaphoreTake(this->handle_, portMAX_DELAY); }
+bool Mutex::try_lock() { return xSemaphoreTake(this->handle_, 0) == pdTRUE; }
+void Mutex::unlock() { xSemaphoreGive(this->handle_); }
+
+// only affects the executing core
+// so should not be used as a mutex lock, only to get accurate timing
+IRAM_ATTR InterruptLock::InterruptLock() { portDISABLE_INTERRUPTS(); }
+IRAM_ATTR InterruptLock::~InterruptLock() { portENABLE_INTERRUPTS(); }
+
+void get_mac_address_raw(uint8_t *mac) {  // NOLINT(readability-non-const-parameter)
+#if defined(CONFIG_SOC_IEEE802154_SUPPORTED)
+  // When CONFIG_SOC_IEEE802154_SUPPORTED is defined, esp_efuse_mac_get_default
+  // returns the 802.15.4 EUI-64 address, so we read directly from eFuse instead.
+  if (has_custom_mac_address()) {
+    esp_efuse_read_field_blob(ESP_EFUSE_MAC_CUSTOM, mac, 48);
+  } else {
+    esp_efuse_read_field_blob(ESP_EFUSE_MAC_FACTORY, mac, 48);
+  }
+#else
+  if (has_custom_mac_address()) {
+    esp_efuse_mac_get_custom(mac);
+  } else {
+    esp_efuse_mac_get_default(mac);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+void set_mac_address(uint8_t *mac) { esp_base_mac_addr_set(mac); }
+
+bool has_custom_mac_address() {
+#if !defined(USE_ESP32_IGNORE_EFUSE_CUSTOM_MAC)
+  uint8_t mac[6];
+  // do not use 'esp_efuse_mac_get_custom(mac)' because it drops an error in the logs whenever it fails
+#ifndef USE_ESP32_VARIANT_ESP32
+  return (esp_efuse_read_field_blob(ESP_EFUSE_USER_DATA_MAC_CUSTOM, mac, 48) == ESP_OK) && mac_address_is_valid(mac);
+#else
+  return (esp_efuse_read_field_blob(ESP_EFUSE_MAC_CUSTOM, mac, 48) == ESP_OK) && mac_address_is_valid(mac);
+#endif
+#else
+  return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome
+
+#endif  // USE_ESP32

esphome/components/esp32_ble/ble.h

@@ -25,10 +25,15 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace esp32_ble {
 
 // Maximum number of BLE scan results to buffer
+// Sized to handle bursts of advertisements while allowing for processing delays
+// With 16 advertisements per batch and some safety margin:
+// - Without PSRAM: 24 entries (1.5× batch size)
+// - With PSRAM: 36 entries (2.25× batch size)
+// The reduced structure size (~80 bytes vs ~400 bytes) allows for larger buffers
 #ifdef USE_PSRAM
-static constexpr uint8_t SCAN_RESULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 32;
+static constexpr uint8_t SCAN_RESULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 36;
 #else
-static constexpr uint8_t SCAN_RESULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 20;
+static constexpr uint8_t SCAN_RESULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 24;
 #endif
 
 // Maximum size of the BLE event queue - must be power of 2 for lock-free queue
@@ -51,7 +56,7 @@ enum IoCapability {
   IO_CAP_KBDISP = ESP_IO_CAP_KBDISP,
 };
 
-enum BLEComponentState {
+enum BLEComponentState : uint8_t {
   /** Nothing has been initialized yet. */
   BLE_COMPONENT_STATE_OFF = 0,
   /** BLE should be disabled on next loop. */
@@ -141,21 +146,31 @@ class ESP32BLE : public Component {
  private:
   template<typename... Args> friend void enqueue_ble_event(Args... args);
 
+  // Vectors (12 bytes each on 32-bit, naturally aligned to 4 bytes)
   std::vector<GAPEventHandler *> gap_event_handlers_;
   std::vector<GAPScanEventHandler *> gap_scan_event_handlers_;
   std::vector<GATTcEventHandler *> gattc_event_handlers_;
   std::vector<GATTsEventHandler *> gatts_event_handlers_;
   std::vector<BLEStatusEventHandler *> ble_status_event_handlers_;
-  BLEComponentState state_{BLE_COMPONENT_STATE_OFF};
 
+  // Large objects (size depends on template parameters, but typically aligned to 4 bytes)
   esphome::LockFreeQueue<BLEEvent, MAX_BLE_QUEUE_SIZE> ble_events_;
   esphome::EventPool<BLEEvent, MAX_BLE_QUEUE_SIZE> ble_event_pool_;
-  BLEAdvertising *advertising_{};
+
-  esp_ble_io_cap_t io_cap_{ESP_IO_CAP_NONE};
+  // optional<string> (typically 16+ bytes on 32-bit, aligned to 4 bytes)
-  uint32_t advertising_cycle_time_{};
-  bool enable_on_boot_{};
   optional<std::string> name_;
-  uint16_t appearance_{0};
+
+  // 4-byte aligned members
+  BLEAdvertising *advertising_{};             // 4 bytes (pointer)
+  esp_ble_io_cap_t io_cap_{ESP_IO_CAP_NONE};  // 4 bytes (enum)
+  uint32_t advertising_cycle_time_{};         // 4 bytes
+
+  // 2-byte aligned members
+  uint16_t appearance_{0};  // 2 bytes
+
+  // 1-byte aligned members (grouped together to minimize padding)
+  BLEComponentState state_{BLE_COMPONENT_STATE_OFF};  // 1 byte (uint8_t enum)
+  bool enable_on_boot_{};                             // 1 byte
 };
 
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)

esphome/components/esp32_camera/__init__.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from esphome.core.entity_helpers import setup_entity
 
 DEPENDENCIES = ["esp32"]
 
-AUTO_LOAD = ["psram"]
+AUTO_LOAD = ["camera", "psram"]
 
 esp32_camera_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("esp32_camera")
 ESP32Camera = esp32_camera_ns.class_("ESP32Camera", cg.PollingComponent, cg.EntityBase)
@@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ SETTERS = {
 
 
 async def to_code(config):
+    cg.add_define("USE_CAMERA")
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
     await setup_entity(var, config, "camera")
     await cg.register_component(var, config)

esphome/components/esp32_camera/esp32_camera.cpp

@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@ static const char *const TAG = "esp32_camera";
 
 /* ---------------- public API (derivated) ---------------- */
 void ESP32Camera::setup() {
-  global_esp32_camera = this;
-
 #ifdef USE_I2C
   if (this->i2c_bus_ != nullptr) {
     this->config_.sccb_i2c_port = this->i2c_bus_->get_port();
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ void ESP32Camera::setup() {
   xTaskCreatePinnedToCore(&ESP32Camera::framebuffer_task,
                           "framebuffer_task",  // name
                           1024,                // stack size
-                          nullptr,             // task pv params
+                          this,                // task pv params
                           1,                   // priority
                           nullptr,             // handle
                           1                    // core
@@ -176,7 +174,7 @@ void ESP32Camera::loop() {
   const uint32_t now = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
   if (this->idle_update_interval_ != 0 && now - this->last_idle_request_ > this->idle_update_interval_) {
     this->last_idle_request_ = now;
-    this->request_image(IDLE);
+    this->request_image(camera::IDLE);
   }
 
   // Check if we should fetch a new image
@@ -202,7 +200,7 @@ void ESP32Camera::loop() {
     xQueueSend(this->framebuffer_return_queue_, &fb, portMAX_DELAY);
     return;
   }
-  this->current_image_ = std::make_shared<CameraImage>(fb, this->single_requesters_ | this->stream_requesters_);
+  this->current_image_ = std::make_shared<ESP32CameraImage>(fb, this->single_requesters_ | this->stream_requesters_);
 
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Got Image: len=%u", fb->len);
   this->new_image_callback_.call(this->current_image_);
@@ -225,8 +223,6 @@ ESP32Camera::ESP32Camera() {
   this->config_.fb_count = 1;
   this->config_.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_WHEN_EMPTY;
   this->config_.fb_location = CAMERA_FB_IN_PSRAM;
-
-  global_esp32_camera = this;
 }
 
 /* ---------------- setters ---------------- */
@@ -356,7 +352,7 @@ void ESP32Camera::set_frame_buffer_count(uint8_t fb_count) {
 }
 
 /* ---------------- public API (specific) ---------------- */
-void ESP32Camera::add_image_callback(std::function<void(std::shared_ptr<CameraImage>)> &&callback) {
+void ESP32Camera::add_image_callback(std::function<void(std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage>)> &&callback) {
   this->new_image_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
 void ESP32Camera::add_stream_start_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
@@ -365,15 +361,16 @@ void ESP32Camera::add_stream_start_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
 void ESP32Camera::add_stream_stop_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback) {
   this->stream_stop_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
-void ESP32Camera::start_stream(CameraRequester requester) {
+void ESP32Camera::start_stream(camera::CameraRequester requester) {
   this->stream_start_callback_.call();
   this->stream_requesters_ |= (1U << requester);
 }
-void ESP32Camera::stop_stream(CameraRequester requester) {
+void ESP32Camera::stop_stream(camera::CameraRequester requester) {
   this->stream_stop_callback_.call();
   this->stream_requesters_ &= ~(1U << requester);
 }
-void ESP32Camera::request_image(CameraRequester requester) { this->single_requesters_ |= (1U << requester); }
+void ESP32Camera::request_image(camera::CameraRequester requester) { this->single_requesters_ |= (1U << requester); }
+camera::CameraImageReader *ESP32Camera::create_image_reader() { return new ESP32CameraImageReader; }
 void ESP32Camera::update_camera_parameters() {
   sensor_t *s = esp_camera_sensor_get();
   /* update image */
@@ -402,39 +399,39 @@ void ESP32Camera::update_camera_parameters() {
 bool ESP32Camera::has_requested_image_() const { return this->single_requesters_ || this->stream_requesters_; }
 bool ESP32Camera::can_return_image_() const { return this->current_image_.use_count() == 1; }
 void ESP32Camera::framebuffer_task(void *pv) {
+  ESP32Camera *that = (ESP32Camera *) pv;
   while (true) {
     camera_fb_t *framebuffer = esp_camera_fb_get();
-    xQueueSend(global_esp32_camera->framebuffer_get_queue_, &framebuffer, portMAX_DELAY);
+    xQueueSend(that->framebuffer_get_queue_, &framebuffer, portMAX_DELAY);
     // return is no-op for config with 1 fb
-    xQueueReceive(global_esp32_camera->framebuffer_return_queue_, &framebuffer, portMAX_DELAY);
+    xQueueReceive(that->framebuffer_return_queue_, &framebuffer, portMAX_DELAY);
     esp_camera_fb_return(framebuffer);
   }
 }
 
-ESP32Camera *global_esp32_camera;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+/* ---------------- ESP32CameraImageReader class ----------- */
-
+void ESP32CameraImageReader::set_image(std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> image) {
-/* ---------------- CameraImageReader class ---------------- */
+  this->image_ = std::static_pointer_cast<ESP32CameraImage>(image);
-void CameraImageReader::set_image(std::shared_ptr<CameraImage> image) {
-  this->image_ = std::move(image);
   this->offset_ = 0;
 }
-size_t CameraImageReader::available() const {
+size_t ESP32CameraImageReader::available() const {
   if (!this->image_)
     return 0;
 
   return this->image_->get_data_length() - this->offset_;
 }
-void CameraImageReader::return_image() { this->image_.reset(); }
+void ESP32CameraImageReader::return_image() { this->image_.reset(); }
-void CameraImageReader::consume_data(size_t consumed) { this->offset_ += consumed; }
+void ESP32CameraImageReader::consume_data(size_t consumed) { this->offset_ += consumed; }
-uint8_t *CameraImageReader::peek_data_buffer() { return this->image_->get_data_buffer() + this->offset_; }
+uint8_t *ESP32CameraImageReader::peek_data_buffer() { return this->image_->get_data_buffer() + this->offset_; }
 
-/* ---------------- CameraImage class ---------------- */
+/* ---------------- ESP32CameraImage class ----------- */
-CameraImage::CameraImage(camera_fb_t *buffer, uint8_t requesters) : buffer_(buffer), requesters_(requesters) {}
+ESP32CameraImage::ESP32CameraImage(camera_fb_t *buffer, uint8_t requesters)
+    : buffer_(buffer), requesters_(requesters) {}
 
-camera_fb_t *CameraImage::get_raw_buffer() { return this->buffer_; }
+camera_fb_t *ESP32CameraImage::get_raw_buffer() { return this->buffer_; }
-uint8_t *CameraImage::get_data_buffer() { return this->buffer_->buf; }
+uint8_t *ESP32CameraImage::get_data_buffer() { return this->buffer_->buf; }
-size_t CameraImage::get_data_length() { return this->buffer_->len; }
+size_t ESP32CameraImage::get_data_length() { return this->buffer_->len; }
-bool CameraImage::was_requested_by(CameraRequester requester) const {
+bool ESP32CameraImage::was_requested_by(camera::CameraRequester requester) const {
   return (this->requesters_ & (1 << requester)) != 0;
 }
 

esphome/components/esp32_camera/esp32_camera.h

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <freertos/queue.h>
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
-#include "esphome/core/entity_base.h"
+#include "esphome/components/camera/camera.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 #ifdef USE_I2C
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@ namespace esp32_camera {
 
 class ESP32Camera;
 
-/* ---------------- enum classes ---------------- */
-enum CameraRequester { IDLE, API_REQUESTER, WEB_REQUESTER };
-
 enum ESP32CameraFrameSize {
   ESP32_CAMERA_SIZE_160X120,    // QQVGA
   ESP32_CAMERA_SIZE_176X144,    // QCIF
@@ -77,13 +74,13 @@ enum ESP32SpecialEffect {
 };
 
 /* ---------------- CameraImage class ---------------- */
-class CameraImage {
+class ESP32CameraImage : public camera::CameraImage {
  public:
-  CameraImage(camera_fb_t *buffer, uint8_t requester);
+  ESP32CameraImage(camera_fb_t *buffer, uint8_t requester);
   camera_fb_t *get_raw_buffer();
-  uint8_t *get_data_buffer();
+  uint8_t *get_data_buffer() override;
-  size_t get_data_length();
+  size_t get_data_length() override;
-  bool was_requested_by(CameraRequester requester) const;
+  bool was_requested_by(camera::CameraRequester requester) const override;
 
  protected:
   camera_fb_t *buffer_;
@@ -96,21 +93,21 @@ struct CameraImageData {
 };
 
 /* ---------------- CameraImageReader class ---------------- */
-class CameraImageReader {
+class ESP32CameraImageReader : public camera::CameraImageReader {
  public:
-  void set_image(std::shared_ptr<CameraImage> image);
+  void set_image(std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> image) override;
-  size_t available() const;
+  size_t available() const override;
-  uint8_t *peek_data_buffer();
+  uint8_t *peek_data_buffer() override;
-  void consume_data(size_t consumed);
+  void consume_data(size_t consumed) override;
-  void return_image();
+  void return_image() override;
 
  protected:
-  std::shared_ptr<CameraImage> image_;
+  std::shared_ptr<ESP32CameraImage> image_;
   size_t offset_{0};
 };
 
 /* ---------------- ESP32Camera class ---------------- */
-class ESP32Camera : public EntityBase, public Component {
+class ESP32Camera : public camera::Camera {
  public:
   ESP32Camera();
 
@@ -162,14 +159,15 @@ class ESP32Camera : public EntityBase, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
   float get_setup_priority() const override;
   /* public API (specific) */
-  void start_stream(CameraRequester requester);
+  void start_stream(camera::CameraRequester requester) override;
-  void stop_stream(CameraRequester requester);
+  void stop_stream(camera::CameraRequester requester) override;
-  void request_image(CameraRequester requester);
+  void request_image(camera::CameraRequester requester) override;
   void update_camera_parameters();
 
-  void add_image_callback(std::function<void(std::shared_ptr<CameraImage>)> &&callback);
+  void add_image_callback(std::function<void(std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage>)> &&callback) override;
   void add_stream_start_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
   void add_stream_stop_callback(std::function<void()> &&callback);
+  camera::CameraImageReader *create_image_reader() override;
 
  protected:
   /* internal methods */
@@ -206,12 +204,12 @@ class ESP32Camera : public EntityBase, public Component {
   uint32_t idle_update_interval_{15000};
 
   esp_err_t init_error_{ESP_OK};
-  std::shared_ptr<CameraImage> current_image_;
+  std::shared_ptr<ESP32CameraImage> current_image_;
   uint8_t single_requesters_{0};
   uint8_t stream_requesters_{0};
   QueueHandle_t framebuffer_get_queue_;
   QueueHandle_t framebuffer_return_queue_;
-  CallbackManager<void(std::shared_ptr<CameraImage>)> new_image_callback_{};
+  CallbackManager<void(std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage>)> new_image_callback_{};
   CallbackManager<void()> stream_start_callback_{};
   CallbackManager<void()> stream_stop_callback_{};
 
@@ -222,13 +220,10 @@ class ESP32Camera : public EntityBase, public Component {
 #endif  // USE_I2C
 };
 
-// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
-extern ESP32Camera *global_esp32_camera;
-
 class ESP32CameraImageTrigger : public Trigger<CameraImageData> {
  public:
   explicit ESP32CameraImageTrigger(ESP32Camera *parent) {
-    parent->add_image_callback([this](const std::shared_ptr<esp32_camera::CameraImage> &image) {
+    parent->add_image_callback([this](const std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> &image) {
       CameraImageData camera_image_data{};
       camera_image_data.length = image->get_data_length();
       camera_image_data.data = image->get_data_buffer();

esphome/components/esp32_camera_web_server/__init__.py

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_ID, CONF_MODE, CONF_PORT
 
 CODEOWNERS = ["@ayufan"]
-DEPENDENCIES = ["esp32_camera", "network"]
+AUTO_LOAD = ["camera"]
+DEPENDENCIES = ["network"]
 MULTI_CONF = True
 
 esp32_camera_web_server_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("esp32_camera_web_server")

esphome/components/esp32_camera_web_server/camera_web_server.cpp

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ CameraWebServer::CameraWebServer() {}
 CameraWebServer::~CameraWebServer() {}
 
 void CameraWebServer::setup() {
-  if (!esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera || esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->is_failed()) {
+  if (!camera::Camera::instance() || camera::Camera::instance()->is_failed()) {
     this->mark_failed();
     return;
   }
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ void CameraWebServer::setup() {
 
   httpd_register_uri_handler(this->httpd_, &uri);
 
-  esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->add_image_callback([this](std::shared_ptr<esp32_camera::CameraImage> image) {
+  camera::Camera::instance()->add_image_callback([this](std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> image) {
-    if (this->running_ && image->was_requested_by(esp32_camera::WEB_REQUESTER)) {
+    if (this->running_ && image->was_requested_by(camera::WEB_REQUESTER)) {
       this->image_ = std::move(image);
       xSemaphoreGive(this->semaphore_);
     }
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ void CameraWebServer::loop() {
   }
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<esphome::esp32_camera::CameraImage> CameraWebServer::wait_for_image_() {
+std::shared_ptr<esphome::camera::CameraImage> CameraWebServer::wait_for_image_() {
-  std::shared_ptr<esphome::esp32_camera::CameraImage> image;
+  std::shared_ptr<esphome::camera::CameraImage> image;
   image.swap(this->image_);
 
   if (!image) {
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ esp_err_t CameraWebServer::streaming_handler_(struct httpd_req *req) {
   uint32_t last_frame = millis();
   uint32_t frames = 0;
 
-  esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->start_stream(esphome::esp32_camera::WEB_REQUESTER);
+  camera::Camera::instance()->start_stream(esphome::camera::WEB_REQUESTER);
 
   while (res == ESP_OK && this->running_) {
     auto image = this->wait_for_image_();
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ esp_err_t CameraWebServer::streaming_handler_(struct httpd_req *req) {
     res = httpd_send_all(req, STREAM_ERROR, strlen(STREAM_ERROR));
   }
 
-  esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->stop_stream(esphome::esp32_camera::WEB_REQUESTER);
+  camera::Camera::instance()->stop_stream(esphome::camera::WEB_REQUESTER);
 
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "STREAM: closed. Frames: %" PRIu32, frames);
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ esp_err_t CameraWebServer::streaming_handler_(struct httpd_req *req) {
 esp_err_t CameraWebServer::snapshot_handler_(struct httpd_req *req) {
   esp_err_t res = ESP_OK;
 
-  esp32_camera::global_esp32_camera->request_image(esphome::esp32_camera::WEB_REQUESTER);
+  camera::Camera::instance()->request_image(esphome::camera::WEB_REQUESTER);
 
   auto image = this->wait_for_image_();
 

esphome/components/esp32_camera_web_server/camera_web_server.h

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <freertos/FreeRTOS.h>
 #include <freertos/semphr.h>
 
-#include "esphome/components/esp32_camera/esp32_camera.h"
+#include "esphome/components/camera/camera.h"
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/preferences.h"
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class CameraWebServer : public Component {
   void loop() override;
 
  protected:
-  std::shared_ptr<esphome::esp32_camera::CameraImage> wait_for_image_();
+  std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> wait_for_image_();
   esp_err_t handler_(struct httpd_req *req);
   esp_err_t streaming_handler_(struct httpd_req *req);
   esp_err_t snapshot_handler_(struct httpd_req *req);
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class CameraWebServer : public Component {
   uint16_t port_{0};
   void *httpd_{nullptr};
   SemaphoreHandle_t semaphore_;
-  std::shared_ptr<esphome::esp32_camera::CameraImage> image_;
+  std::shared_ptr<camera::CameraImage> image_;
   bool running_{false};
   Mode mode_{STREAM};
 };

esphome/components/esp8266/helpers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_ESP8266
+
+#include <osapi.h>
+#include <user_interface.h>
+// for xt_rsil()/xt_wsr_ps()
+#include <Arduino.h>
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+uint32_t random_uint32() { return os_random(); }
+bool random_bytes(uint8_t *data, size_t len) { return os_get_random(data, len) == 0; }
+
+// ESP8266 doesn't have mutexes, but that shouldn't be an issue as it's single-core and non-preemptive OS.
+Mutex::Mutex() {}
+Mutex::~Mutex() {}
+void Mutex::lock() {}
+bool Mutex::try_lock() { return true; }
+void Mutex::unlock() {}
+
+IRAM_ATTR InterruptLock::InterruptLock() { state_ = xt_rsil(15); }
+IRAM_ATTR InterruptLock::~InterruptLock() { xt_wsr_ps(state_); }
+
+void get_mac_address_raw(uint8_t *mac) {  // NOLINT(readability-non-const-parameter)
+  wifi_get_macaddr(STATION_IF, mac);
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome
+
+#endif  // USE_ESP8266

esphome/components/gl_r01_i2c/gl_r01_i2c.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "gl_r01_i2c.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace gl_r01_i2c {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "gl_r01_i2c";
+
+// Register definitions from datasheet
+static const uint8_t REG_VERSION = 0x00;
+static const uint8_t REG_DISTANCE = 0x02;
+static const uint8_t REG_TRIGGER = 0x10;
+static const uint8_t CMD_TRIGGER = 0xB0;
+static const uint8_t RESTART_CMD1 = 0x5A;
+static const uint8_t RESTART_CMD2 = 0xA5;
+static const uint8_t READ_DELAY = 40;  // minimum milliseconds from datasheet to safely read measurement result
+
+void GLR01I2CComponent::setup() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Setting up GL-R01 I2C...");
+  // Verify sensor presence
+  if (!this->read_byte_16(REG_VERSION, &this->version_)) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to communicate with GL-R01 I2C sensor!");
+    this->mark_failed();
+    return;
+  }
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Found GL-R01 I2C with version 0x%04X", this->version_);
+}
+
+void GLR01I2CComponent::dump_config() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "GL-R01 I2C:");
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, " Firmware Version: 0x%04X", this->version_);
+  LOG_I2C_DEVICE(this);
+  LOG_SENSOR(" ", "Distance", this);
+}
+
+void GLR01I2CComponent::update() {
+  // Trigger a new measurement
+  if (!this->write_byte(REG_TRIGGER, CMD_TRIGGER)) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to trigger measurement!");
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Schedule reading the result after the read delay
+  this->set_timeout(READ_DELAY, [this]() { this->read_distance_(); });
+}
+
+void GLR01I2CComponent::read_distance_() {
+  uint16_t distance = 0;
+  if (!this->read_byte_16(REG_DISTANCE, &distance)) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to read distance value!");
+    this->status_set_warning();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (distance == 0xFFFF) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid measurement received!");
+    this->status_set_warning();
+  } else {
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance: %umm", distance);
+    this->publish_state(distance);
+    this->status_clear_warning();
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace gl_r01_i2c
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/gl_r01_i2c/gl_r01_i2c.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
+#include "esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace gl_r01_i2c {
+
+class GLR01I2CComponent : public sensor::Sensor, public i2c::I2CDevice, public PollingComponent {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  void dump_config() override;
+  void update() override;
+
+ protected:
+  void read_distance_();
+  uint16_t version_{0};
+};
+
+}  // namespace gl_r01_i2c
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/gl_r01_i2c/sensor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.components import i2c, sensor
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_ID,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_DISTANCE,
+    STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+    UNIT_MILLIMETER,
+)
+
+CODEOWNERS = ["@pkejval"]
+DEPENDENCIES = ["i2c"]
+
+gl_r01_i2c_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("gl_r01_i2c")
+GLR01I2CComponent = gl_r01_i2c_ns.class_(
+    "GLR01I2CComponent", i2c.I2CDevice, cg.PollingComponent
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
+    sensor.sensor_schema(
+        GLR01I2CComponent,
+        unit_of_measurement=UNIT_MILLIMETER,
+        accuracy_decimals=0,
+        device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_DISTANCE,
+        state_class=STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+    )
+    .extend(cv.polling_component_schema("60s"))
+    .extend(i2c.i2c_device_schema(0x74))
+)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)
+    await sensor.register_sensor(var, config)
+    await i2c.register_i2c_device(var, config)

esphome/components/host/helpers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_HOST
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#endif
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <limits>
+#include <random>
+
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "helpers.host";
+
+uint32_t random_uint32() {
+  std::random_device dev;
+  std::mt19937 rng(dev());
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<uint32_t> dist(0, std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max());
+  return dist(rng);
+}
+
+bool random_bytes(uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+  FILE *fp = fopen("/dev/urandom", "r");
+  if (fp == nullptr) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Could not open /dev/urandom, errno=%d", errno);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  size_t read = fread(data, 1, len, fp);
+  if (read != len) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Not enough data from /dev/urandom");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  fclose(fp);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Host platform uses std::mutex for proper thread synchronization
+Mutex::Mutex() { handle_ = new std::mutex(); }
+Mutex::~Mutex() { delete static_cast<std::mutex *>(handle_); }
+void Mutex::lock() { static_cast<std::mutex *>(handle_)->lock(); }
+bool Mutex::try_lock() { return static_cast<std::mutex *>(handle_)->try_lock(); }
+void Mutex::unlock() { static_cast<std::mutex *>(handle_)->unlock(); }
+
+void get_mac_address_raw(uint8_t *mac) {  // NOLINT(readability-non-const-parameter)
+  static const uint8_t esphome_host_mac_address[6] = USE_ESPHOME_HOST_MAC_ADDRESS;
+  memcpy(mac, esphome_host_mac_address, sizeof(esphome_host_mac_address));
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome
+
+#endif  // USE_HOST

esphome/components/http_request/__init__.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import esp32
 from esphome.components.const import CONF_REQUEST_HEADERS
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ESP8266_DISABLE_SSL_SUPPORT,
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_URL,
     CONF_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT,
     PLATFORM_HOST,
+    PlatformFramework,
     __version__,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, Lambda
@@ -319,3 +321,19 @@ async def http_request_action_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
         await automation.build_automation(trigger, [], conf)
 
     return var
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "http_request_host.cpp": {PlatformFramework.HOST_NATIVE},
+        "http_request_arduino.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RP2040_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+        "http_request_idf.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF},
+    }
+)

esphome/components/http_request/update/http_request_update.cpp

@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ void HttpRequestUpdate::update_task(void *params) {
 
   if (container == nullptr || container->status_code != HTTP_STATUS_OK) {
     std::string msg = str_sprintf("Failed to fetch manifest from %s", this_update->source_url_.c_str());
-    this_update->status_set_error(msg.c_str());
+    // Defer to main loop to avoid race condition on component_state_ read-modify-write
+    this_update->defer([this_update, msg]() { this_update->status_set_error(msg.c_str()); });
     UPDATE_RETURN;
   }
 
@@ -58,7 +59,8 @@ void HttpRequestUpdate::update_task(void *params) {
   uint8_t *data = allocator.allocate(container->content_length);
   if (data == nullptr) {
     std::string msg = str_sprintf("Failed to allocate %zu bytes for manifest", container->content_length);
-    this_update->status_set_error(msg.c_str());
+    // Defer to main loop to avoid race condition on component_state_ read-modify-write
+    this_update->defer([this_update, msg]() { this_update->status_set_error(msg.c_str()); });
     container->end();
     UPDATE_RETURN;
   }
@@ -120,7 +122,8 @@ void HttpRequestUpdate::update_task(void *params) {
 
   if (!valid) {
     std::string msg = str_sprintf("Failed to parse JSON from %s", this_update->source_url_.c_str());
-    this_update->status_set_error(msg.c_str());
+    // Defer to main loop to avoid race condition on component_state_ read-modify-write
+    this_update->defer([this_update, msg]() { this_update->status_set_error(msg.c_str()); });
     UPDATE_RETURN;
   }
 
@@ -147,18 +150,34 @@ void HttpRequestUpdate::update_task(void *params) {
     this_update->update_info_.current_version = current_version;
   }
 
+  bool trigger_update_available = false;
+
   if (this_update->update_info_.latest_version.empty() ||
       this_update->update_info_.latest_version == this_update->update_info_.current_version) {
     this_update->state_ = update::UPDATE_STATE_NO_UPDATE;
   } else {
+    if (this_update->state_ != update::UPDATE_STATE_AVAILABLE) {
+      trigger_update_available = true;
+    }
     this_update->state_ = update::UPDATE_STATE_AVAILABLE;
   }
 
-  this_update->update_info_.has_progress = false;
+  // Defer to main loop to ensure thread-safe execution of:
-  this_update->update_info_.progress = 0.0f;
+  // - status_clear_error() performs non-atomic read-modify-write on component_state_
+  // - publish_state() triggers API callbacks that write to the shared protobuf buffer
+  //   which can be corrupted if accessed concurrently from task and main loop threads
+  // - update_available trigger to ensure consistent state when the trigger fires
+  this_update->defer([this_update, trigger_update_available]() {
+    this_update->update_info_.has_progress = false;
+    this_update->update_info_.progress = 0.0f;
 
-  this_update->status_clear_error();
+    this_update->status_clear_error();
-  this_update->publish_state();
+    this_update->publish_state();
+
+    if (trigger_update_available) {
+      this_update->get_update_available_trigger()->trigger(this_update->update_info_);
+    }
+  });
 
   UPDATE_RETURN;
 }

esphome/components/hydreon_rgxx/sensor.py

@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
             cv.Optional(CONF_MOISTURE): sensor.sensor_schema(
                 unit_of_measurement=UNIT_INTENSITY,
                 accuracy_decimals=0,
-                device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_PRECIPITATION_INTENSITY,
                 state_class=STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+                icon="mdi:weather-rainy",
             ),
             cv.Optional(CONF_TEMPERATURE): sensor.sensor_schema(
                 unit_of_measurement=UNIT_CELSIUS,

esphome/components/i2c/__init__.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import logging
 from esphome import pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import esp32
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ADDRESS,
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     PLATFORM_ESP32,
     PLATFORM_ESP8266,
     PLATFORM_RP2040,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, coroutine_with_priority
 import esphome.final_validate as fv
@@ -205,3 +207,18 @@ def final_validate_device_schema(
         {cv.Required(CONF_I2C_ID): fv.id_declaration_match_schema(hub_schema)},
         extra=cv.ALLOW_EXTRA,
     )
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "i2c_bus_arduino.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RP2040_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+        "i2c_bus_esp_idf.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF},
+    }
+)

esphome/components/image/__init__.py

@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@ from PIL import Image, UnidentifiedImageError
 
 from esphome import core, external_files
 import esphome.codegen as cg
+from esphome.components.const import CONF_BYTE_ORDER
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_DEFAULTS,
     CONF_DITHER,
     CONF_FILE,
     CONF_ICON,
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ CONF_OPAQUE = "opaque"
 CONF_CHROMA_KEY = "chroma_key"
 CONF_ALPHA_CHANNEL = "alpha_channel"
 CONF_INVERT_ALPHA = "invert_alpha"
+CONF_IMAGES = "images"
 
 TRANSPARENCY_TYPES = (
     CONF_OPAQUE,
@@ -188,6 +191,10 @@ class ImageRGB565(ImageEncoder):
             dither,
             invert_alpha,
         )
+        self.big_endian = True
+
+    def set_big_endian(self, big_endian: bool) -> None:
+        self.big_endian = big_endian
 
     def convert(self, image, path):
         return image.convert("RGBA")
@@ -205,10 +212,16 @@ class ImageRGB565(ImageEncoder):
                 g = 1
                 b = 0
         rgb = (r << 11) | (g << 5) | b
-        self.data[self.index] = rgb >> 8
+        if self.big_endian:
-        self.index += 1
+            self.data[self.index] = rgb >> 8
-        self.data[self.index] = rgb & 0xFF
+            self.index += 1
-        self.index += 1
+            self.data[self.index] = rgb & 0xFF
+            self.index += 1
+        else:
+            self.data[self.index] = rgb & 0xFF
+            self.index += 1
+            self.data[self.index] = rgb >> 8
+            self.index += 1
         if self.transparency == CONF_ALPHA_CHANNEL:
             if self.invert_alpha:
                 a ^= 0xFF
@@ -364,7 +377,7 @@ def validate_file_shorthand(value):
     value = cv.string_strict(value)
     parts = value.strip().split(":")
     if len(parts) == 2 and parts[0] in MDI_SOURCES:
-        match = re.match(r"[a-zA-Z0-9\-]+", parts[1])
+        match = re.match(r"^[a-zA-Z0-9\-]+$", parts[1])
         if match is None:
             raise cv.Invalid(f"Could not parse mdi icon name from '{value}'.")
         return download_gh_svg(parts[1], parts[0])
@@ -434,20 +447,29 @@ def validate_type(image_types):
 
 
 def validate_settings(value):
-    type = value[CONF_TYPE]
+    """
+    Validate the settings for a single image configuration.
+    """
+    conf_type = value[CONF_TYPE]
+    type_class = IMAGE_TYPE[conf_type]
     transparency = value[CONF_TRANSPARENCY].lower()
-    allow_config = IMAGE_TYPE[type].allow_config
+    if transparency not in type_class.allow_config:
-    if transparency not in allow_config:
         raise cv.Invalid(
-            f"Image format '{type}' cannot have transparency: {transparency}"
+            f"Image format '{conf_type}' cannot have transparency: {transparency}"
         )
     invert_alpha = value.get(CONF_INVERT_ALPHA, False)
     if (
         invert_alpha
         and transparency != CONF_ALPHA_CHANNEL
-        and CONF_INVERT_ALPHA not in allow_config
+        and CONF_INVERT_ALPHA not in type_class.allow_config
     ):
         raise cv.Invalid("No alpha channel to invert")
+    if value.get(CONF_BYTE_ORDER) is not None and not callable(
+        getattr(type_class, "set_big_endian", None)
+    ):
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            f"Image format '{conf_type}' does not support byte order configuration"
+        )
     if file := value.get(CONF_FILE):
         file = Path(file)
         if is_svg_file(file):
@@ -456,31 +478,82 @@ def validate_settings(value):
             try:
                 Image.open(file)
             except UnidentifiedImageError as exc:
-                raise cv.Invalid(f"File can't be opened as image: {file}") from exc
+                raise cv.Invalid(
+                    f"File can't be opened as image: {file.absolute()}"
+                ) from exc
     return value
 
 
+IMAGE_ID_SCHEMA = {
+    cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.declare_id(Image_),
+    cv.Required(CONF_FILE): cv.Any(validate_file_shorthand, TYPED_FILE_SCHEMA),
+    cv.GenerateID(CONF_RAW_DATA_ID): cv.declare_id(cg.uint8),
+}
+
+
+OPTIONS_SCHEMA = {
+    cv.Optional(CONF_RESIZE): cv.dimensions,
+    cv.Optional(CONF_DITHER, default="NONE"): cv.one_of(
+        "NONE", "FLOYDSTEINBERG", upper=True
+    ),
+    cv.Optional(CONF_INVERT_ALPHA, default=False): cv.boolean,
+    cv.Optional(CONF_BYTE_ORDER): cv.one_of("BIG_ENDIAN", "LITTLE_ENDIAN", upper=True),
+    cv.Optional(CONF_TRANSPARENCY, default=CONF_OPAQUE): validate_transparency(),
+    cv.Optional(CONF_TYPE): validate_type(IMAGE_TYPE),
+}
+
+OPTIONS = [key.schema for key in OPTIONS_SCHEMA]
+
+# image schema with no defaults, used with `CONF_IMAGES` in the config
+IMAGE_SCHEMA_NO_DEFAULTS = {
+    **IMAGE_ID_SCHEMA,
+    **{cv.Optional(key): OPTIONS_SCHEMA[key] for key in OPTIONS},
+}
+
 BASE_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
     {
-        cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.declare_id(Image_),
+        **IMAGE_ID_SCHEMA,
-        cv.Required(CONF_FILE): cv.Any(validate_file_shorthand, TYPED_FILE_SCHEMA),
+        **OPTIONS_SCHEMA,
-        cv.Optional(CONF_RESIZE): cv.dimensions,
-        cv.Optional(CONF_DITHER, default="NONE"): cv.one_of(
-            "NONE", "FLOYDSTEINBERG", upper=True
-        ),
-        cv.Optional(CONF_INVERT_ALPHA, default=False): cv.boolean,
-        cv.GenerateID(CONF_RAW_DATA_ID): cv.declare_id(cg.uint8),
     }
 ).add_extra(validate_settings)
 
 IMAGE_SCHEMA = BASE_SCHEMA.extend(
     {
         cv.Required(CONF_TYPE): validate_type(IMAGE_TYPE),
-        cv.Optional(CONF_TRANSPARENCY, default=CONF_OPAQUE): validate_transparency(),
     }
 )
 
 
+def validate_defaults(value):
+    """
+    Validate the options for images with defaults
+    """
+    defaults = value[CONF_DEFAULTS]
+    result = []
+    for index, image in enumerate(value[CONF_IMAGES]):
+        type = image.get(CONF_TYPE, defaults.get(CONF_TYPE))
+        if type is None:
+            raise cv.Invalid(
+                "Type is required either in the image config or in the defaults",
+                path=[CONF_IMAGES, index],
+            )
+        type_class = IMAGE_TYPE[type]
+        # A default byte order should be simply ignored if the type does not support it
+        available_options = [*OPTIONS]
+        if (
+            not callable(getattr(type_class, "set_big_endian", None))
+            and CONF_BYTE_ORDER not in image
+        ):
+            available_options.remove(CONF_BYTE_ORDER)
+        config = {
+            **{key: image.get(key, defaults.get(key)) for key in available_options},
+            **{key.schema: image[key.schema] for key in IMAGE_ID_SCHEMA},
+        }
+        validate_settings(config)
+        result.append(config)
+    return result
+
+
 def typed_image_schema(image_type):
     """
     Construct a schema for a specific image type, allowing transparency options
@@ -523,10 +596,33 @@ def typed_image_schema(image_type):
 
 # The config schema can be a (possibly empty) single list of images,
 # or a dictionary of image types each with a list of images
-CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Any(
+# or a dictionary with keys `defaults:` and `images:`
-    cv.Schema({cv.Optional(t.lower()): typed_image_schema(t) for t in IMAGE_TYPE}),
+
-    cv.ensure_list(IMAGE_SCHEMA),
+
-)
+def _config_schema(config):
+    if isinstance(config, list):
+        return cv.Schema([IMAGE_SCHEMA])(config)
+    if not isinstance(config, dict):
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            "Badly formed image configuration, expected a list or a dictionary"
+        )
+    if CONF_DEFAULTS in config or CONF_IMAGES in config:
+        return validate_defaults(
+            cv.Schema(
+                {
+                    cv.Required(CONF_DEFAULTS): OPTIONS_SCHEMA,
+                    cv.Required(CONF_IMAGES): cv.ensure_list(IMAGE_SCHEMA_NO_DEFAULTS),
+                }
+            )(config)
+        )
+    if CONF_ID in config or CONF_FILE in config:
+        return cv.ensure_list(IMAGE_SCHEMA)([config])
+    return cv.Schema(
+        {cv.Optional(t.lower()): typed_image_schema(t) for t in IMAGE_TYPE}
+    )(config)
+
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = _config_schema
 
 
 async def write_image(config, all_frames=False):
@@ -585,6 +681,9 @@ async def write_image(config, all_frames=False):
 
     total_rows = height * frame_count
     encoder = IMAGE_TYPE[type](width, total_rows, transparency, dither, invert_alpha)
+    if byte_order := config.get(CONF_BYTE_ORDER):
+        # Check for valid type has already been done in validate_settings
+        encoder.set_big_endian(byte_order == "BIG_ENDIAN")
     for frame_index in range(frame_count):
         image.seek(frame_index)
         pixels = encoder.convert(image.resize((width, height)), path).getdata()

esphome/components/inkplate6/display.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from esphome import pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import display, i2c
+from esphome.components.esp32 import CONF_CPU_FREQUENCY
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_FULL_UPDATE_EVERY,
@@ -13,7 +14,9 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_PAGES,
     CONF_TRANSFORM,
     CONF_WAKEUP_PIN,
+    PLATFORM_ESP32,
 )
+import esphome.final_validate as fv
 
 DEPENDENCIES = ["i2c", "esp32"]
 AUTO_LOAD = ["psram"]
@@ -120,6 +123,18 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 )
 
 
+def _validate_cpu_frequency(config):
+    esp32_config = fv.full_config.get()[PLATFORM_ESP32]
+    if esp32_config[CONF_CPU_FREQUENCY] != "240MHZ":
+        raise cv.Invalid(
+            "Inkplate requires 240MHz CPU frequency (set in esp32 component)"
+        )
+    return config
+
+
+FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = _validate_cpu_frequency
+
+
 async def to_code(config):
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
 

esphome/components/ld2410/button/__init__.py

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ from esphome.const import (
 
 from .. import CONF_LD2410_ID, LD2410Component, ld2410_ns
 
+FactoryResetButton = ld2410_ns.class_("FactoryResetButton", button.Button)
 QueryButton = ld2410_ns.class_("QueryButton", button.Button)
-ResetButton = ld2410_ns.class_("ResetButton", button.Button)
 RestartButton = ld2410_ns.class_("RestartButton", button.Button)
 
 CONF_QUERY_PARAMS = "query_params"
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ CONF_QUERY_PARAMS = "query_params"
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
     cv.GenerateID(CONF_LD2410_ID): cv.use_id(LD2410Component),
     cv.Optional(CONF_FACTORY_RESET): button.button_schema(
-        ResetButton,
+        FactoryResetButton,
         device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_RESTART,
         entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG,
         icon=ICON_RESTART_ALERT,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
     if factory_reset_config := config.get(CONF_FACTORY_RESET):
         b = await button.new_button(factory_reset_config)
         await cg.register_parented(b, config[CONF_LD2410_ID])
-        cg.add(ld2410_component.set_reset_button(b))
+        cg.add(ld2410_component.set_factory_reset_button(b))
     if restart_config := config.get(CONF_RESTART):
         b = await button.new_button(restart_config)
         await cg.register_parented(b, config[CONF_LD2410_ID])

esphome/components/ld2410/button/factory_reset_button.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "factory_reset_button.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace ld2410 {
+
+void FactoryResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
+
+}  // namespace ld2410
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/ld2410/button/factory_reset_button.h

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
-class ResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
+class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
-  ResetButton() = default;
+  FactoryResetButton() = default;
 
  protected:
   void press_action() override;

esphome/components/ld2410/button/reset_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#include "reset_button.h"
-
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
-
-void ResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
-
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.cpp

@@ -18,11 +18,10 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2410";
-static const char *const NO_MAC = "08:05:04:03:02:01";
 static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
 static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
-enum BaudRateStructure : uint8_t {
+enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
   BAUD_RATE_19200 = 2,
   BAUD_RATE_38400 = 3,
@@ -33,23 +32,23 @@ enum BaudRateStructure : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_460800 = 8,
 };
 
-enum DistanceResolutionStructure : uint8_t {
+enum DistanceResolution : uint8_t {
   DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_2 = 0x01,
   DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_75 = 0x00,
 };
 
-enum LightFunctionStructure : uint8_t {
+enum LightFunction : uint8_t {
   LIGHT_FUNCTION_OFF = 0x00,
   LIGHT_FUNCTION_BELOW = 0x01,
   LIGHT_FUNCTION_ABOVE = 0x02,
 };
 
-enum OutPinLevelStructure : uint8_t {
+enum OutPinLevel : uint8_t {
   OUT_PIN_LEVEL_LOW = 0x00,
   OUT_PIN_LEVEL_HIGH = 0x01,
 };
 
-enum PeriodicDataStructure : uint8_t {
+enum PeriodicData : uint8_t {
   DATA_TYPES = 6,
   TARGET_STATES = 8,
   MOVING_TARGET_LOW = 9,
@@ -67,12 +66,12 @@ enum PeriodicDataStructure : uint8_t {
 };
 
 enum PeriodicDataValue : uint8_t {
-  HEAD = 0xAA,
+  HEADER = 0xAA,
-  END = 0x55,
+  FOOTER = 0x55,
   CHECK = 0x00,
 };
 
-enum AckDataStructure : uint8_t {
+enum AckData : uint8_t {
   COMMAND = 6,
   COMMAND_STATUS = 7,
 };
@@ -80,11 +79,11 @@ enum AckDataStructure : uint8_t {
 // Memory-efficient lookup tables
 struct StringToUint8 {
   const char *str;
-  uint8_t value;
+  const uint8_t value;
 };
 
 struct Uint8ToString {
-  uint8_t value;
+  const uint8_t value;
   const char *str;
 };
 
@@ -144,96 +143,119 @@ template<size_t N> const char *find_str(const Uint8ToString (&arr)[N], uint8_t v
 }
 
 // Commands
-static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0xFF;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0xFF;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_CONF = 0xFE;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_CONF = 0xFE;
-static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_ENG = 0x62;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_ENG = 0x62;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_ENG = 0x63;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_ENG = 0x63;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION = 0x60;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION = 0x60;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY = 0x61;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY = 0x61;
-static const uint8_t CMD_GATE_SENS = 0x64;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_GATE_SENS = 0x64;
-static const uint8_t CMD_VERSION = 0xA0;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_VERSION = 0xA0;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAB;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAB;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAA;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAA;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAE;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAE;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAD;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAD;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE = 0xA1;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE = 0xA1;
-static const uint8_t CMD_BT_PASSWORD = 0xA9;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_BT_PASSWORD = 0xA9;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAC = 0xA5;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS = 0xA5;
-static const uint8_t CMD_RESET = 0xA2;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_RESET = 0xA2;
-static const uint8_t CMD_RESTART = 0xA3;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_RESTART = 0xA3;
-static const uint8_t CMD_BLUETOOTH = 0xA4;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_BLUETOOTH = 0xA4;
 // Commands values
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAX_MOVE_VALUE = 0x00;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_MAX_MOVE_VALUE = 0x00;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAX_STILL_VALUE = 0x01;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_MAX_STILL_VALUE = 0x01;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DURATION_VALUE = 0x02;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_DURATION_VALUE = 0x02;
+// Header & Footer size
+static constexpr uint8_t HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE = 4;
 // Command Header & Footer
-static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xFD, 0xFC, 0xFB, 0xFA};
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_FRAME_HEADER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0xFD, 0xFC, 0xFB, 0xFA};
-static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_END[4] = {0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
 // Data Header & Footer
-static const uint8_t DATA_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xF4, 0xF3, 0xF2, 0xF1};
+static constexpr uint8_t DATA_FRAME_HEADER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0xF4, 0xF3, 0xF2, 0xF1};
-static const uint8_t DATA_FRAME_END[4] = {0xF8, 0xF7, 0xF6, 0xF5};
+static constexpr uint8_t DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0xF8, 0xF7, 0xF6, 0xF5};
+// MAC address the module uses when Bluetooth is disabled
+static constexpr uint8_t NO_MAC[] = {0x08, 0x05, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
 
 static inline int two_byte_to_int(char firstbyte, char secondbyte) { return (int16_t) (secondbyte << 8) + firstbyte; }
 
+static bool validate_header_footer(const uint8_t *header_footer, const uint8_t *buffer) {
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE; i++) {
+    if (header_footer[i] != buffer[i]) {
+      return false;  // Mismatch in header/footer
+    }
+  }
+  return true;  // Valid header/footer
+}
+
 void LD2410Component::dump_config() {
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2410:");
+  std::string mac_str =
+      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+                "LD2410:\n"
+                "  Firmware version: %s\n"
+                "  MAC address: %s\n"
+                "  Throttle: %u ms",
+                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str(), this->throttle_);
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "TargetBinarySensor", this->target_binary_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetBinarySensor", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "Target", this->target_binary_sensor_);
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetBinarySensor", this->still_target_binary_sensor_);
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTarget", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "OutPinPresenceStatusBinarySensor", this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_);
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "StillTarget", this->still_target_binary_sensor_);
-#endif
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "OutPinPresenceStatus", this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_);
-#ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "EngineeringModeSwitch", this->engineering_mode_switch_);
-  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "BluetoothSwitch", this->bluetooth_switch_);
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_BUTTON
-  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "ResetButton", this->reset_button_);
-  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "RestartButton", this->restart_button_);
-  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "QueryButton", this->query_button_);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "LightSensor", this->light_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Sensors:");
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetDistanceSensor", this->moving_target_distance_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "Light", this->light_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetDistanceSensor", this->still_target_distance_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "DetectionDistance", this->detection_distance_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetEnergySensor", this->moving_target_energy_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetDistance", this->moving_target_distance_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetEnergySensor", this->still_target_energy_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetEnergy", this->moving_target_energy_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "DetectionDistanceSensor", this->detection_distance_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetDistance", this->still_target_distance_sensor_);
-  for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->gate_still_sensors_) {
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetEnergy", this->still_target_energy_sensor_);
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthGateStillSesnsor", s);
-  }
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->gate_move_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthGateMoveSesnsor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "GateMove", s);
+  }
+  for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->gate_still_sensors_) {
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "GateStill", s);
   }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "VersionTextSensor", this->version_text_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Text Sensors:");
-  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "MacTextSensor", this->mac_text_sensor_);
+  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "Mac", this->mac_text_sensor_);
-#endif
+  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "Version", this->version_text_sensor_);
-#ifdef USE_SELECT
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "LightFunctionSelect", this->light_function_select_);
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "OutPinLevelSelect", this->out_pin_level_select_);
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "DistanceResolutionSelect", this->distance_resolution_select_);
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "BaudRateSelect", this->baud_rate_select_);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "LightThresholdNumber", this->light_threshold_number_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Numbers:");
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MaxStillDistanceGateNumber", this->max_still_distance_gate_number_);
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "LightThreshold", this->light_threshold_number_);
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MaxMoveDistanceGateNumber", this->max_move_distance_gate_number_);
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MaxMoveDistanceGate", this->max_move_distance_gate_number_);
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "TimeoutNumber", this->timeout_number_);
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MaxStillDistanceGate", this->max_still_distance_gate_number_);
-  for (number::Number *n : this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_) {
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "Timeout", this->timeout_number_);
-    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "Still Thresholds Number", n);
-  }
   for (number::Number *n : this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_) {
-    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "Move Thresholds Number", n);
+    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MoveThreshold", n);
+  }
+  for (number::Number *n : this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_) {
+    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "StillThreshold", n);
   }
 #endif
-  this->read_all_info();
+#ifdef USE_SELECT
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Selects:");
-                "  Throttle: %ums\n"
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "BaudRate", this->baud_rate_select_);
-                "  MAC address: %s\n"
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "DistanceResolution", this->distance_resolution_select_);
-                "  Firmware version: %s",
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "LightFunction", this->light_function_select_);
-                this->throttle_, this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_.c_str(), this->version_.c_str());
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "OutPinLevel", this->out_pin_level_select_);
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_SWITCH
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Switches:");
+  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "Bluetooth", this->bluetooth_switch_);
+  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "EngineeringMode", this->engineering_mode_switch_);
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_BUTTON
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Buttons:");
+  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "FactoryReset", this->factory_reset_button_);
+  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "Query", this->query_button_);
+  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "Restart", this->restart_button_);
+#endif
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::setup() {
@@ -246,12 +268,12 @@ void LD2410Component::read_all_info() {
   this->get_version_();
   this->get_mac_();
   this->get_distance_resolution_();
-  this->get_light_control_();
+  this->query_light_control_();
   this->query_parameters_();
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
   const auto baud_rate = std::to_string(this->parent_->get_baud_rate());
-  if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr && this->baud_rate_select_->state != baud_rate) {
+  if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr) {
     this->baud_rate_select_->publish_state(baud_rate);
   }
 #endif
@@ -264,66 +286,59 @@ void LD2410Component::restart_and_read_all_info() {
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::loop() {
-  const int max_line_length = 80;
+  while (this->available()) {
-  static uint8_t buffer[max_line_length];
+    this->readline_(this->read());
-
-  while (available()) {
-    this->readline_(read(), buffer, max_line_length);
   }
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::send_command_(uint8_t command, const uint8_t *command_value, int command_value_len) {
+void LD2410Component::send_command_(uint8_t command, const uint8_t *command_value, uint8_t command_value_len) {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending COMMAND %02X", command);
-  // frame start bytes
+  // frame header bytes
-  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, 4);
+  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, sizeof(CMD_FRAME_HEADER));
   // length bytes
-  int len = 2;
+  uint8_t len = 2;
-  if (command_value != nullptr)
+  if (command_value != nullptr) {
     len += command_value_len;
-  this->write_byte(lowbyte(len));
+  }
-  this->write_byte(highbyte(len));
+  uint8_t len_cmd[] = {lowbyte(len), highbyte(len), command, 0x00};
-
+  this->write_array(len_cmd, sizeof(len_cmd));
-  // command
-  this->write_byte(lowbyte(command));
-  this->write_byte(highbyte(command));
 
   // command value bytes
   if (command_value != nullptr) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < command_value_len; i++) {
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < command_value_len; i++) {
       this->write_byte(command_value[i]);
     }
   }
-  // frame end bytes
+  // frame footer bytes
-  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_END, 4);
+  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_FOOTER, sizeof(CMD_FRAME_FOOTER));
   // FIXME to remove
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
+void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_() {
-  if (len < 12)
+  // Reduce data update rate to reduce home assistant database growth
-    return;  // 4 frame start bytes + 2 length bytes + 1 data end byte + 1 crc byte + 4 frame end bytes
+  // Check this first to prevent unnecessary processing done in later checks/parsing
-  if (buffer[0] != 0xF4 || buffer[1] != 0xF3 || buffer[2] != 0xF2 || buffer[3] != 0xF1)  // check 4 frame start bytes
+  if (App.get_loop_component_start_time() - this->last_periodic_millis_ < this->throttle_) {
     return;
-  if (buffer[7] != HEAD || buffer[len - 6] != END || buffer[len - 5] != CHECK)  // Check constant values
+  }
-    return;  // data head=0xAA, data end=0x55, crc=0x00
+  // 4 frame header bytes + 2 length bytes + 1 data end byte + 1 crc byte + 4 frame footer bytes
-
+  // data header=0xAA, data footer=0x55, crc=0x00
-  /*
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < 12 || !ld2410::validate_header_footer(DATA_FRAME_HEADER, this->buffer_data_) ||
-    Reduce data update rate to prevent home assistant database size grow fast
+      this->buffer_data_[7] != HEADER || this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 6] != FOOTER ||
-  */
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 5] != CHECK) {
-  int32_t current_millis = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
-  if (current_millis - last_periodic_millis_ < this->throttle_)
     return;
-  last_periodic_millis_ = current_millis;
+  }
+  // Save the timestamp after validating the frame so, if invalid, we'll take the next frame immediately
+  this->last_periodic_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   /*
     Data Type: 7th
     0x01: Engineering mode
     0x02: Normal mode
   */
-  bool engineering_mode = buffer[DATA_TYPES] == 0x01;
+  bool engineering_mode = this->buffer_data_[DATA_TYPES] == 0x01;
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  if (this->engineering_mode_switch_ != nullptr &&
+  if (this->engineering_mode_switch_ != nullptr) {
-      current_millis - last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ > this->throttle_) {
     this->engineering_mode_switch_->publish_state(engineering_mode);
   }
 #endif
@@ -335,7 +350,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
     0x02 = Still targets
     0x03 = Moving+Still targets
   */
-  char target_state = buffer[TARGET_STATES];
+  char target_state = this->buffer_data_[TARGET_STATES];
   if (this->target_binary_sensor_ != nullptr) {
     this->target_binary_sensor_->publish_state(target_state != 0x00);
   }
@@ -355,27 +370,30 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   */
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
   if (this->moving_target_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_moving_target_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[MOVING_TARGET_LOW], buffer[MOVING_TARGET_HIGH]);
+    int new_moving_target_distance =
+        ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[MOVING_TARGET_LOW], this->buffer_data_[MOVING_TARGET_HIGH]);
     if (this->moving_target_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_moving_target_distance)
       this->moving_target_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_moving_target_distance);
   }
   if (this->moving_target_energy_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_moving_target_energy = buffer[MOVING_ENERGY];
+    int new_moving_target_energy = this->buffer_data_[MOVING_ENERGY];
     if (this->moving_target_energy_sensor_->get_state() != new_moving_target_energy)
       this->moving_target_energy_sensor_->publish_state(new_moving_target_energy);
   }
   if (this->still_target_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_still_target_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[STILL_TARGET_LOW], buffer[STILL_TARGET_HIGH]);
+    int new_still_target_distance =
+        ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[STILL_TARGET_LOW], this->buffer_data_[STILL_TARGET_HIGH]);
     if (this->still_target_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_still_target_distance)
       this->still_target_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_still_target_distance);
   }
   if (this->still_target_energy_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_still_target_energy = buffer[STILL_ENERGY];
+    int new_still_target_energy = this->buffer_data_[STILL_ENERGY];
     if (this->still_target_energy_sensor_->get_state() != new_still_target_energy)
       this->still_target_energy_sensor_->publish_state(new_still_target_energy);
   }
   if (this->detection_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_detect_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[DETECT_DISTANCE_LOW], buffer[DETECT_DISTANCE_HIGH]);
+    int new_detect_distance =
+        ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[DETECT_DISTANCE_LOW], this->buffer_data_[DETECT_DISTANCE_HIGH]);
     if (this->detection_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_detect_distance)
       this->detection_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_detect_distance);
   }
@@ -388,7 +406,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
     for (std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>::size_type i = 0; i != this->gate_move_sensors_.size(); i++) {
       sensor::Sensor *s = this->gate_move_sensors_[i];
       if (s != nullptr) {
-        s->publish_state(buffer[MOVING_SENSOR_START + i]);
+        s->publish_state(this->buffer_data_[MOVING_SENSOR_START + i]);
       }
     }
     /*
@@ -397,16 +415,17 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
     for (std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>::size_type i = 0; i != this->gate_still_sensors_.size(); i++) {
       sensor::Sensor *s = this->gate_still_sensors_[i];
       if (s != nullptr) {
-        s->publish_state(buffer[STILL_SENSOR_START + i]);
+        s->publish_state(this->buffer_data_[STILL_SENSOR_START + i]);
       }
     }
     /*
       Light sensor: 38th bytes
     */
     if (this->light_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-      int new_light_sensor = buffer[LIGHT_SENSOR];
+      int new_light_sensor = this->buffer_data_[LIGHT_SENSOR];
-      if (this->light_sensor_->get_state() != new_light_sensor)
+      if (this->light_sensor_->get_state() != new_light_sensor) {
         this->light_sensor_->publish_state(new_light_sensor);
+      }
     }
   } else {
     for (auto *s : this->gate_move_sensors_) {
@@ -427,7 +446,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   if (engineering_mode) {
     if (this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-      this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_->publish_state(buffer[OUT_PIN_SENSOR] == 0x01);
+      this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_->publish_state(this->buffer_data_[OUT_PIN_SENSOR] == 0x01);
     }
   } else {
     if (this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_ != nullptr) {
@@ -439,127 +458,149 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
 std::function<void(void)> set_number_value(number::Number *n, float value) {
-  float normalized_value = value * 1.0;
+  if (n != nullptr && (!n->has_state() || n->state != value)) {
-  if (n != nullptr && (!n->has_state() || n->state != normalized_value)) {
+    n->state = value;
-    n->state = normalized_value;
+    return [n, value]() { n->publish_state(value); };
-    return [n, normalized_value]() { n->publish_state(normalized_value); };
   }
   return []() {};
 }
 #endif
 
-bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
+bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_() {
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling ACK DATA for COMMAND %02X", buffer[COMMAND]);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling ACK DATA for COMMAND %02X", this->buffer_data_[COMMAND]);
-  if (len < 10) {
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < 10) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid length");
     return true;
   }
-  if (buffer[0] != 0xFD || buffer[1] != 0xFC || buffer[2] != 0xFB || buffer[3] != 0xFA) {  // check 4 frame start bytes
+  if (!ld2410::validate_header_footer(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, this->buffer_data_)) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid header");
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid header: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE).c_str());
     return true;
   }
-  if (buffer[COMMAND_STATUS] != 0x01) {
+  if (this->buffer_data_[COMMAND_STATUS] != 0x01) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid status");
     return true;
   }
-  if (ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[8], buffer[9]) != 0x00) {
+  if (ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[8], this->buffer_data_[9]) != 0x00) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid command: %u, %u", buffer[8], buffer[9]);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid command: %02X, %02X", this->buffer_data_[8], this->buffer_data_[9]);
     return true;
   }
 
-  switch (buffer[COMMAND]) {
+  switch (this->buffer_data_[COMMAND]) {
-    case lowbyte(CMD_ENABLE_CONF):
+    case CMD_ENABLE_CONF:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Enable conf");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_DISABLE_CONF):
+
+    case CMD_DISABLE_CONF:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Disabled conf");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE):
+
+    case CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Baud rate change");
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr) {
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Configure baud rate to %s and reinstall", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Change baud rate to %s and reinstall", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_VERSION):
+
-      this->version_ = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, buffer[13], buffer[12], buffer[17], buffer[16], buffer[15], buffer[14]);
+    case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", this->version_.c_str());
+      std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
+      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->version_);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION): {
+    }
-      std::string distance_resolution =
+
-          find_str(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_BY_UINT, ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[10], buffer[11]));
+    case CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION: {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance resolution: %s", distance_resolution.c_str());
+      const auto *distance_resolution = find_str(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_BY_UINT, this->buffer_data_[10]);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance resolution: %s", distance_resolution);
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-      if (this->distance_resolution_select_ != nullptr &&
+      if (this->distance_resolution_select_ != nullptr) {
-          this->distance_resolution_select_->state != distance_resolution) {
         this->distance_resolution_select_->publish_state(distance_resolution);
       }
 #endif
-    } break;
+      break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL): {
+    }
-      this->light_function_ = find_str(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_BY_UINT, buffer[10]);
+
-      this->light_threshold_ = buffer[11] * 1.0;
+    case CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL: {
-      this->out_pin_level_ = find_str(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_BY_UINT, buffer[12]);
+      this->light_function_ = this->buffer_data_[10];
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light function: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->light_function_.c_str()));
+      this->light_threshold_ = this->buffer_data_[11];
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light threshold: %f", this->light_threshold_);
+      this->out_pin_level_ = this->buffer_data_[12];
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Out pin level: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->out_pin_level_.c_str()));
+      const auto *light_function_str = find_str(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_BY_UINT, this->light_function_);
+      const auto *out_pin_level_str = find_str(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_BY_UINT, this->out_pin_level_);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG,
+               "Light function is: %s\n"
+               "Light threshold is: %u\n"
+               "Out pin level: %s",
+               light_function_str, this->light_threshold_, out_pin_level_str);
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-      if (this->light_function_select_ != nullptr && this->light_function_select_->state != this->light_function_) {
+      if (this->light_function_select_ != nullptr) {
-        this->light_function_select_->publish_state(this->light_function_);
+        this->light_function_select_->publish_state(light_function_str);
       }
-      if (this->out_pin_level_select_ != nullptr && this->out_pin_level_select_->state != this->out_pin_level_) {
+      if (this->out_pin_level_select_ != nullptr) {
-        this->out_pin_level_select_->publish_state(this->out_pin_level_);
+        this->out_pin_level_select_->publish_state(out_pin_level_str);
       }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-      if (this->light_threshold_number_ != nullptr &&
+      if (this->light_threshold_number_ != nullptr) {
-          (!this->light_threshold_number_->has_state() ||
+        this->light_threshold_number_->publish_state(static_cast<float>(this->light_threshold_));
-           this->light_threshold_number_->state != this->light_threshold_)) {
-        this->light_threshold_number_->publish_state(this->light_threshold_);
       }
 #endif
-    } break;
+      break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_MAC):
+    }
-      if (len < 20) {
+    case CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS: {
+      if (this->buffer_pos_ < 20) {
         return false;
       }
-      this->mac_ = format_mac_address_pretty(&buffer[10]);
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", this->mac_.c_str());
+      this->bluetooth_on_ = std::memcmp(&this->buffer_data_[10], NO_MAC, sizeof(NO_MAC)) != 0;
+      if (this->bluetooth_on_) {
+        std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
+      }
+
+      std::string mac_str =
+          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_);
+        this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);
       }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->bluetooth_switch_ != nullptr) {
-        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != NO_MAC);
+        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->bluetooth_on_);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_GATE_SENS):
+    }
+
+    case CMD_GATE_SENS:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sensitivity");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_BLUETOOTH):
+
+    case CMD_BLUETOOTH:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Bluetooth");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION):
+
+    case CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set distance resolution");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL):
+
+    case CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set light control");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_BT_PASSWORD):
+
+    case CMD_BT_PASSWORD:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set bluetooth password");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY):  // Query parameters response
+
-    {
+    case CMD_QUERY: {  // Query parameters response
-      if (buffer[10] != 0xAA)
+      if (this->buffer_data_[10] != 0xAA)
         return true;  // value head=0xAA
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
       /*
@@ -567,29 +608,31 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
         Still distance range: 14th byte
       */
       std::vector<std::function<void(void)>> updates;
-      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->max_move_distance_gate_number_, buffer[12]));
+      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->max_move_distance_gate_number_, this->buffer_data_[12]));
-      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->max_still_distance_gate_number_, buffer[13]));
+      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->max_still_distance_gate_number_, this->buffer_data_[13]));
       /*
         Moving Sensitivities: 15~23th bytes
       */
       for (std::vector<number::Number *>::size_type i = 0; i != this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_.size(); i++) {
-        updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_[i], buffer[14 + i]));
+        updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_[i], this->buffer_data_[14 + i]));
       }
       /*
         Still Sensitivities: 24~32th bytes
       */
       for (std::vector<number::Number *>::size_type i = 0; i != this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_.size(); i++) {
-        updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_[i], buffer[23 + i]));
+        updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_[i], this->buffer_data_[23 + i]));
       }
       /*
         None Duration: 33~34th bytes
       */
-      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->timeout_number_, ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[32], buffer[33])));
+      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->timeout_number_,
+                                         ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[32], this->buffer_data_[33])));
       for (auto &update : updates) {
         update();
       }
 #endif
-    } break;
+      break;
+    }
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -597,59 +640,66 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   return true;
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::readline_(int readch, uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
+void LD2410Component::readline_(int readch) {
-  static int pos = 0;
+  if (readch < 0) {
+    return;  // No data available
+  }
 
-  if (readch >= 0) {
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < MAX_LINE_LENGTH - 1) {
-    if (pos < len - 1) {
+    this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_++] = readch;
-      buffer[pos++] = readch;
+    this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_] = 0;
-      buffer[pos] = 0;
+  } else {
+    // We should never get here, but just in case...
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Max command length exceeded; ignoring");
+    this->buffer_pos_ = 0;
+  }
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < 4) {
+    return;  // Not enough data to process yet
+  }
+  if (this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 4] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[0] &&
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 3] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[1] &&
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 2] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[2] &&
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 1] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[3]) {
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling Periodic Data: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, this->buffer_pos_).c_str());
+    this->handle_periodic_data_();
+    this->buffer_pos_ = 0;  // Reset position index for next message
+  } else if (this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 4] == CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[0] &&
+             this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 3] == CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[1] &&
+             this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 2] == CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[2] &&
+             this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 1] == CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[3]) {
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling Ack Data: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, this->buffer_pos_).c_str());
+    if (this->handle_ack_data_()) {
+      this->buffer_pos_ = 0;  // Reset position index for next message
     } else {
-      pos = 0;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Ack Data incomplete");
-    }
-    if (pos >= 4) {
-      if (buffer[pos - 4] == 0xF8 && buffer[pos - 3] == 0xF7 && buffer[pos - 2] == 0xF6 && buffer[pos - 1] == 0xF5) {
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Will handle Periodic Data");
-        this->handle_periodic_data_(buffer, pos);
-        pos = 0;  // Reset position index ready for next time
-      } else if (buffer[pos - 4] == 0x04 && buffer[pos - 3] == 0x03 && buffer[pos - 2] == 0x02 &&
-                 buffer[pos - 1] == 0x01) {
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Will handle ACK Data");
-        if (this->handle_ack_data_(buffer, pos)) {
-          pos = 0;  // Reset position index ready for next time
-        } else {
-          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "ACK Data incomplete");
-        }
-      }
     }
   }
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_config_mode_(bool enable) {
-  uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_CONF : CMD_DISABLE_CONF;
+  const uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_CONF : CMD_DISABLE_CONF;
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(cmd, enable ? cmd_value : nullptr, 2);
+  this->send_command_(cmd, enable ? cmd_value : nullptr, sizeof(cmd_value));
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_bluetooth(bool enable) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t enable_cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {enable ? (uint8_t) 0x01 : (uint8_t) 0x00, 0x00};
-  uint8_t disable_cmd_value[2] = {0x00, 0x00};
+  this->send_command_(CMD_BLUETOOTH, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
-  this->send_command_(CMD_BLUETOOTH, enable ? enable_cmd_value : disable_cmd_value, 2);
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_distance_resolution(const std::string &state) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION, cmd_value, 2);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_baud_rate(const std::string &state) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(BAUD_RATES_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(BAUD_RATES_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE, cmd_value, 2);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_(); });
 }
 
@@ -661,14 +711,13 @@ void LD2410Component::set_bluetooth_password(const std::string &password) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
   uint8_t cmd_value[6];
   std::copy(password.begin(), password.end(), std::begin(cmd_value));
-  this->send_command_(CMD_BT_PASSWORD, cmd_value, 6);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_BT_PASSWORD, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_engineering_mode(bool enable) {
+  const uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_ENG : CMD_DISABLE_ENG;
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
-  uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_ENG : CMD_DISABLE_ENG;
   this->send_command_(cmd, nullptr, 0);
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
@@ -682,14 +731,17 @@ void LD2410Component::factory_reset() {
 void LD2410Component::restart_() { this->send_command_(CMD_RESTART, nullptr, 0); }
 
 void LD2410Component::query_parameters_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY, nullptr, 0); }
-void LD2410Component::get_version_() { this->send_command_(CMD_VERSION, nullptr, 0); }
+
+void LD2410Component::get_version_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_VERSION, nullptr, 0); }
+
 void LD2410Component::get_mac_() {
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_MAC, cmd_value, 2);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
 }
+
 void LD2410Component::get_distance_resolution_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION, nullptr, 0); }
 
-void LD2410Component::get_light_control_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL, nullptr, 0); }
+void LD2410Component::query_light_control_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL, nullptr, 0); }
 
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
 void LD2410Component::set_max_distances_timeout() {
@@ -719,7 +771,7 @@ void LD2410Component::set_max_distances_timeout() {
                        0x00,
                        0x00};
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  this->send_command_(CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION, value, 18);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION, value, sizeof(value));
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
   this->query_parameters_();
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
@@ -749,17 +801,17 @@ void LD2410Component::set_gate_threshold(uint8_t gate) {
   uint8_t value[18] = {0x00, 0x00, lowbyte(gate),   highbyte(gate),   0x00, 0x00,
                        0x01, 0x00, lowbyte(motion), highbyte(motion), 0x00, 0x00,
                        0x02, 0x00, lowbyte(still),  highbyte(still),  0x00, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_GATE_SENS, value, 18);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_GATE_SENS, value, sizeof(value));
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
   this->query_parameters_();
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n) {
+void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_threshold_number(uint8_t gate, number::Number *n) {
   this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_[gate] = n;
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n) {
+void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_threshold_number(uint8_t gate, number::Number *n) {
   this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_[gate] = n;
 }
 #endif
@@ -767,35 +819,29 @@ void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n
 void LD2410Component::set_light_out_control() {
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
   if (this->light_threshold_number_ != nullptr && this->light_threshold_number_->has_state()) {
-    this->light_threshold_ = this->light_threshold_number_->state;
+    this->light_threshold_ = static_cast<uint8_t>(this->light_threshold_number_->state);
   }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
   if (this->light_function_select_ != nullptr && this->light_function_select_->has_state()) {
-    this->light_function_ = this->light_function_select_->state;
+    this->light_function_ = find_uint8(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_BY_STR, this->light_function_select_->state);
   }
   if (this->out_pin_level_select_ != nullptr && this->out_pin_level_select_->has_state()) {
-    this->out_pin_level_ = this->out_pin_level_select_->state;
+    this->out_pin_level_ = find_uint8(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_BY_STR, this->out_pin_level_select_->state);
   }
 #endif
-  if (this->light_function_.empty() || this->out_pin_level_.empty() || this->light_threshold_ < 0) {
-    return;
-  }
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t light_function = find_uint8(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_BY_STR, this->light_function_);
+  uint8_t value[4] = {this->light_function_, this->light_threshold_, this->out_pin_level_, 0x00};
-  uint8_t light_threshold = static_cast<uint8_t>(this->light_threshold_);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL, value, sizeof(value));
-  uint8_t out_pin_level = find_uint8(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_BY_STR, this->out_pin_level_);
-  uint8_t value[4] = {light_function, light_threshold, out_pin_level, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL, value, 4);
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
-  this->get_light_control_();
+  this->query_light_control_();
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_sensor(int gate, sensor::Sensor *s) { this->gate_move_sensors_[gate] = s; }
+void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s) { this->gate_move_sensors_[gate] = s; }
-void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_sensor(int gate, sensor::Sensor *s) { this->gate_still_sensors_[gate] = s; }
+void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s) { this->gate_still_sensors_[gate] = s; }
 #endif
 
 }  // namespace ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.h

@@ -29,45 +29,48 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
+static const uint8_t MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 46;  // Max characters for serial buffer
+static const uint8_t TOTAL_GATES = 9;       // Total number of gates supported by the LD2410
+
 class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
-#ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_distance)
-  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_distance)
-  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_energy)
-  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_energy)
-  SUB_SENSOR(light)
-  SUB_SENSOR(detection_distance)
-#endif
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(target)
+  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(out_pin_presence_status)
   SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(moving_target)
   SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(still_target)
-  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(out_pin_presence_status)
+  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(target)
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_SENSOR
+  SUB_SENSOR(light)
+  SUB_SENSOR(detection_distance)
+  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_distance)
+  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_energy)
+  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_distance)
+  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_energy)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
   SUB_TEXT_SENSOR(version)
   SUB_TEXT_SENSOR(mac)
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_NUMBER
+  SUB_NUMBER(light_threshold)
+  SUB_NUMBER(max_move_distance_gate)
+  SUB_NUMBER(max_still_distance_gate)
+  SUB_NUMBER(timeout)
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-  SUB_SELECT(distance_resolution)
   SUB_SELECT(baud_rate)
+  SUB_SELECT(distance_resolution)
   SUB_SELECT(light_function)
   SUB_SELECT(out_pin_level)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  SUB_SWITCH(engineering_mode)
   SUB_SWITCH(bluetooth)
+  SUB_SWITCH(engineering_mode)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_BUTTON
-  SUB_BUTTON(reset)
+  SUB_BUTTON(factory_reset)
-  SUB_BUTTON(restart)
   SUB_BUTTON(query)
-#endif
+  SUB_BUTTON(restart)
-#ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  SUB_NUMBER(max_still_distance_gate)
-  SUB_NUMBER(max_move_distance_gate)
-  SUB_NUMBER(timeout)
-  SUB_NUMBER(light_threshold)
 #endif
 
  public:
@@ -76,14 +79,14 @@ class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   void loop() override;
   void set_light_out_control();
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  void set_gate_still_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n);
+  void set_gate_still_threshold_number(uint8_t gate, number::Number *n);
-  void set_gate_move_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n);
+  void set_gate_move_threshold_number(uint8_t gate, number::Number *n);
   void set_max_distances_timeout();
   void set_gate_threshold(uint8_t gate);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  void set_gate_move_sensor(int gate, sensor::Sensor *s);
+  void set_gate_move_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s);
-  void set_gate_still_sensor(int gate, sensor::Sensor *s);
+  void set_gate_still_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s);
 #endif
   void set_throttle(uint16_t value) { this->throttle_ = value; };
   void set_bluetooth_password(const std::string &password);
@@ -96,33 +99,35 @@ class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   void factory_reset();
 
  protected:
-  void send_command_(uint8_t command_str, const uint8_t *command_value, int command_value_len);
+  void send_command_(uint8_t command_str, const uint8_t *command_value, uint8_t command_value_len);
   void set_config_mode_(bool enable);
-  void handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len);
+  void handle_periodic_data_();
-  bool handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len);
+  bool handle_ack_data_();
-  void readline_(int readch, uint8_t *buffer, int len);
+  void readline_(int readch);
   void query_parameters_();
   void get_version_();
   void get_mac_();
   void get_distance_resolution_();
-  void get_light_control_();
+  void query_light_control_();
   void restart_();
 
-  int32_t last_periodic_millis_ = 0;
+  uint32_t last_periodic_millis_ = 0;
-  int32_t last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ = 0;
+  uint16_t throttle_ = 0;
-  uint16_t throttle_;
+  uint8_t light_function_ = 0;
-  float light_threshold_ = -1;
+  uint8_t light_threshold_ = 0;
-  std::string version_;
+  uint8_t out_pin_level_ = 0;
-  std::string mac_;
+  uint8_t buffer_pos_ = 0;  // where to resume processing/populating buffer
-  std::string out_pin_level_;
+  uint8_t buffer_data_[MAX_LINE_LENGTH];
-  std::string light_function_;
+  uint8_t mac_address_[6] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  uint8_t version_[6] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  bool bluetooth_on_{false};
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  std::vector<number::Number *> gate_still_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(9);
+  std::vector<number::Number *> gate_move_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(TOTAL_GATES);
-  std::vector<number::Number *> gate_move_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(9);
+  std::vector<number::Number *> gate_still_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(TOTAL_GATES);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> gate_still_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(9);
+  std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> gate_move_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(TOTAL_GATES);
-  std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> gate_move_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(9);
+  std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> gate_still_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(TOTAL_GATES);
 #endif
 };
 

esphome/components/ld2450/button/__init__.py

@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ from esphome.const import (
 
 from .. import CONF_LD2450_ID, LD2450Component, ld2450_ns
 
-ResetButton = ld2450_ns.class_("ResetButton", button.Button)
+FactoryResetButton = ld2450_ns.class_("FactoryResetButton", button.Button)
 RestartButton = ld2450_ns.class_("RestartButton", button.Button)
 
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
     cv.GenerateID(CONF_LD2450_ID): cv.use_id(LD2450Component),
     cv.Optional(CONF_FACTORY_RESET): button.button_schema(
-        ResetButton,
+        FactoryResetButton,
         device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_RESTART,
         entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG,
         icon=ICON_RESTART_ALERT,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
     if factory_reset_config := config.get(CONF_FACTORY_RESET):
         b = await button.new_button(factory_reset_config)
         await cg.register_parented(b, config[CONF_LD2450_ID])
-        cg.add(ld2450_component.set_reset_button(b))
+        cg.add(ld2450_component.set_factory_reset_button(b))
     if restart_config := config.get(CONF_RESTART):
         b = await button.new_button(restart_config)
         await cg.register_parented(b, config[CONF_LD2450_ID])

esphome/components/ld2450/button/factory_reset_button.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "factory_reset_button.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace ld2450 {
+
+void FactoryResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
+
+}  // namespace ld2450
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/ld2450/button/factory_reset_button.h

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2450 {
 
-class ResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2450Component> {
+class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2450Component> {
  public:
-  ResetButton() = default;
+  FactoryResetButton() = default;
 
  protected:
   void press_action() override;

esphome/components/ld2450/button/reset_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#include "reset_button.h"
-
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2450 {
-
-void ResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
-
-}  // namespace ld2450
-}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "ld2450.h"
 #include <utility>
+#include <cmath>
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
 #include "esphome/components/number/number.h"
 #endif
@@ -17,11 +18,10 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2450 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2450";
-static const char *const NO_MAC = "08:05:04:03:02:01";
 static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
 static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
-enum BaudRateStructure : uint8_t {
+enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
   BAUD_RATE_19200 = 2,
   BAUD_RATE_38400 = 3,
@@ -32,14 +32,13 @@ enum BaudRateStructure : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_460800 = 8
 };
 
-// Zone type struct
+enum ZoneType : uint8_t {
-enum ZoneTypeStructure : uint8_t {
   ZONE_DISABLED = 0,
   ZONE_DETECTION = 1,
   ZONE_FILTER = 2,
 };
 
-enum PeriodicDataStructure : uint8_t {
+enum PeriodicData : uint8_t {
   TARGET_X = 4,
   TARGET_Y = 6,
   TARGET_SPEED = 8,
@@ -47,12 +46,12 @@ enum PeriodicDataStructure : uint8_t {
 };
 
 enum PeriodicDataValue : uint8_t {
-  HEAD = 0xAA,
+  HEADER = 0xAA,
-  END = 0x55,
+  FOOTER = 0x55,
   CHECK = 0x00,
 };
 
-enum AckDataStructure : uint8_t {
+enum AckData : uint8_t {
   COMMAND = 6,
   COMMAND_STATUS = 7,
 };
@@ -60,11 +59,11 @@ enum AckDataStructure : uint8_t {
 // Memory-efficient lookup tables
 struct StringToUint8 {
   const char *str;
-  uint8_t value;
+  const uint8_t value;
 };
 
 struct Uint8ToString {
-  uint8_t value;
+  const uint8_t value;
   const char *str;
 };
 
@@ -74,6 +73,13 @@ constexpr StringToUint8 BAUD_RATES_BY_STR[] = {
     {"256000", BAUD_RATE_256000}, {"460800", BAUD_RATE_460800},
 };
 
+constexpr Uint8ToString DIRECTION_BY_UINT[] = {
+    {DIRECTION_APPROACHING, "Approaching"},
+    {DIRECTION_MOVING_AWAY, "Moving away"},
+    {DIRECTION_STATIONARY, "Stationary"},
+    {DIRECTION_NA, "NA"},
+};
+
 constexpr Uint8ToString ZONE_TYPE_BY_UINT[] = {
     {ZONE_DISABLED, "Disabled"},
     {ZONE_DETECTION, "Detection"},
@@ -103,36 +109,38 @@ template<size_t N> const char *find_str(const Uint8ToString (&arr)[N], uint8_t v
   return "";  // Not found
 }
 
-// LD2450 serial command header & footer
-static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xFD, 0xFC, 0xFB, 0xFA};
-static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_END[4] = {0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
 // LD2450 UART Serial Commands
-static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0xFF;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0xFF;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_CONF = 0xFE;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_CONF = 0xFE;
-static const uint8_t CMD_VERSION = 0xA0;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_VERSION = 0xA0;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAC = 0xA5;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS = 0xA5;
-static const uint8_t CMD_RESET = 0xA2;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_RESET = 0xA2;
-static const uint8_t CMD_RESTART = 0xA3;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_RESTART = 0xA3;
-static const uint8_t CMD_BLUETOOTH = 0xA4;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_BLUETOOTH = 0xA4;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SINGLE_TARGET_MODE = 0x80;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SINGLE_TARGET_MODE = 0x80;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MULTI_TARGET_MODE = 0x90;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_MULTI_TARGET_MODE = 0x90;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_TARGET_MODE = 0x91;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_TARGET_MODE = 0x91;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE = 0xA1;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE = 0xA1;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_ZONE = 0xC1;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_ZONE = 0xC1;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_ZONE = 0xC2;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SET_ZONE = 0xC2;
+// Header & Footer size
+static constexpr uint8_t HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE = 4;
+// Command Header & Footer
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_FRAME_HEADER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0xFD, 0xFC, 0xFB, 0xFA};
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
+// Data Header & Footer
+static constexpr uint8_t DATA_FRAME_HEADER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0xAA, 0xFF, 0x03, 0x00};
+static constexpr uint8_t DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[2] = {0x55, 0xCC};
+// MAC address the module uses when Bluetooth is disabled
+static constexpr uint8_t NO_MAC[] = {0x08, 0x05, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
 
 static inline uint16_t convert_seconds_to_ms(uint16_t value) { return value * 1000; };
 
-static inline std::string convert_signed_int_to_hex(int value) {
-  auto value_as_str = str_snprintf("%04x", 4, value & 0xFFFF);
-  return value_as_str;
-}
-
 static inline void convert_int_values_to_hex(const int *values, uint8_t *bytes) {
-  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-    std::string temp_hex = convert_signed_int_to_hex(values[i]);
+    uint16_t val = values[i] & 0xFFFF;
-    bytes[i * 2] = std::stoi(temp_hex.substr(2, 2), nullptr, 16);      // Store high byte
+    bytes[i * 2] = val & 0xFF;             // Store low byte first (little-endian)
-    bytes[i * 2 + 1] = std::stoi(temp_hex.substr(0, 2), nullptr, 16);  // Store low byte
+    bytes[i * 2 + 1] = (val >> 8) & 0xFF;  // Store high byte second
   }
 }
 
@@ -170,18 +178,13 @@ static inline float calculate_angle(float base, float hypotenuse) {
   return angle_degrees;
 }
 
-static inline std::string get_direction(int16_t speed) {
+static bool validate_header_footer(const uint8_t *header_footer, const uint8_t *buffer) {
-  static const char *const APPROACHING = "Approaching";
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE; i++) {
-  static const char *const MOVING_AWAY = "Moving away";
+    if (header_footer[i] != buffer[i]) {
-  static const char *const STATIONARY = "Stationary";
+      return false;  // Mismatch in header/footer
-
+    }
-  if (speed > 0) {
-    return MOVING_AWAY;
   }
-  if (speed < 0) {
+  return true;  // Valid header/footer
-    return APPROACHING;
-  }
-  return STATIONARY;
 }
 
 void LD2450Component::setup() {
@@ -196,84 +199,93 @@ void LD2450Component::setup() {
 }
 
 void LD2450Component::dump_config() {
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2450:");
+  std::string mac_str =
+      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+                "LD2450:\n"
+                "  Firmware version: %s\n"
+                "  MAC address: %s\n"
+                "  Throttle: %u ms",
+                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str(), this->throttle_);
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "TargetBinarySensor", this->target_binary_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetBinarySensor", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTarget", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetBinarySensor", this->still_target_binary_sensor_);
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "StillTarget", this->still_target_binary_sensor_);
-#endif
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "Target", this->target_binary_sensor_);
-#ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "BluetoothSwitch", this->bluetooth_switch_);
-  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "MultiTargetSwitch", this->multi_target_switch_);
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_BUTTON
-  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "ResetButton", this->reset_button_);
-  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "RestartButton", this->restart_button_);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "TargetCountSensor", this->target_count_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Sensors:");
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetCountSensor", this->still_target_count_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetCount", this->moving_target_count_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetCountSensor", this->moving_target_count_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetCount", this->still_target_count_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "TargetCount", this->target_count_sensor_);
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->move_x_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthTargetXSensor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "TargetX", s);
   }
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->move_y_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthTargetYSensor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "TargetY", s);
-  }
-  for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->move_speed_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthTargetSpeedSensor", s);
   }
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->move_angle_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthTargetAngleSensor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "TargetAngle", s);
   }
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->move_distance_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthTargetDistanceSensor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "TargetDistance", s);
   }
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->move_resolution_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthTargetResolutionSensor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "TargetResolution", s);
+  }
+  for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->move_speed_sensors_) {
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "TargetSpeed", s);
   }
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->zone_target_count_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthZoneTargetCountSensor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "ZoneTargetCount", s);
-  }
-  for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->zone_still_target_count_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthZoneStillTargetCountSensor", s);
   }
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->zone_moving_target_count_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthZoneMovingTargetCountSensor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "ZoneMovingTargetCount", s);
+  }
+  for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->zone_still_target_count_sensors_) {
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "ZoneStillTargetCount", s);
   }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "VersionTextSensor", this->version_text_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Text Sensors:");
-  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "MacTextSensor", this->mac_text_sensor_);
+  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "Version", this->version_text_sensor_);
+  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "Mac", this->mac_text_sensor_);
   for (text_sensor::TextSensor *s : this->direction_text_sensors_) {
-    LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "NthDirectionTextSensor", s);
+    LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "Direction", s);
   }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Numbers:");
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "PresenceTimeout", this->presence_timeout_number_);
   for (auto n : this->zone_numbers_) {
-    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "ZoneX1Number", n.x1);
+    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "ZoneX1", n.x1);
-    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "ZoneY1Number", n.y1);
+    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "ZoneY1", n.y1);
-    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "ZoneX2Number", n.x2);
+    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "ZoneX2", n.x2);
-    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "ZoneY2Number", n.y2);
+    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "ZoneY2", n.y2);
   }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "BaudRateSelect", this->baud_rate_select_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Selects:");
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "ZoneTypeSelect", this->zone_type_select_);
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "BaudRate", this->baud_rate_select_);
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "ZoneType", this->zone_type_select_);
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_NUMBER
+#ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "PresenceTimeoutNumber", this->presence_timeout_number_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Switches:");
+  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "Bluetooth", this->bluetooth_switch_);
+  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "MultiTarget", this->multi_target_switch_);
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_BUTTON
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Buttons:");
+  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "FactoryReset", this->factory_reset_button_);
+  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "Restart", this->restart_button_);
 #endif
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
-                "  Throttle: %ums\n"
-                "  MAC Address: %s\n"
-                "  Firmware version: %s",
-                this->throttle_, this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_.c_str(), this->version_.c_str());
 }
 
 void LD2450Component::loop() {
   while (this->available()) {
-    this->readline_(read(), this->buffer_data_, MAX_LINE_LENGTH);
+    this->readline_(this->read());
   }
 }
 
@@ -308,7 +320,7 @@ void LD2450Component::set_radar_zone(int32_t zone_type, int32_t zone1_x1, int32_
   this->zone_type_ = zone_type;
   int zone_parameters[12] = {zone1_x1, zone1_y1, zone1_x2, zone1_y2, zone2_x1, zone2_y1,
                              zone2_x2, zone2_y2, zone3_x1, zone3_y1, zone3_x2, zone3_y2};
-  for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ZONES; i++) {
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < MAX_ZONES; i++) {
     this->zone_config_[i].x1 = zone_parameters[i * 4];
     this->zone_config_[i].y1 = zone_parameters[i * 4 + 1];
     this->zone_config_[i].x2 = zone_parameters[i * 4 + 2];
@@ -322,15 +334,15 @@ void LD2450Component::send_set_zone_command_() {
   uint8_t cmd_value[26] = {};
   uint8_t zone_type_bytes[2] = {static_cast<uint8_t>(this->zone_type_), 0x00};
   uint8_t area_config[24] = {};
-  for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ZONES; i++) {
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < MAX_ZONES; i++) {
     int values[4] = {this->zone_config_[i].x1, this->zone_config_[i].y1, this->zone_config_[i].x2,
                      this->zone_config_[i].y2};
     ld2450::convert_int_values_to_hex(values, area_config + (i * 8));
   }
-  std::memcpy(cmd_value, zone_type_bytes, 2);
+  std::memcpy(cmd_value, zone_type_bytes, sizeof(zone_type_bytes));
-  std::memcpy(cmd_value + 2, area_config, 24);
+  std::memcpy(cmd_value + 2, area_config, sizeof(area_config));
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_ZONE, cmd_value, 26);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_ZONE, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
 
@@ -346,14 +358,14 @@ bool LD2450Component::get_timeout_status_(uint32_t check_millis) {
 }
 
 // Extract, store and publish zone details LD2450 buffer
-void LD2450Component::process_zone_(uint8_t *buffer) {
+void LD2450Component::process_zone_() {
   uint8_t index, start;
   for (index = 0; index < MAX_ZONES; index++) {
     start = 12 + index * 8;
-    this->zone_config_[index].x1 = ld2450::hex_to_signed_int(buffer, start);
+    this->zone_config_[index].x1 = ld2450::hex_to_signed_int(this->buffer_data_, start);
-    this->zone_config_[index].y1 = ld2450::hex_to_signed_int(buffer, start + 2);
+    this->zone_config_[index].y1 = ld2450::hex_to_signed_int(this->buffer_data_, start + 2);
-    this->zone_config_[index].x2 = ld2450::hex_to_signed_int(buffer, start + 4);
+    this->zone_config_[index].x2 = ld2450::hex_to_signed_int(this->buffer_data_, start + 4);
-    this->zone_config_[index].y2 = ld2450::hex_to_signed_int(buffer, start + 6);
+    this->zone_config_[index].y2 = ld2450::hex_to_signed_int(this->buffer_data_, start + 6);
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
     // only one null check as all coordinates are required for a single zone
     if (this->zone_numbers_[index].x1 != nullptr) {
@@ -399,27 +411,25 @@ void LD2450Component::restart_and_read_all_info() {
 
 // Send command with values to LD2450
 void LD2450Component::send_command_(uint8_t command, const uint8_t *command_value, uint8_t command_value_len) {
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending command %02X", command);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending COMMAND %02X", command);
-  // frame header
+  // frame header bytes
-  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, 4);
+  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, sizeof(CMD_FRAME_HEADER));
   // length bytes
-  int len = 2;
+  uint8_t len = 2;
   if (command_value != nullptr) {
     len += command_value_len;
   }
-  this->write_byte(lowbyte(len));
+  uint8_t len_cmd[] = {lowbyte(len), highbyte(len), command, 0x00};
-  this->write_byte(highbyte(len));
+  this->write_array(len_cmd, sizeof(len_cmd));
-  // command
+
-  this->write_byte(lowbyte(command));
-  this->write_byte(highbyte(command));
   // command value bytes
   if (command_value != nullptr) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < command_value_len; i++) {
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < command_value_len; i++) {
       this->write_byte(command_value[i]);
     }
   }
-  // footer
+  // frame footer bytes
-  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_END, 4);
+  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_FOOTER, sizeof(CMD_FRAME_FOOTER));
   // FIXME to remove
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
 }
@@ -427,25 +437,23 @@ void LD2450Component::send_command_(uint8_t command, const uint8_t *command_valu
 // LD2450 Radar data message:
 //  [AA FF 03 00] [0E 03 B1 86 10 00 40 01] [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00] [00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00] [55 CC]
 //   Header       Target 1                  Target 2                  Target 3                  End
-void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
+void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_() {
-  if (len < 29) {  // header (4 bytes) + 8 x 3 target data + footer (2 bytes)
+  // Early throttle check - moved before any processing to save CPU cycles
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid message length");
-    return;
-  }
-  if (buffer[0] != 0xAA || buffer[1] != 0xFF || buffer[2] != 0x03 || buffer[3] != 0x00) {  // header
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid message header");
-    return;
-  }
-  if (buffer[len - 2] != 0x55 || buffer[len - 1] != 0xCC) {  // footer
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid message footer");
-    return;
-  }
-
   if (App.get_loop_component_start_time() - this->last_periodic_millis_ < this->throttle_) {
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Throttling: %d", this->throttle_);
     return;
   }
 
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < 29) {  // header (4 bytes) + 8 x 3 target data + footer (2 bytes)
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid length");
+    return;
+  }
+  if (!ld2450::validate_header_footer(DATA_FRAME_HEADER, this->buffer_data_) ||
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 2] != DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[0] ||
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 1] != DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[1]) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid header/footer");
+    return;
+  }
+  // Save the timestamp after validating the frame so, if invalid, we'll take the next frame immediately
   this->last_periodic_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   int16_t target_count = 0;
@@ -453,13 +461,13 @@ void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
   int16_t moving_target_count = 0;
   int16_t start = 0;
   int16_t val = 0;
-  uint8_t index = 0;
   int16_t tx = 0;
   int16_t ty = 0;
   int16_t td = 0;
   int16_t ts = 0;
   int16_t angle = 0;
-  std::string direction{};
+  uint8_t index = 0;
+  Direction direction{DIRECTION_UNDEFINED};
   bool is_moving = false;
 
 #if defined(USE_BINARY_SENSOR) || defined(USE_SENSOR) || defined(USE_TEXT_SENSOR)
@@ -471,29 +479,38 @@ void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
     is_moving = false;
     sensor::Sensor *sx = this->move_x_sensors_[index];
     if (sx != nullptr) {
-      val = ld2450::decode_coordinate(buffer[start], buffer[start + 1]);
+      val = ld2450::decode_coordinate(this->buffer_data_[start], this->buffer_data_[start + 1]);
       tx = val;
-      sx->publish_state(val);
+      if (this->cached_target_data_[index].x != val) {
+        sx->publish_state(val);
+        this->cached_target_data_[index].x = val;
+      }
     }
     // Y
     start = TARGET_Y + index * 8;
     sensor::Sensor *sy = this->move_y_sensors_[index];
     if (sy != nullptr) {
-      val = ld2450::decode_coordinate(buffer[start], buffer[start + 1]);
+      val = ld2450::decode_coordinate(this->buffer_data_[start], this->buffer_data_[start + 1]);
       ty = val;
-      sy->publish_state(val);
+      if (this->cached_target_data_[index].y != val) {
+        sy->publish_state(val);
+        this->cached_target_data_[index].y = val;
+      }
     }
     // RESOLUTION
     start = TARGET_RESOLUTION + index * 8;
     sensor::Sensor *sr = this->move_resolution_sensors_[index];
     if (sr != nullptr) {
-      val = (buffer[start + 1] << 8) | buffer[start];
+      val = (this->buffer_data_[start + 1] << 8) | this->buffer_data_[start];
-      sr->publish_state(val);
+      if (this->cached_target_data_[index].resolution != val) {
+        sr->publish_state(val);
+        this->cached_target_data_[index].resolution = val;
+      }
     }
 #endif
     // SPEED
     start = TARGET_SPEED + index * 8;
-    val = ld2450::decode_speed(buffer[start], buffer[start + 1]);
+    val = ld2450::decode_speed(this->buffer_data_[start], this->buffer_data_[start + 1]);
     ts = val;
     if (val) {
       is_moving = true;
@@ -502,13 +519,17 @@ void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
     sensor::Sensor *ss = this->move_speed_sensors_[index];
     if (ss != nullptr) {
-      ss->publish_state(val);
+      if (this->cached_target_data_[index].speed != val) {
+        ss->publish_state(val);
+        this->cached_target_data_[index].speed = val;
+      }
     }
 #endif
     // DISTANCE
-    val = (uint16_t) sqrt(
+    // Optimized: use already decoded tx and ty values, replace pow() with multiplication
-        pow(ld2450::decode_coordinate(buffer[TARGET_X + index * 8], buffer[(TARGET_X + index * 8) + 1]), 2) +
+    int32_t x_squared = (int32_t) tx * tx;
-        pow(ld2450::decode_coordinate(buffer[TARGET_Y + index * 8], buffer[(TARGET_Y + index * 8) + 1]), 2));
+    int32_t y_squared = (int32_t) ty * ty;
+    val = (uint16_t) sqrt(x_squared + y_squared);
     td = val;
     if (val > 0) {
       target_count++;
@@ -516,27 +537,42 @@ void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
     sensor::Sensor *sd = this->move_distance_sensors_[index];
     if (sd != nullptr) {
-      sd->publish_state(val);
+      if (this->cached_target_data_[index].distance != val) {
+        sd->publish_state(val);
+        this->cached_target_data_[index].distance = val;
+      }
     }
     // ANGLE
-    angle = calculate_angle(static_cast<float>(ty), static_cast<float>(td));
+    angle = ld2450::calculate_angle(static_cast<float>(ty), static_cast<float>(td));
     if (tx > 0) {
       angle = angle * -1;
     }
     sensor::Sensor *sa = this->move_angle_sensors_[index];
     if (sa != nullptr) {
-      sa->publish_state(angle);
+      if (std::isnan(this->cached_target_data_[index].angle) ||
+          std::abs(this->cached_target_data_[index].angle - angle) > 0.1f) {
+        sa->publish_state(angle);
+        this->cached_target_data_[index].angle = angle;
+      }
     }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
     // DIRECTION
-    direction = get_direction(ts);
     if (td == 0) {
-      direction = "NA";
+      direction = DIRECTION_NA;
+    } else if (ts > 0) {
+      direction = DIRECTION_MOVING_AWAY;
+    } else if (ts < 0) {
+      direction = DIRECTION_APPROACHING;
+    } else {
+      direction = DIRECTION_STATIONARY;
     }
     text_sensor::TextSensor *tsd = this->direction_text_sensors_[index];
     if (tsd != nullptr) {
-      tsd->publish_state(direction);
+      if (this->cached_target_data_[index].direction != direction) {
+        tsd->publish_state(find_str(ld2450::DIRECTION_BY_UINT, direction));
+        this->cached_target_data_[index].direction = direction;
+      }
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -563,32 +599,50 @@ void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
     // Publish Still Target Count in Zones
     sensor::Sensor *szstc = this->zone_still_target_count_sensors_[index];
     if (szstc != nullptr) {
-      szstc->publish_state(zone_still_targets);
+      if (this->cached_zone_data_[index].still_count != zone_still_targets) {
+        szstc->publish_state(zone_still_targets);
+        this->cached_zone_data_[index].still_count = zone_still_targets;
+      }
     }
     // Publish Moving Target Count in Zones
     sensor::Sensor *szmtc = this->zone_moving_target_count_sensors_[index];
     if (szmtc != nullptr) {
-      szmtc->publish_state(zone_moving_targets);
+      if (this->cached_zone_data_[index].moving_count != zone_moving_targets) {
+        szmtc->publish_state(zone_moving_targets);
+        this->cached_zone_data_[index].moving_count = zone_moving_targets;
+      }
     }
     // Publish All Target Count in Zones
     sensor::Sensor *sztc = this->zone_target_count_sensors_[index];
     if (sztc != nullptr) {
-      sztc->publish_state(zone_all_targets);
+      if (this->cached_zone_data_[index].total_count != zone_all_targets) {
+        sztc->publish_state(zone_all_targets);
+        this->cached_zone_data_[index].total_count = zone_all_targets;
+      }
     }
 
   }  // End loop thru zones
 
   // Target Count
   if (this->target_count_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    this->target_count_sensor_->publish_state(target_count);
+    if (this->cached_global_data_.target_count != target_count) {
+      this->target_count_sensor_->publish_state(target_count);
+      this->cached_global_data_.target_count = target_count;
+    }
   }
   // Still Target Count
   if (this->still_target_count_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    this->still_target_count_sensor_->publish_state(still_target_count);
+    if (this->cached_global_data_.still_count != still_target_count) {
+      this->still_target_count_sensor_->publish_state(still_target_count);
+      this->cached_global_data_.still_count = still_target_count;
+    }
   }
   // Moving Target Count
   if (this->moving_target_count_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    this->moving_target_count_sensor_->publish_state(moving_target_count);
+    if (this->cached_global_data_.moving_count != moving_target_count) {
+      this->moving_target_count_sensor_->publish_state(moving_target_count);
+      this->cached_global_data_.moving_count = moving_target_count;
+    }
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -640,117 +694,139 @@ void LD2450Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 #endif
 }
 
-bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
+bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_() {
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling ack data for command %02X", buffer[COMMAND]);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling ACK DATA for COMMAND %02X", this->buffer_data_[COMMAND]);
-  if (len < 10) {
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < 10) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid ack length");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid length");
     return true;
   }
-  if (buffer[0] != 0xFD || buffer[1] != 0xFC || buffer[2] != 0xFB || buffer[3] != 0xFA) {  // frame header
+  if (!ld2450::validate_header_footer(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, this->buffer_data_)) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid ack header (command %02X)", buffer[COMMAND]);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid header: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE).c_str());
     return true;
   }
-  if (buffer[COMMAND_STATUS] != 0x01) {
+  if (this->buffer_data_[COMMAND_STATUS] != 0x01) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid ack status");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid status");
     return true;
   }
-  if (buffer[8] || buffer[9]) {
+  if (this->buffer_data_[8] || this->buffer_data_[9]) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Last buffer was %u, %u", buffer[8], buffer[9]);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid command: %02X, %02X", this->buffer_data_[8], this->buffer_data_[9]);
     return true;
   }
 
-  switch (buffer[COMMAND]) {
+  switch (this->buffer_data_[COMMAND]) {
-    case lowbyte(CMD_ENABLE_CONF):
+    case CMD_ENABLE_CONF:
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Enable conf command");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Enable conf");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_DISABLE_CONF):
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Disable conf command");
+    case CMD_DISABLE_CONF:
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Disabled conf");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE):
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Baud rate change command");
+    case CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE:
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Baud rate change");
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr) {
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Change baud rate to %s", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Change baud rate to %s and reinstall", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_VERSION):
+
-      this->version_ = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, buffer[13], buffer[12], buffer[17], buffer[16], buffer[15], buffer[14]);
+    case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", this->version_.c_str());
+      std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
+      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->version_);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_MAC):
+    }
-      if (len < 20) {
+
+    case CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS: {
+      if (this->buffer_pos_ < 20) {
         return false;
       }
-      this->mac_ = format_mac_address_pretty(&buffer[10]);
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", this->mac_.c_str());
+      this->bluetooth_on_ = std::memcmp(&this->buffer_data_[10], NO_MAC, sizeof(NO_MAC)) != 0;
+      if (this->bluetooth_on_) {
+        std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
+      }
+
+      std::string mac_str =
+          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_);
+        this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);
       }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->bluetooth_switch_ != nullptr) {
-        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != NO_MAC);
+        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->bluetooth_on_);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_BLUETOOTH):
+    }
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Bluetooth command");
+
+    case CMD_BLUETOOTH:
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Bluetooth");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SINGLE_TARGET_MODE):
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Single target conf command");
+    case CMD_SINGLE_TARGET_MODE:
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Single target conf");
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->multi_target_switch_ != nullptr) {
         this->multi_target_switch_->publish_state(false);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_MULTI_TARGET_MODE):
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi target conf command");
+    case CMD_MULTI_TARGET_MODE:
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Multi target conf");
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->multi_target_switch_ != nullptr) {
         this->multi_target_switch_->publish_state(true);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_TARGET_MODE):
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Query target tracking mode command");
+    case CMD_QUERY_TARGET_MODE:
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Query target tracking mode");
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->multi_target_switch_ != nullptr) {
-        this->multi_target_switch_->publish_state(buffer[10] == 0x02);
+        this->multi_target_switch_->publish_state(this->buffer_data_[10] == 0x02);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_ZONE):
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Query zone conf command");
+    case CMD_QUERY_ZONE:
-      this->zone_type_ = std::stoi(std::to_string(buffer[10]), nullptr, 16);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Query zone conf");
+      this->zone_type_ = std::stoi(std::to_string(this->buffer_data_[10]), nullptr, 16);
       this->publish_zone_type();
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->zone_type_select_ != nullptr) {
         ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Change zone type to: %s", this->zone_type_select_->state.c_str());
       }
 #endif
-      if (buffer[10] == 0x00) {
+      if (this->buffer_data_[10] == 0x00) {
         ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Zone: Disabled");
       }
-      if (buffer[10] == 0x01) {
+      if (this->buffer_data_[10] == 0x01) {
         ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Zone: Area detection");
       }
-      if (buffer[10] == 0x02) {
+      if (this->buffer_data_[10] == 0x02) {
         ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Zone: Area filter");
       }
-      this->process_zone_(buffer);
+      this->process_zone_();
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SET_ZONE):
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set zone conf command");
+    case CMD_SET_ZONE:
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set zone conf");
       this->query_zone_info();
       break;
+
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -758,55 +834,57 @@ bool LD2450Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
 }
 
 // Read LD2450 buffer data
-void LD2450Component::readline_(int readch, uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len) {
+void LD2450Component::readline_(int readch) {
   if (readch < 0) {
-    return;
+    return;  // No data available
   }
-  if (this->buffer_pos_ < len - 1) {
+
-    buffer[this->buffer_pos_++] = readch;
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < MAX_LINE_LENGTH - 1) {
-    buffer[this->buffer_pos_] = 0;
+    this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_++] = readch;
+    this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_] = 0;
   } else {
+    // We should never get here, but just in case...
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Max command length exceeded; ignoring");
     this->buffer_pos_ = 0;
   }
   if (this->buffer_pos_ < 4) {
-    return;
+    return;  // Not enough data to process yet
   }
-  if (buffer[this->buffer_pos_ - 2] == 0x55 && buffer[this->buffer_pos_ - 1] == 0xCC) {
+  if (this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 2] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[0] &&
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handle periodic radar data");
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 1] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[1]) {
-    this->handle_periodic_data_(buffer, this->buffer_pos_);
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling Periodic Data: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, this->buffer_pos_).c_str());
+    this->handle_periodic_data_();
     this->buffer_pos_ = 0;  // Reset position index for next frame
-  } else if (buffer[this->buffer_pos_ - 4] == 0x04 && buffer[this->buffer_pos_ - 3] == 0x03 &&
+  } else if (ld2450::validate_header_footer(CMD_FRAME_FOOTER, &this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 4])) {
-             buffer[this->buffer_pos_ - 2] == 0x02 && buffer[this->buffer_pos_ - 1] == 0x01) {
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling Ack Data: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, this->buffer_pos_).c_str());
-    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handle command ack data");
+    if (this->handle_ack_data_()) {
-    if (this->handle_ack_data_(buffer, this->buffer_pos_)) {
+      this->buffer_pos_ = 0;  // Reset position index for next message
-      this->buffer_pos_ = 0;  // Reset position index for next frame
     } else {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Command ack data invalid");
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Ack Data incomplete");
     }
   }
 }
 
 // Set Config Mode - Pre-requisite sending commands
 void LD2450Component::set_config_mode_(bool enable) {
-  uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_CONF : CMD_DISABLE_CONF;
+  const uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_CONF : CMD_DISABLE_CONF;
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(cmd, enable ? cmd_value : nullptr, 2);
+  this->send_command_(cmd, enable ? cmd_value : nullptr, sizeof(cmd_value));
 }
 
 // Set Bluetooth Enable/Disable
 void LD2450Component::set_bluetooth(bool enable) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t enable_cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {enable ? (uint8_t) 0x01 : (uint8_t) 0x00, 0x00};
-  uint8_t disable_cmd_value[2] = {0x00, 0x00};
+  this->send_command_(CMD_BLUETOOTH, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
-  this->send_command_(CMD_BLUETOOTH, enable ? enable_cmd_value : disable_cmd_value, 2);
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
 }
 
 // Set Baud rate
 void LD2450Component::set_baud_rate(const std::string &state) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(BAUD_RATES_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(BAUD_RATES_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE, cmd_value, 2);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_(); });
 }
 
@@ -847,12 +925,12 @@ void LD2450Component::factory_reset() {
 void LD2450Component::restart_() { this->send_command_(CMD_RESTART, nullptr, 0); }
 
 // Get LD2450 firmware version
-void LD2450Component::get_version_() { this->send_command_(CMD_VERSION, nullptr, 0); }
+void LD2450Component::get_version_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_VERSION, nullptr, 0); }
 
 // Get LD2450 mac address
 void LD2450Component::get_mac_() {
   uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_MAC, cmd_value, 2);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS, cmd_value, 2);
 }
 
 // Query for target tracking mode

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.h

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/preferences.h"
+#include <limits>
+#include <cmath>
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 #endif
@@ -36,10 +38,18 @@ namespace ld2450 {
 
 // Constants
 static const uint8_t DEFAULT_PRESENCE_TIMEOUT = 5;  // Timeout to reset presense status 5 sec.
-static const uint8_t MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 60;          // Max characters for serial buffer
+static const uint8_t MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 41;          // Max characters for serial buffer
 static const uint8_t MAX_TARGETS = 3;               // Max 3 Targets in LD2450
 static const uint8_t MAX_ZONES = 3;                 // Max 3 Zones in LD2450
 
+enum Direction : uint8_t {
+  DIRECTION_APPROACHING = 0,
+  DIRECTION_MOVING_AWAY = 1,
+  DIRECTION_STATIONARY = 2,
+  DIRECTION_NA = 3,
+  DIRECTION_UNDEFINED = 4,
+};
+
 // Target coordinate struct
 struct Target {
   int16_t x;
@@ -65,19 +75,22 @@ struct ZoneOfNumbers {
 #endif
 
 class LD2450Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
-#ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  SUB_SENSOR(target_count)
-  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_count)
-  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_count)
-#endif
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(target)
   SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(moving_target)
   SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(still_target)
+  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(target)
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_SENSOR
+  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_count)
+  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_count)
+  SUB_SENSOR(target_count)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-  SUB_TEXT_SENSOR(version)
   SUB_TEXT_SENSOR(mac)
+  SUB_TEXT_SENSOR(version)
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_NUMBER
+  SUB_NUMBER(presence_timeout)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
   SUB_SELECT(baud_rate)
@@ -88,19 +101,16 @@ class LD2450Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   SUB_SWITCH(multi_target)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_BUTTON
-  SUB_BUTTON(reset)
+  SUB_BUTTON(factory_reset)
   SUB_BUTTON(restart)
 #endif
-#ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  SUB_NUMBER(presence_timeout)
-#endif
 
  public:
   void setup() override;
   void dump_config() override;
   void loop() override;
   void set_presence_timeout();
-  void set_throttle(uint16_t value) { this->throttle_ = value; };
+  void set_throttle(uint16_t value) { this->throttle_ = value; }
   void read_all_info();
   void query_zone_info();
   void restart_and_read_all_info();
@@ -136,10 +146,10 @@ class LD2450Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
  protected:
   void send_command_(uint8_t command_str, const uint8_t *command_value, uint8_t command_value_len);
   void set_config_mode_(bool enable);
-  void handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len);
+  void handle_periodic_data_();
-  bool handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len);
+  bool handle_ack_data_();
-  void process_zone_(uint8_t *buffer);
+  void process_zone_();
-  void readline_(int readch, uint8_t *buffer, uint8_t len);
+  void readline_(int readch);
   void get_version_();
   void get_mac_();
   void query_target_tracking_mode_();
@@ -157,13 +167,40 @@ class LD2450Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   uint32_t moving_presence_millis_ = 0;
   uint16_t throttle_ = 0;
   uint16_t timeout_ = 5;
-  uint8_t buffer_pos_ = 0;  // where to resume processing/populating buffer
   uint8_t buffer_data_[MAX_LINE_LENGTH];
+  uint8_t mac_address_[6] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  uint8_t version_[6] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  uint8_t buffer_pos_ = 0;  // where to resume processing/populating buffer
   uint8_t zone_type_ = 0;
+  bool bluetooth_on_{false};
   Target target_info_[MAX_TARGETS];
   Zone zone_config_[MAX_ZONES];
-  std::string version_{};
+
-  std::string mac_{};
+  // Change detection - cache previous values to avoid redundant publishes
+  // All values are initialized to sentinel values that are outside the valid sensor ranges
+  // to ensure the first real measurement is always published
+  struct CachedTargetData {
+    int16_t x = std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min();             // -32768, outside range of -4860 to 4860
+    int16_t y = std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min();             // -32768, outside range of 0 to 7560
+    int16_t speed = std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min();         // -32768, outside practical sensor range
+    uint16_t resolution = std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max();  // 65535, unlikely resolution value
+    uint16_t distance = std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max();    // 65535, outside range of 0 to ~8990
+    Direction direction = DIRECTION_UNDEFINED;                   // Undefined, will differ from any real direction
+    float angle = NAN;                                           // NAN, safe sentinel for floats
+  } cached_target_data_[MAX_TARGETS];
+
+  struct CachedZoneData {
+    uint8_t still_count = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();   // 255, unlikely zone count
+    uint8_t moving_count = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();  // 255, unlikely zone count
+    uint8_t total_count = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();   // 255, unlikely zone count
+  } cached_zone_data_[MAX_ZONES];
+
+  struct CachedGlobalData {
+    uint8_t target_count = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();  // 255, max 3 targets possible
+    uint8_t still_count = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();   // 255, max 3 targets possible
+    uint8_t moving_count = std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max();  // 255, max 3 targets possible
+  } cached_global_data_;
+
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
   ESPPreferenceObject pref_;  // only used when numbers are in use
   ZoneOfNumbers zone_numbers_[MAX_ZONES];

esphome/components/libretiny/helpers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
+
+#ifdef USE_LIBRETINY
+
+#include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+
+#include <WiFi.h>  // for macAddress()
+
+namespace esphome {
+
+uint32_t random_uint32() { return rand(); }
+
+bool random_bytes(uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+  lt_rand_bytes(data, len);
+  return true;
+}
+
+Mutex::Mutex() { handle_ = xSemaphoreCreateMutex(); }
+Mutex::~Mutex() {}
+void Mutex::lock() { xSemaphoreTake(this->handle_, portMAX_DELAY); }
+bool Mutex::try_lock() { return xSemaphoreTake(this->handle_, 0) == pdTRUE; }
+void Mutex::unlock() { xSemaphoreGive(this->handle_); }
+
+// only affects the executing core
+// so should not be used as a mutex lock, only to get accurate timing
+IRAM_ATTR InterruptLock::InterruptLock() { portDISABLE_INTERRUPTS(); }
+IRAM_ATTR InterruptLock::~InterruptLock() { portENABLE_INTERRUPTS(); }
+
+void get_mac_address_raw(uint8_t *mac) {  // NOLINT(readability-non-const-parameter)
+  WiFi.macAddress(mac);
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome
+
+#endif  // USE_LIBRETINY

esphome/components/light/addressable_light.h

@@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ class AddressableLight : public LightOutput, public Component {
   }
   virtual ESPColorView get_view_internal(int32_t index) const = 0;
 
-  bool effect_active_{false};
   ESPColorCorrection correction_{};
+  LightState *state_parent_{nullptr};
 #ifdef USE_POWER_SUPPLY
   power_supply::PowerSupplyRequester power_;
 #endif
-  LightState *state_parent_{nullptr};
+  bool effect_active_{false};
 };
 
 class AddressableLightTransformer : public LightTransitionTransformer {
@@ -114,9 +114,9 @@ class AddressableLightTransformer : public LightTransitionTransformer {
 
  protected:
   AddressableLight &light_;
-  Color target_color_{};
   float last_transition_progress_{0.0f};
   float accumulated_alpha_{0.0f};
+  Color target_color_{};
 };
 
 }  // namespace light

esphome/components/light/esp_color_correction.h

@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ class ESPColorCorrection {
  protected:
   uint8_t gamma_table_[256];
   uint8_t gamma_reverse_table_[256];
-  uint8_t local_brightness_{255};
   Color max_brightness_;
+  uint8_t local_brightness_{255};
 };
 
 }  // namespace light

esphome/components/light/light_call.cpp

@@ -2,12 +2,28 @@
 #include "light_call.h"
 #include "light_state.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include "esphome/core/optional.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
 namespace light {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "light";
 
+// Macro to reduce repetitive setter code
+#define IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(name, type, flag) \
+  LightCall &LightCall::set_##name(optional<type>(name)) { \
+    if ((name).has_value()) { \
+      this->name##_ = (name).value(); \
+    } \
+    this->set_flag_(flag, (name).has_value()); \
+    return *this; \
+  } \
+  LightCall &LightCall::set_##name(type name) { \
+    this->name##_ = name; \
+    this->set_flag_(flag, true); \
+    return *this; \
+  }
+
 static const LogString *color_mode_to_human(ColorMode color_mode) {
   if (color_mode == ColorMode::UNKNOWN)
     return LOG_STR("Unknown");
@@ -32,41 +48,43 @@ void LightCall::perform() {
   const char *name = this->parent_->get_name().c_str();
   LightColorValues v = this->validate_();
 
-  if (this->publish_) {
+  if (this->get_publish_()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s' Setting:", name);
 
     // Only print color mode when it's being changed
     ColorMode current_color_mode = this->parent_->remote_values.get_color_mode();
-    if (this->color_mode_.value_or(current_color_mode) != current_color_mode) {
+    ColorMode target_color_mode = this->has_color_mode() ? this->color_mode_ : current_color_mode;
+    if (target_color_mode != current_color_mode) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Color mode: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(color_mode_to_human(v.get_color_mode())));
     }
 
     // Only print state when it's being changed
     bool current_state = this->parent_->remote_values.is_on();
-    if (this->state_.value_or(current_state) != current_state) {
+    bool target_state = this->has_state() ? this->state_ : current_state;
+    if (target_state != current_state) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  State: %s", ONOFF(v.is_on()));
     }
 
-    if (this->brightness_.has_value()) {
+    if (this->has_brightness()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Brightness: %.0f%%", v.get_brightness() * 100.0f);
     }
 
-    if (this->color_brightness_.has_value()) {
+    if (this->has_color_brightness()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Color brightness: %.0f%%", v.get_color_brightness() * 100.0f);
     }
-    if (this->red_.has_value() || this->green_.has_value() || this->blue_.has_value()) {
+    if (this->has_red() || this->has_green() || this->has_blue()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Red: %.0f%%, Green: %.0f%%, Blue: %.0f%%", v.get_red() * 100.0f, v.get_green() * 100.0f,
                v.get_blue() * 100.0f);
     }
 
-    if (this->white_.has_value()) {
+    if (this->has_white()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  White: %.0f%%", v.get_white() * 100.0f);
     }
-    if (this->color_temperature_.has_value()) {
+    if (this->has_color_temperature()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Color temperature: %.1f mireds", v.get_color_temperature());
     }
 
-    if (this->cold_white_.has_value() || this->warm_white_.has_value()) {
+    if (this->has_cold_white() || this->has_warm_white()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Cold white: %.0f%%, warm white: %.0f%%", v.get_cold_white() * 100.0f,
                v.get_warm_white() * 100.0f);
     }
@@ -74,58 +92,57 @@ void LightCall::perform() {
 
   if (this->has_flash_()) {
     // FLASH
-    if (this->publish_) {
+    if (this->get_publish_()) {
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Flash length: %.1fs", *this->flash_length_ / 1e3f);
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Flash length: %.1fs", this->flash_length_ / 1e3f);
     }
 
-    this->parent_->start_flash_(v, *this->flash_length_, this->publish_);
+    this->parent_->start_flash_(v, this->flash_length_, this->get_publish_());
   } else if (this->has_transition_()) {
     // TRANSITION
-    if (this->publish_) {
+    if (this->get_publish_()) {
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Transition length: %.1fs", *this->transition_length_ / 1e3f);
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Transition length: %.1fs", this->transition_length_ / 1e3f);
     }
 
     // Special case: Transition and effect can be set when turning off
     if (this->has_effect_()) {
-      if (this->publish_) {
+      if (this->get_publish_()) {
         ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Effect: 'None'");
       }
       this->parent_->stop_effect_();
     }
 
-    this->parent_->start_transition_(v, *this->transition_length_, this->publish_);
+    this->parent_->start_transition_(v, this->transition_length_, this->get_publish_());
 
   } else if (this->has_effect_()) {
     // EFFECT
-    auto effect = this->effect_;
     const char *effect_s;
-    if (effect == 0u) {
+    if (this->effect_ == 0u) {
       effect_s = "None";
     } else {
-      effect_s = this->parent_->effects_[*this->effect_ - 1]->get_name().c_str();
+      effect_s = this->parent_->effects_[this->effect_ - 1]->get_name().c_str();
     }
 
-    if (this->publish_) {
+    if (this->get_publish_()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Effect: '%s'", effect_s);
     }
 
-    this->parent_->start_effect_(*this->effect_);
+    this->parent_->start_effect_(this->effect_);
 
     // Also set light color values when starting an effect
     // For example to turn off the light
     this->parent_->set_immediately_(v, true);
   } else {
     // INSTANT CHANGE
-    this->parent_->set_immediately_(v, this->publish_);
+    this->parent_->set_immediately_(v, this->get_publish_());
   }
 
   if (!this->has_transition_()) {
     this->parent_->target_state_reached_callback_.call();
   }
-  if (this->publish_) {
+  if (this->get_publish_()) {
     this->parent_->publish_state();
   }
-  if (this->save_) {
+  if (this->get_save_()) {
     this->parent_->save_remote_values_();
   }
 }
@@ -135,82 +152,80 @@ LightColorValues LightCall::validate_() {
   auto traits = this->parent_->get_traits();
 
   // Color mode check
-  if (this->color_mode_.has_value() && !traits.supports_color_mode(this->color_mode_.value())) {
+  if (this->has_color_mode() && !traits.supports_color_mode(this->color_mode_)) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' does not support color mode %s", name,
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' does not support color mode %s", name, LOG_STR_ARG(color_mode_to_human(this->color_mode_)));
-             LOG_STR_ARG(color_mode_to_human(this->color_mode_.value())));
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_COLOR_MODE, false);
-    this->color_mode_.reset();
   }
 
   // Ensure there is always a color mode set
-  if (!this->color_mode_.has_value()) {
+  if (!this->has_color_mode()) {
     this->color_mode_ = this->compute_color_mode_();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_COLOR_MODE, true);
   }
-  auto color_mode = *this->color_mode_;
+  auto color_mode = this->color_mode_;
 
   // Transform calls that use non-native parameters for the current mode.
   this->transform_parameters_();
 
   // Brightness exists check
-  if (this->brightness_.has_value() && *this->brightness_ > 0.0f && !(color_mode & ColorCapability::BRIGHTNESS)) {
+  if (this->has_brightness() && this->brightness_ > 0.0f && !(color_mode & ColorCapability::BRIGHTNESS)) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': setting brightness not supported", name);
-    this->brightness_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_BRIGHTNESS, false);
   }
 
   // Transition length possible check
-  if (this->transition_length_.has_value() && *this->transition_length_ != 0 &&
+  if (this->has_transition_() && this->transition_length_ != 0 && !(color_mode & ColorCapability::BRIGHTNESS)) {
-      !(color_mode & ColorCapability::BRIGHTNESS)) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': transitions not supported", name);
-    this->transition_length_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION, false);
   }
 
   // Color brightness exists check
-  if (this->color_brightness_.has_value() && *this->color_brightness_ > 0.0f && !(color_mode & ColorCapability::RGB)) {
+  if (this->has_color_brightness() && this->color_brightness_ > 0.0f && !(color_mode & ColorCapability::RGB)) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': color mode does not support setting RGB brightness", name);
-    this->color_brightness_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_COLOR_BRIGHTNESS, false);
   }
 
   // RGB exists check
-  if ((this->red_.has_value() && *this->red_ > 0.0f) || (this->green_.has_value() && *this->green_ > 0.0f) ||
+  if ((this->has_red() && this->red_ > 0.0f) || (this->has_green() && this->green_ > 0.0f) ||
-      (this->blue_.has_value() && *this->blue_ > 0.0f)) {
+      (this->has_blue() && this->blue_ > 0.0f)) {
     if (!(color_mode & ColorCapability::RGB)) {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': color mode does not support setting RGB color", name);
-      this->red_.reset();
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_RED, false);
-      this->green_.reset();
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_GREEN, false);
-      this->blue_.reset();
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_BLUE, false);
     }
   }
 
   // White value exists check
-  if (this->white_.has_value() && *this->white_ > 0.0f &&
+  if (this->has_white() && this->white_ > 0.0f &&
       !(color_mode & ColorCapability::WHITE || color_mode & ColorCapability::COLD_WARM_WHITE)) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': color mode does not support setting white value", name);
-    this->white_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_WHITE, false);
   }
 
   // Color temperature exists check
-  if (this->color_temperature_.has_value() &&
+  if (this->has_color_temperature() &&
       !(color_mode & ColorCapability::COLOR_TEMPERATURE || color_mode & ColorCapability::COLD_WARM_WHITE)) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': color mode does not support setting color temperature", name);
-    this->color_temperature_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, false);
   }
 
   // Cold/warm white value exists check
-  if ((this->cold_white_.has_value() && *this->cold_white_ > 0.0f) ||
+  if ((this->has_cold_white() && this->cold_white_ > 0.0f) || (this->has_warm_white() && this->warm_white_ > 0.0f)) {
-      (this->warm_white_.has_value() && *this->warm_white_ > 0.0f)) {
     if (!(color_mode & ColorCapability::COLD_WARM_WHITE)) {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': color mode does not support setting cold/warm white value", name);
-      this->cold_white_.reset();
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_COLD_WHITE, false);
-      this->warm_white_.reset();
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_WARM_WHITE, false);
     }
   }
 
 #define VALIDATE_RANGE_(name_, upper_name, min, max) \
-  if (name_##_.has_value()) { \
+  if (this->has_##name_()) { \
-    auto val = *name_##_; \
+    auto val = this->name_##_; \
     if (val < (min) || val > (max)) { \
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': %s value %.2f is out of range [%.1f - %.1f]", name, LOG_STR_LITERAL(upper_name), val, \
                (min), (max)); \
-      name_##_ = clamp(val, (min), (max)); \
+      this->name_##_ = clamp(val, (min), (max)); \
     } \
   }
 #define VALIDATE_RANGE(name, upper_name) VALIDATE_RANGE_(name, upper_name, 0.0f, 1.0f)
@@ -227,110 +242,116 @@ LightColorValues LightCall::validate_() {
   VALIDATE_RANGE_(color_temperature, "Color temperature", traits.get_min_mireds(), traits.get_max_mireds())
 
   // Flag whether an explicit turn off was requested, in which case we'll also stop the effect.
-  bool explicit_turn_off_request = this->state_.has_value() && !*this->state_;
+  bool explicit_turn_off_request = this->has_state() && !this->state_;
 
   // Turn off when brightness is set to zero, and reset brightness (so that it has nonzero brightness when turned on).
-  if (this->brightness_.has_value() && *this->brightness_ == 0.0f) {
+  if (this->has_brightness() && this->brightness_ == 0.0f) {
-    this->state_ = optional<float>(false);
+    this->state_ = false;
-    this->brightness_ = optional<float>(1.0f);
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_STATE, true);
+    this->brightness_ = 1.0f;
   }
 
   // Set color brightness to 100% if currently zero and a color is set.
-  if (this->red_.has_value() || this->green_.has_value() || this->blue_.has_value()) {
+  if (this->has_red() || this->has_green() || this->has_blue()) {
-    if (!this->color_brightness_.has_value() && this->parent_->remote_values.get_color_brightness() == 0.0f)
+    if (!this->has_color_brightness() && this->parent_->remote_values.get_color_brightness() == 0.0f) {
-      this->color_brightness_ = optional<float>(1.0f);
+      this->color_brightness_ = 1.0f;
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_COLOR_BRIGHTNESS, true);
+    }
   }
 
   // Create color values for the light with this call applied.
   auto v = this->parent_->remote_values;
-  if (this->color_mode_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_color_mode())
-    v.set_color_mode(*this->color_mode_);
+    v.set_color_mode(this->color_mode_);
-  if (this->state_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_state())
-    v.set_state(*this->state_);
+    v.set_state(this->state_);
-  if (this->brightness_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_brightness())
-    v.set_brightness(*this->brightness_);
+    v.set_brightness(this->brightness_);
-  if (this->color_brightness_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_color_brightness())
-    v.set_color_brightness(*this->color_brightness_);
+    v.set_color_brightness(this->color_brightness_);
-  if (this->red_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_red())
-    v.set_red(*this->red_);
+    v.set_red(this->red_);
-  if (this->green_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_green())
-    v.set_green(*this->green_);
+    v.set_green(this->green_);
-  if (this->blue_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_blue())
-    v.set_blue(*this->blue_);
+    v.set_blue(this->blue_);
-  if (this->white_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_white())
-    v.set_white(*this->white_);
+    v.set_white(this->white_);
-  if (this->color_temperature_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_color_temperature())
-    v.set_color_temperature(*this->color_temperature_);
+    v.set_color_temperature(this->color_temperature_);
-  if (this->cold_white_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_cold_white())
-    v.set_cold_white(*this->cold_white_);
+    v.set_cold_white(this->cold_white_);
-  if (this->warm_white_.has_value())
+  if (this->has_warm_white())
-    v.set_warm_white(*this->warm_white_);
+    v.set_warm_white(this->warm_white_);
 
   v.normalize_color();
 
   // Flash length check
-  if (this->has_flash_() && *this->flash_length_ == 0) {
+  if (this->has_flash_() && this->flash_length_ == 0) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': flash length must be greater than zero", name);
-    this->flash_length_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_FLASH, false);
   }
 
   // validate transition length/flash length/effect not used at the same time
   bool supports_transition = color_mode & ColorCapability::BRIGHTNESS;
 
   // If effect is already active, remove effect start
-  if (this->has_effect_() && *this->effect_ == this->parent_->active_effect_index_) {
+  if (this->has_effect_() && this->effect_ == this->parent_->active_effect_index_) {
-    this->effect_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_EFFECT, false);
   }
 
   // validate effect index
-  if (this->has_effect_() && *this->effect_ > this->parent_->effects_.size()) {
+  if (this->has_effect_() && this->effect_ > this->parent_->effects_.size()) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': invalid effect index %" PRIu32, name, *this->effect_);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': invalid effect index %" PRIu32, name, this->effect_);
-    this->effect_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_EFFECT, false);
   }
 
   if (this->has_effect_() && (this->has_transition_() || this->has_flash_())) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': effect cannot be used with transition/flash", name);
-    this->transition_length_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION, false);
-    this->flash_length_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_FLASH, false);
   }
 
   if (this->has_flash_() && this->has_transition_()) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': flash cannot be used with transition", name);
-    this->transition_length_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION, false);
   }
 
-  if (!this->has_transition_() && !this->has_flash_() && (!this->has_effect_() || *this->effect_ == 0) &&
+  if (!this->has_transition_() && !this->has_flash_() && (!this->has_effect_() || this->effect_ == 0) &&
       supports_transition) {
     // nothing specified and light supports transitions, set default transition length
     this->transition_length_ = this->parent_->default_transition_length_;
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION, true);
   }
 
-  if (this->transition_length_.value_or(0) == 0) {
+  if (this->has_transition_() && this->transition_length_ == 0) {
     // 0 transition is interpreted as no transition (instant change)
-    this->transition_length_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION, false);
   }
 
   if (this->has_transition_() && !supports_transition) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': transitions not supported", name);
-    this->transition_length_.reset();
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION, false);
   }
 
   // If not a flash and turning the light off, then disable the light
   // Do not use light color values directly, so that effects can set 0% brightness
   // Reason: When user turns off the light in frontend, the effect should also stop
-  if (!this->has_flash_() && !this->state_.value_or(v.is_on())) {
+  bool target_state = this->has_state() ? this->state_ : v.is_on();
+  if (!this->has_flash_() && !target_state) {
     if (this->has_effect_()) {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s': cannot start effect when turning off", name);
-      this->effect_.reset();
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_EFFECT, false);
     } else if (this->parent_->active_effect_index_ != 0 && explicit_turn_off_request) {
       // Auto turn off effect
       this->effect_ = 0;
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_EFFECT, true);
     }
   }
 
   // Disable saving for flashes
   if (this->has_flash_())
-    this->save_ = false;
+    this->set_flag_(FLAG_SAVE, false);
 
   return v;
 }
@@ -343,24 +364,27 @@ void LightCall::transform_parameters_() {
   // - RGBWW lights with color_interlock=true, which also sets "brightness" and
   //   "color_temperature" (without color_interlock, CW/WW are set directly)
   // - Legacy Home Assistant (pre-colormode), which sets "white" and "color_temperature"
-  if (((this->white_.has_value() && *this->white_ > 0.0f) || this->color_temperature_.has_value()) &&  //
+  if (((this->has_white() && this->white_ > 0.0f) || this->has_color_temperature()) &&  //
-      (*this->color_mode_ & ColorCapability::COLD_WARM_WHITE) &&                                       //
+      (this->color_mode_ & ColorCapability::COLD_WARM_WHITE) &&                         //
-      !(*this->color_mode_ & ColorCapability::WHITE) &&                                                //
+      !(this->color_mode_ & ColorCapability::WHITE) &&                                  //
-      !(*this->color_mode_ & ColorCapability::COLOR_TEMPERATURE) &&                                    //
+      !(this->color_mode_ & ColorCapability::COLOR_TEMPERATURE) &&                      //
       traits.get_min_mireds() > 0.0f && traits.get_max_mireds() > 0.0f) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': setting cold/warm white channels using white/color temperature values",
              this->parent_->get_name().c_str());
-    if (this->color_temperature_.has_value()) {
+    if (this->has_color_temperature()) {
-      const float color_temp = clamp(*this->color_temperature_, traits.get_min_mireds(), traits.get_max_mireds());
+      const float color_temp = clamp(this->color_temperature_, traits.get_min_mireds(), traits.get_max_mireds());
       const float ww_fraction =
           (color_temp - traits.get_min_mireds()) / (traits.get_max_mireds() - traits.get_min_mireds());
       const float cw_fraction = 1.0f - ww_fraction;
       const float max_cw_ww = std::max(ww_fraction, cw_fraction);
       this->cold_white_ = gamma_uncorrect(cw_fraction / max_cw_ww, this->parent_->get_gamma_correct());
       this->warm_white_ = gamma_uncorrect(ww_fraction / max_cw_ww, this->parent_->get_gamma_correct());
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_COLD_WHITE, true);
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_WARM_WHITE, true);
     }
-    if (this->white_.has_value()) {
+    if (this->has_white()) {
-      this->brightness_ = *this->white_;
+      this->brightness_ = this->white_;
+      this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_BRIGHTNESS, true);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -378,7 +402,7 @@ ColorMode LightCall::compute_color_mode_() {
 
   // Don't change if the light is being turned off.
   ColorMode current_mode = this->parent_->remote_values.get_color_mode();
-  if (this->state_.has_value() && !*this->state_)
+  if (this->has_state() && !this->state_)
     return current_mode;
 
   // If no color mode is specified, we try to guess the color mode. This is needed for backward compatibility to
@@ -411,12 +435,12 @@ ColorMode LightCall::compute_color_mode_() {
   return color_mode;
 }
 std::set<ColorMode> LightCall::get_suitable_color_modes_() {
-  bool has_white = this->white_.has_value() && *this->white_ > 0.0f;
+  bool has_white = this->has_white() && this->white_ > 0.0f;
-  bool has_ct = this->color_temperature_.has_value();
+  bool has_ct = this->has_color_temperature();
-  bool has_cwww = (this->cold_white_.has_value() && *this->cold_white_ > 0.0f) ||
+  bool has_cwww =
-                  (this->warm_white_.has_value() && *this->warm_white_ > 0.0f);
+      (this->has_cold_white() && this->cold_white_ > 0.0f) || (this->has_warm_white() && this->warm_white_ > 0.0f);
-  bool has_rgb = (this->color_brightness_.has_value() && *this->color_brightness_ > 0.0f) ||
+  bool has_rgb = (this->has_color_brightness() && this->color_brightness_ > 0.0f) ||
-                 (this->red_.has_value() || this->green_.has_value() || this->blue_.has_value());
+                 (this->has_red() || this->has_green() || this->has_blue());
 
 #define KEY(white, ct, cwww, rgb) ((white) << 0 | (ct) << 1 | (cwww) << 2 | (rgb) << 3)
 #define ENTRY(white, ct, cwww, rgb, ...) \
@@ -491,7 +515,7 @@ LightCall &LightCall::from_light_color_values(const LightColorValues &values) {
   return *this;
 }
 ColorMode LightCall::get_active_color_mode_() {
-  return this->color_mode_.value_or(this->parent_->remote_values.get_color_mode());
+  return this->has_color_mode() ? this->color_mode_ : this->parent_->remote_values.get_color_mode();
 }
 LightCall &LightCall::set_transition_length_if_supported(uint32_t transition_length) {
   if (this->get_active_color_mode_() & ColorCapability::BRIGHTNESS)
@@ -505,7 +529,7 @@ LightCall &LightCall::set_brightness_if_supported(float brightness) {
 }
 LightCall &LightCall::set_color_mode_if_supported(ColorMode color_mode) {
   if (this->parent_->get_traits().supports_color_mode(color_mode))
-    this->color_mode_ = color_mode;
+    this->set_color_mode(color_mode);
   return *this;
 }
 LightCall &LightCall::set_color_brightness_if_supported(float brightness) {
@@ -549,110 +573,19 @@ LightCall &LightCall::set_warm_white_if_supported(float warm_white) {
     this->set_warm_white(warm_white);
   return *this;
 }
-LightCall &LightCall::set_state(optional<bool> state) {
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(state, bool, FLAG_HAS_STATE)
-  this->state_ = state;
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(transition_length, uint32_t, FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION)
-  return *this;
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(flash_length, uint32_t, FLAG_HAS_FLASH)
-}
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(brightness, float, FLAG_HAS_BRIGHTNESS)
-LightCall &LightCall::set_state(bool state) {
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(color_mode, ColorMode, FLAG_HAS_COLOR_MODE)
-  this->state_ = state;
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(color_brightness, float, FLAG_HAS_COLOR_BRIGHTNESS)
-  return *this;
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(red, float, FLAG_HAS_RED)
-}
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(green, float, FLAG_HAS_GREEN)
-LightCall &LightCall::set_transition_length(optional<uint32_t> transition_length) {
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(blue, float, FLAG_HAS_BLUE)
-  this->transition_length_ = transition_length;
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(white, float, FLAG_HAS_WHITE)
-  return *this;
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(color_temperature, float, FLAG_HAS_COLOR_TEMPERATURE)
-}
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(cold_white, float, FLAG_HAS_COLD_WHITE)
-LightCall &LightCall::set_transition_length(uint32_t transition_length) {
+IMPLEMENT_LIGHT_CALL_SETTER(warm_white, float, FLAG_HAS_WARM_WHITE)
-  this->transition_length_ = transition_length;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_flash_length(optional<uint32_t> flash_length) {
-  this->flash_length_ = flash_length;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_flash_length(uint32_t flash_length) {
-  this->flash_length_ = flash_length;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_brightness(optional<float> brightness) {
-  this->brightness_ = brightness;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_brightness(float brightness) {
-  this->brightness_ = brightness;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_color_mode(optional<ColorMode> color_mode) {
-  this->color_mode_ = color_mode;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_color_mode(ColorMode color_mode) {
-  this->color_mode_ = color_mode;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_color_brightness(optional<float> brightness) {
-  this->color_brightness_ = brightness;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_color_brightness(float brightness) {
-  this->color_brightness_ = brightness;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_red(optional<float> red) {
-  this->red_ = red;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_red(float red) {
-  this->red_ = red;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_green(optional<float> green) {
-  this->green_ = green;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_green(float green) {
-  this->green_ = green;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_blue(optional<float> blue) {
-  this->blue_ = blue;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_blue(float blue) {
-  this->blue_ = blue;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_white(optional<float> white) {
-  this->white_ = white;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_white(float white) {
-  this->white_ = white;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_color_temperature(optional<float> color_temperature) {
-  this->color_temperature_ = color_temperature;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_color_temperature(float color_temperature) {
-  this->color_temperature_ = color_temperature;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_cold_white(optional<float> cold_white) {
-  this->cold_white_ = cold_white;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_cold_white(float cold_white) {
-  this->cold_white_ = cold_white;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_warm_white(optional<float> warm_white) {
-  this->warm_white_ = warm_white;
-  return *this;
-}
-LightCall &LightCall::set_warm_white(float warm_white) {
-  this->warm_white_ = warm_white;
-  return *this;
-}
 LightCall &LightCall::set_effect(optional<std::string> effect) {
   if (effect.has_value())
     this->set_effect(*effect);
@@ -660,18 +593,22 @@ LightCall &LightCall::set_effect(optional<std::string> effect) {
 }
 LightCall &LightCall::set_effect(uint32_t effect_number) {
   this->effect_ = effect_number;
+  this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_EFFECT, true);
   return *this;
 }
 LightCall &LightCall::set_effect(optional<uint32_t> effect_number) {
-  this->effect_ = effect_number;
+  if (effect_number.has_value()) {
+    this->effect_ = effect_number.value();
+  }
+  this->set_flag_(FLAG_HAS_EFFECT, effect_number.has_value());
   return *this;
 }
 LightCall &LightCall::set_publish(bool publish) {
-  this->publish_ = publish;
+  this->set_flag_(FLAG_PUBLISH, publish);
   return *this;
 }
 LightCall &LightCall::set_save(bool save) {
-  this->save_ = save;
+  this->set_flag_(FLAG_SAVE, save);
   return *this;
 }
 LightCall &LightCall::set_rgb(float red, float green, float blue) {

esphome/components/light/light_call.h

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "esphome/core/optional.h"
 #include "light_color_values.h"
 #include <set>
 
@@ -10,6 +9,11 @@ namespace light {
 class LightState;
 
 /** This class represents a requested change in a light state.
+ *
+ * Light state changes are tracked using a bitfield flags_ to minimize memory usage.
+ * Each possible light property has a flag indicating whether it has been set.
+ * This design keeps LightCall at ~56 bytes to minimize heap fragmentation on
+ * ESP8266 and other memory-constrained devices.
  */
 class LightCall {
  public:
@@ -131,6 +135,19 @@ class LightCall {
   /// Set whether this light call should trigger a save state to recover them at startup..
   LightCall &set_save(bool save);
 
+  // Getter methods to check if values are set
+  bool has_state() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_STATE) != 0; }
+  bool has_brightness() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_BRIGHTNESS) != 0; }
+  bool has_color_brightness() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_COLOR_BRIGHTNESS) != 0; }
+  bool has_red() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_RED) != 0; }
+  bool has_green() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_GREEN) != 0; }
+  bool has_blue() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_BLUE) != 0; }
+  bool has_white() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_WHITE) != 0; }
+  bool has_color_temperature() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_COLOR_TEMPERATURE) != 0; }
+  bool has_cold_white() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_COLD_WHITE) != 0; }
+  bool has_warm_white() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_WARM_WHITE) != 0; }
+  bool has_color_mode() const { return (flags_ & FLAG_HAS_COLOR_MODE) != 0; }
+
   /** Set the RGB color of the light by RGB values.
    *
    * Please note that this only changes the color of the light, not the brightness.
@@ -170,27 +187,62 @@ class LightCall {
   /// Some color modes also can be set using non-native parameters, transform those calls.
   void transform_parameters_();
 
-  bool has_transition_() { return this->transition_length_.has_value(); }
+  // Bitfield flags - each flag indicates whether a corresponding value has been set.
-  bool has_flash_() { return this->flash_length_.has_value(); }
+  enum FieldFlags : uint16_t {
-  bool has_effect_() { return this->effect_.has_value(); }
+    FLAG_HAS_STATE = 1 << 0,
+    FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION = 1 << 1,
+    FLAG_HAS_FLASH = 1 << 2,
+    FLAG_HAS_EFFECT = 1 << 3,
+    FLAG_HAS_BRIGHTNESS = 1 << 4,
+    FLAG_HAS_COLOR_BRIGHTNESS = 1 << 5,
+    FLAG_HAS_RED = 1 << 6,
+    FLAG_HAS_GREEN = 1 << 7,
+    FLAG_HAS_BLUE = 1 << 8,
+    FLAG_HAS_WHITE = 1 << 9,
+    FLAG_HAS_COLOR_TEMPERATURE = 1 << 10,
+    FLAG_HAS_COLD_WHITE = 1 << 11,
+    FLAG_HAS_WARM_WHITE = 1 << 12,
+    FLAG_HAS_COLOR_MODE = 1 << 13,
+    FLAG_PUBLISH = 1 << 14,
+    FLAG_SAVE = 1 << 15,
+  };
+
+  bool has_transition_() { return (this->flags_ & FLAG_HAS_TRANSITION) != 0; }
+  bool has_flash_() { return (this->flags_ & FLAG_HAS_FLASH) != 0; }
+  bool has_effect_() { return (this->flags_ & FLAG_HAS_EFFECT) != 0; }
+  bool get_publish_() { return (this->flags_ & FLAG_PUBLISH) != 0; }
+  bool get_save_() { return (this->flags_ & FLAG_SAVE) != 0; }
+
+  // Helper to set flag
+  void set_flag_(FieldFlags flag, bool value) {
+    if (value) {
+      this->flags_ |= flag;
+    } else {
+      this->flags_ &= ~flag;
+    }
+  }
 
   LightState *parent_;
-  optional<bool> state_;
+
-  optional<uint32_t> transition_length_;
+  // Light state values - use flags_ to check if a value has been set.
-  optional<uint32_t> flash_length_;
+  // Group 4-byte aligned members first
-  optional<ColorMode> color_mode_;
+  uint32_t transition_length_;
-  optional<float> brightness_;
+  uint32_t flash_length_;
-  optional<float> color_brightness_;
+  uint32_t effect_;
-  optional<float> red_;
+  float brightness_;
-  optional<float> green_;
+  float color_brightness_;
-  optional<float> blue_;
+  float red_;
-  optional<float> white_;
+  float green_;
-  optional<float> color_temperature_;
+  float blue_;
-  optional<float> cold_white_;
+  float white_;
-  optional<float> warm_white_;
+  float color_temperature_;
-  optional<uint32_t> effect_;
+  float cold_white_;
-  bool publish_{true};
+  float warm_white_;
-  bool save_{true};
+
+  // Smaller members at the end for better packing
+  uint16_t flags_{FLAG_PUBLISH | FLAG_SAVE};  // Tracks which values are set
+  ColorMode color_mode_;
+  bool state_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace light

esphome/components/light/light_color_values.h

@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ class LightColorValues {
  public:
   /// Construct the LightColorValues with all attributes enabled, but state set to off.
   LightColorValues()
-      : color_mode_(ColorMode::UNKNOWN),
+      : state_(0.0f),
-        state_(0.0f),
         brightness_(1.0f),
         color_brightness_(1.0f),
         red_(1.0f),
@@ -56,7 +55,8 @@ class LightColorValues {
         white_(1.0f),
         color_temperature_{0.0f},
         cold_white_{1.0f},
-        warm_white_{1.0f} {}
+        warm_white_{1.0f},
+        color_mode_(ColorMode::UNKNOWN) {}
 
   LightColorValues(ColorMode color_mode, float state, float brightness, float color_brightness, float red, float green,
                    float blue, float white, float color_temperature, float cold_white, float warm_white) {
@@ -292,7 +292,6 @@ class LightColorValues {
   void set_warm_white(float warm_white) { this->warm_white_ = clamp(warm_white, 0.0f, 1.0f); }
 
  protected:
-  ColorMode color_mode_;
   float state_;  ///< ON / OFF, float for transition
   float brightness_;
   float color_brightness_;
@@ -303,6 +302,7 @@ class LightColorValues {
   float color_temperature_;  ///< Color Temperature in Mired
   float cold_white_;
   float warm_white_;
+  ColorMode color_mode_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace light

esphome/components/light/light_state.h

@@ -31,9 +31,7 @@ enum LightRestoreMode : uint8_t {
 struct LightStateRTCState {
   LightStateRTCState(ColorMode color_mode, bool state, float brightness, float color_brightness, float red, float green,
                      float blue, float white, float color_temp, float cold_white, float warm_white)
-      : color_mode(color_mode),
+      : brightness(brightness),
-        state(state),
-        brightness(brightness),
         color_brightness(color_brightness),
         red(red),
         green(green),
@@ -41,10 +39,12 @@ struct LightStateRTCState {
         white(white),
         color_temp(color_temp),
         cold_white(cold_white),
-        warm_white(warm_white) {}
+        warm_white(warm_white),
+        effect(0),
+        color_mode(color_mode),
+        state(state) {}
   LightStateRTCState() = default;
-  ColorMode color_mode{ColorMode::UNKNOWN};
+  // Group 4-byte aligned members first
-  bool state{false};
   float brightness{1.0f};
   float color_brightness{1.0f};
   float red{1.0f};
@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ struct LightStateRTCState {
   float cold_white{1.0f};
   float warm_white{1.0f};
   uint32_t effect{0};
+  // Group smaller members at the end
+  ColorMode color_mode{ColorMode::UNKNOWN};
+  bool state{false};
 };
 
 /** This class represents the communication layer between the front-end MQTT layer and the
@@ -216,6 +219,8 @@ class LightState : public EntityBase, public Component {
   std::unique_ptr<LightTransformer> transformer_{nullptr};
   /// List of effects for this light.
   std::vector<LightEffect *> effects_;
+  /// Object used to store the persisted values of the light.
+  ESPPreferenceObject rtc_;
   /// Value for storing the index of the currently active effect. 0 if no effect is active
   uint32_t active_effect_index_{};
   /// Default transition length for all transitions in ms.
@@ -224,15 +229,11 @@ class LightState : public EntityBase, public Component {
   uint32_t flash_transition_length_{};
   /// Gamma correction factor for the light.
   float gamma_correct_{};
-
   /// Whether the light value should be written in the next cycle.
   bool next_write_{true};
   // for effects, true if a transformer (transition) is active.
   bool is_transformer_active_ = false;
 
-  /// Object used to store the persisted values of the light.
-  ESPPreferenceObject rtc_;
-
   /** Callback to call when new values for the frontend are available.
    *
    * "Remote values" are light color values that are reported to the frontend and have a lower

esphome/components/light/transformers.h

@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ class LightTransitionTransformer : public LightTransformer {
   // transition from 0 to 1 on x = [0, 1]
   static float smoothed_progress(float x) { return x * x * x * (x * (x * 6.0f - 15.0f) + 10.0f); }
 
-  bool changing_color_mode_{false};
   LightColorValues end_values_{};
   LightColorValues intermediate_values_{};
+  bool changing_color_mode_{false};
 };
 
 class LightFlashTransformer : public LightTransformer {
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ class LightFlashTransformer : public LightTransformer {
 
  protected:
   LightState &state_;
-  uint32_t transition_length_;
   std::unique_ptr<LightTransformer> transformer_{nullptr};
+  uint32_t transition_length_;
   bool begun_lightstate_restore_;
 };
 

esphome/components/logger/__init__.py

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from esphome.components.libretiny.const import (
     COMPONENT_LN882X,
     COMPONENT_RTL87XX,
 )
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ARGS,
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     PLATFORM_LN882X,
     PLATFORM_RP2040,
     PLATFORM_RTL87XX,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, Lambda, coroutine_with_priority
 
@@ -444,3 +446,25 @@ async def logger_set_level_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
 
     lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(Lambda(text), args, return_type=cg.void)
     return cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg, lambda_)
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "logger_esp32.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+        "logger_esp8266.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO},
+        "logger_host.cpp": {PlatformFramework.HOST_NATIVE},
+        "logger_rp2040.cpp": {PlatformFramework.RP2040_ARDUINO},
+        "logger_libretiny.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+        "task_log_buffer.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+    }
+)

esphome/components/logger/logger.cpp

@@ -90,6 +90,25 @@ void HOT Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const ch
 #ifdef USE_STORE_LOG_STR_IN_FLASH
 // Implementation for ESP8266 with flash string support.
 // Note: USE_STORE_LOG_STR_IN_FLASH is only defined for ESP8266.
+//
+// This function handles format strings stored in flash memory (PROGMEM) to save RAM.
+// The buffer is used in a special way to avoid allocating extra memory:
+//
+// Memory layout during execution:
+// Step 1: Copy format string from flash to buffer
+//         tx_buffer_: [format_string][null][.....................]
+//         tx_buffer_at_: ------------------^
+//         msg_start: saved here -----------^
+//
+// Step 2: format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_ reads format string from beginning
+//         and writes formatted output starting at msg_start position
+//         tx_buffer_: [format_string][null][formatted_message][null]
+//         tx_buffer_at_: -------------------------------------^
+//
+// Step 3: Output the formatted message (starting at msg_start)
+//         write_msg_ and callbacks receive: this->tx_buffer_ + msg_start
+//         which points to: [formatted_message][null]
+//
 void Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const __FlashStringHelper *format,
                           va_list args) {  // NOLINT
   if (level > this->level_for(tag) || global_recursion_guard_)
@@ -121,7 +140,9 @@ void Logger::log_vprintf_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const __Flas
   if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
     this->write_msg_(this->tx_buffer_ + msg_start);
   }
-  this->log_callback_.call(level, tag, this->tx_buffer_ + msg_start);
+  size_t msg_length =
+      this->tx_buffer_at_ - msg_start;  // Don't subtract 1 - tx_buffer_at_ is already at the null terminator position
+  this->log_callback_.call(level, tag, this->tx_buffer_ + msg_start, msg_length);
 
   global_recursion_guard_ = false;
 }
@@ -185,7 +206,8 @@ void Logger::loop() {
                                   this->tx_buffer_size_);
       this->write_footer_to_buffer_(this->tx_buffer_, &this->tx_buffer_at_, this->tx_buffer_size_);
       this->tx_buffer_[this->tx_buffer_at_] = '\0';
-      this->log_callback_.call(message->level, message->tag, this->tx_buffer_);
+      size_t msg_len = this->tx_buffer_at_;  // We already know the length from tx_buffer_at_
+      this->log_callback_.call(message->level, message->tag, this->tx_buffer_, msg_len);
       // At this point all the data we need from message has been transferred to the tx_buffer
       // so we can release the message to allow other tasks to use it as soon as possible.
       this->log_buffer_->release_message_main_loop(received_token);
@@ -214,7 +236,7 @@ void Logger::set_log_level(const std::string &tag, uint8_t log_level) { this->lo
 UARTSelection Logger::get_uart() const { return this->uart_; }
 #endif
 
-void Logger::add_on_log_callback(std::function<void(uint8_t, const char *, const char *)> &&callback) {
+void Logger::add_on_log_callback(std::function<void(uint8_t, const char *, const char *, size_t)> &&callback) {
   this->log_callback_.add(std::move(callback));
 }
 float Logger::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::BUS + 500.0f; }

esphome/components/logger/logger.h

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class Logger : public Component {
   inline uint8_t level_for(const char *tag);
 
   /// Register a callback that will be called for every log message sent
-  void add_on_log_callback(std::function<void(uint8_t, const char *, const char *)> &&callback);
+  void add_on_log_callback(std::function<void(uint8_t, const char *, const char *, size_t)> &&callback);
 
   // add a listener for log level changes
   void add_listener(std::function<void(uint8_t)> &&callback) { this->level_callback_.add(std::move(callback)); }
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class Logger : public Component {
     if (this->baud_rate_ > 0) {
       this->write_msg_(this->tx_buffer_);  // If logging is enabled, write to console
     }
-    this->log_callback_.call(level, tag, this->tx_buffer_);
+    this->log_callback_.call(level, tag, this->tx_buffer_, this->tx_buffer_at_);
   }
 
   // Write the body of the log message to the buffer
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class Logger : public Component {
 
   // Large objects (internally aligned)
   std::map<std::string, uint8_t> log_levels_{};
-  CallbackManager<void(uint8_t, const char *, const char *)> log_callback_{};
+  CallbackManager<void(uint8_t, const char *, const char *, size_t)> log_callback_{};
   CallbackManager<void(uint8_t)> level_callback_{};
 #ifdef USE_ESPHOME_TASK_LOG_BUFFER
   std::unique_ptr<logger::TaskLogBuffer> log_buffer_;  // Will be initialized with init_log_buffer
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ class Logger : public Component {
   }
 
   inline void HOT write_footer_to_buffer_(char *buffer, uint16_t *buffer_at, uint16_t buffer_size) {
-    static const uint16_t RESET_COLOR_LEN = strlen(ESPHOME_LOG_RESET_COLOR);
+    static constexpr uint16_t RESET_COLOR_LEN = sizeof(ESPHOME_LOG_RESET_COLOR) - 1;
     this->write_body_to_buffer_(ESPHOME_LOG_RESET_COLOR, RESET_COLOR_LEN, buffer, buffer_at, buffer_size);
   }
 
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ class LoggerMessageTrigger : public Trigger<uint8_t, const char *, const char *>
  public:
   explicit LoggerMessageTrigger(Logger *parent, uint8_t level) {
     this->level_ = level;
-    parent->add_on_log_callback([this](uint8_t level, const char *tag, const char *message) {
+    parent->add_on_log_callback([this](uint8_t level, const char *tag, const char *message, size_t message_len) {
       if (level <= this->level_) {
         this->trigger(level, tag, message);
       }

esphome/components/logger/logger_esp32.cpp

@@ -184,7 +184,9 @@ void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) {
   ) {
     puts(msg);
   } else {
-    uart_write_bytes(this->uart_num_, msg, strlen(msg));
+    // Use tx_buffer_at_ if msg points to tx_buffer_, otherwise fall back to strlen
+    size_t len = (msg == this->tx_buffer_) ? this->tx_buffer_at_ : strlen(msg);
+    uart_write_bytes(this->uart_num_, msg, len);
     uart_write_bytes(this->uart_num_, "\n", 1);
   }
 }

esphome/components/lps22/lps22.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#include "lps22.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace lps22 {
+
+static constexpr const char *const TAG = "lps22";
+
+static constexpr uint8_t WHO_AM_I = 0x0F;
+static constexpr uint8_t LPS22HB_ID = 0xB1;
+static constexpr uint8_t LPS22HH_ID = 0xB3;
+static constexpr uint8_t CTRL_REG2 = 0x11;
+static constexpr uint8_t CTRL_REG2_ONE_SHOT_MASK = 0b1;
+static constexpr uint8_t STATUS = 0x27;
+static constexpr uint8_t STATUS_T_DA_MASK = 0b10;
+static constexpr uint8_t STATUS_P_DA_MASK = 0b01;
+static constexpr uint8_t TEMP_L = 0x2b;
+static constexpr uint8_t PRES_OUT_XL = 0x28;
+static constexpr uint8_t REF_P_XL = 0x28;
+static constexpr uint8_t READ_ATTEMPTS = 10;
+static constexpr uint8_t READ_INTERVAL = 5;
+static constexpr float PRESSURE_SCALE = 1.0f / 4096.0f;
+static constexpr float TEMPERATURE_SCALE = 0.01f;
+
+void LPS22Component::setup() {
+  uint8_t value = 0x00;
+  this->read_register(WHO_AM_I, &value, 1);
+  if (value != LPS22HB_ID && value != LPS22HH_ID) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "device IDs as %02x, which isn't a known LPS22HB or LPS22HH ID", value);
+    this->mark_failed();
+  }
+}
+
+void LPS22Component::dump_config() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LPS22:");
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "Temperature", this->temperature_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "Pressure", this->pressure_sensor_);
+  LOG_I2C_DEVICE(this);
+  LOG_UPDATE_INTERVAL(this);
+}
+
+void LPS22Component::update() {
+  uint8_t value = 0x00;
+  this->read_register(CTRL_REG2, &value, 1);
+  value |= CTRL_REG2_ONE_SHOT_MASK;
+  this->write_register(CTRL_REG2, &value, 1);
+  this->set_retry(READ_INTERVAL, READ_ATTEMPTS, [this](uint8_t _) { return this->try_read_(); });
+}
+
+RetryResult LPS22Component::try_read_() {
+  uint8_t value = 0x00;
+  this->read_register(STATUS, &value, 1);
+  const uint8_t expected_status_mask = STATUS_T_DA_MASK | STATUS_P_DA_MASK;
+  if ((value & expected_status_mask) != expected_status_mask) {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "STATUS not ready: %x", value);
+    return RetryResult::RETRY;
+  }
+
+  if (this->temperature_sensor_ != nullptr) {
+    uint8_t t_buf[2]{0};
+    this->read_register(TEMP_L, t_buf, 2);
+    int16_t encoded = static_cast<int16_t>(encode_uint16(t_buf[1], t_buf[0]));
+    float temp = TEMPERATURE_SCALE * static_cast<float>(encoded);
+    this->temperature_sensor_->publish_state(temp);
+  }
+  if (this->pressure_sensor_ != nullptr) {
+    uint8_t p_buf[3]{0};
+    this->read_register(PRES_OUT_XL, p_buf, 3);
+    uint32_t p_lsb = encode_uint24(p_buf[2], p_buf[1], p_buf[0]);
+    this->pressure_sensor_->publish_state(PRESSURE_SCALE * static_cast<float>(p_lsb));
+  }
+  return RetryResult::DONE;
+}
+
+}  // namespace lps22
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/lps22/lps22.h

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
+#include "esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace lps22 {
+
+class LPS22Component : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent, public i2c::I2CDevice {
+ public:
+  void set_temperature_sensor(sensor::Sensor *temperature_sensor) { this->temperature_sensor_ = temperature_sensor; }
+  void set_pressure_sensor(sensor::Sensor *pressure_sensor) { this->pressure_sensor_ = pressure_sensor; }
+
+  void setup() override;
+  void update() override;
+  void dump_config() override;
+
+ protected:
+  sensor::Sensor *temperature_sensor_{nullptr};
+  sensor::Sensor *pressure_sensor_{nullptr};
+
+  RetryResult try_read_();
+};
+
+}  // namespace lps22
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/lps22/sensor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.components import i2c, sensor
+from esphome.const import (
+    CONF_ID,
+    CONF_TEMPERATURE,
+    CONF_PRESSURE,
+    STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+    UNIT_CELSIUS,
+    UNIT_HECTOPASCAL,
+    ICON_THERMOMETER,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_TEMPERATURE,
+    DEVICE_CLASS_PRESSURE,
+)
+
+CODEOWNERS = ["@nagisa"]
+DEPENDENCIES = ["i2c"]
+
+lps22 = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("lps22")
+
+LPS22Component = lps22.class_("LPS22Component", cg.PollingComponent, i2c.I2CDevice)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(LPS22Component),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TEMPERATURE): sensor.sensor_schema(
+                unit_of_measurement=UNIT_CELSIUS,
+                icon=ICON_THERMOMETER,
+                accuracy_decimals=2,
+                device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_TEMPERATURE,
+                state_class=STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+            ),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_PRESSURE): sensor.sensor_schema(
+                unit_of_measurement=UNIT_HECTOPASCAL,
+                accuracy_decimals=2,
+                device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_PRESSURE,
+                state_class=STATE_CLASS_MEASUREMENT,
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    .extend(cv.polling_component_schema("60s"))
+    .extend(i2c.i2c_device_schema(0x5D))  # can also be 0x5C
+)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)
+    await i2c.register_i2c_device(var, config)
+
+    if temperature_config := config.get(CONF_TEMPERATURE):
+        sens = await sensor.new_sensor(temperature_config)
+        cg.add(var.set_temperature_sensor(sens))
+
+    if pressure_config := config.get(CONF_PRESSURE):
+        sens = await sensor.new_sensor(pressure_config)
+        cg.add(var.set_pressure_sensor(sens))

esphome/components/mdns/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components.esp32 import add_idf_component
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_DISABLED,
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_PROTOCOL,
     CONF_SERVICE,
     CONF_SERVICES,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, coroutine_with_priority
 
@@ -108,3 +110,21 @@ async def to_code(config):
         )
 
         cg.add(var.add_extra_service(exp))
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "mdns_esp32.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+        "mdns_esp8266.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO},
+        "mdns_host.cpp": {PlatformFramework.HOST_NATIVE},
+        "mdns_rp2040.cpp": {PlatformFramework.RP2040_ARDUINO},
+        "mdns_libretiny.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+    }
+)

esphome/components/mqtt/__init__.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from esphome.automation import Condition
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import logger
 from esphome.components.esp32 import add_idf_sdkconfig_option
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_AVAILABILITY,
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     PLATFORM_BK72XX,
     PLATFORM_ESP32,
     PLATFORM_ESP8266,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, coroutine_with_priority
 
@@ -596,3 +598,13 @@ async def mqtt_enable_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
 async def mqtt_disable_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
     paren = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])
     return cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg, paren)
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "mqtt_backend_esp32.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+    }
+)

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_backend_esp32.h

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class MQTTBackendESP32 final : public MQTTBackend {
 #if defined(USE_MQTT_IDF_ENQUEUE)
   static void esphome_mqtt_task(void *params);
   EventPool<struct QueueElement, MQTT_QUEUE_LENGTH> mqtt_event_pool_;
-  LockFreeQueue<struct QueueElement, MQTT_QUEUE_LENGTH> mqtt_queue_;
+  NotifyingLockFreeQueue<struct QueueElement, MQTT_QUEUE_LENGTH> mqtt_queue_;
   TaskHandle_t task_handle_{nullptr};
   bool enqueue_(MqttQueueTypeT type, const char *topic, int qos = 0, bool retain = false, const char *payload = NULL,
                 size_t len = 0);

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.cpp

@@ -57,14 +57,15 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::setup() {
   });
 #ifdef USE_LOGGER
   if (this->is_log_message_enabled() && logger::global_logger != nullptr) {
-    logger::global_logger->add_on_log_callback([this](int level, const char *tag, const char *message) {
+    logger::global_logger->add_on_log_callback(
-      if (level <= this->log_level_ && this->is_connected()) {
+        [this](int level, const char *tag, const char *message, size_t message_len) {
-        this->publish({.topic = this->log_message_.topic,
+          if (level <= this->log_level_ && this->is_connected()) {
-                       .payload = message,
+            this->publish({.topic = this->log_message_.topic,
-                       .qos = this->log_message_.qos,
+                           .payload = std::string(message, message_len),
-                       .retain = this->log_message_.retain});
+                           .qos = this->log_message_.qos,
-      }
+                           .retain = this->log_message_.retain});
-    });
+          }
+        });
   }
 #endif
 

esphome/components/nextion/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import uart
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
+from esphome.const import PlatformFramework
 
 nextion_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("nextion")
 Nextion = nextion_ns.class_("Nextion", cg.PollingComponent, uart.UARTDevice)
@@ -8,3 +10,17 @@ nextion_ref = Nextion.operator("ref")
 CONF_NEXTION_ID = "nextion_id"
 CONF_PUBLISH_STATE = "publish_state"
 CONF_SEND_TO_NEXTION = "send_to_nextion"
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "nextion_upload_arduino.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RP2040_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+        "nextion_upload_idf.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF},
+    }
+)

esphome/components/nextion/base_component.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ CONF_AUTO_WAKE_ON_TOUCH = "auto_wake_on_touch"
 CONF_BACKGROUND_PRESSED_COLOR = "background_pressed_color"
 CONF_COMMAND_SPACING = "command_spacing"
 CONF_COMPONENT_NAME = "component_name"
+CONF_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO = "dump_device_info"
 CONF_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START = "exit_reparse_on_start"
 CONF_FONT_ID = "font_id"
 CONF_FOREGROUND_PRESSED_COLOR = "foreground_pressed_color"

esphome/components/nextion/binary_sensor/nextion_binarysensor.cpp

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ void NextionBinarySensor::set_state(bool state, bool publish, bool send_to_nexti
     return;
 
   if (send_to_nextion) {
-    if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->visible_) {
+    if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->component_flags_.visible) {
       this->needs_to_send_update_ = true;
     } else {
       this->needs_to_send_update_ = false;

esphome/components/nextion/display.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from . import Nextion, nextion_ns, nextion_ref
 from .base_component import (
     CONF_AUTO_WAKE_ON_TOUCH,
     CONF_COMMAND_SPACING,
+    CONF_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO,
     CONF_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START,
     CONF_MAX_COMMANDS_PER_LOOP,
     CONF_MAX_QUEUE_SIZE,
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
                 cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds,
                 cv.Range(max=TimePeriod(milliseconds=255)),
             ),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO, default=False): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START, default=False): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_MAX_COMMANDS_PER_LOOP): cv.uint16_t,
             cv.Optional(CONF_MAX_QUEUE_SIZE): cv.positive_int,
@@ -95,7 +97,9 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
             cv.Optional(CONF_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE, default=False): cv.boolean,
             cv.Optional(CONF_START_UP_PAGE): cv.uint8_t,
             cv.Optional(CONF_TFT_URL): cv.url,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_TOUCH_SLEEP_TIMEOUT): cv.int_range(min=3, max=65535),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TOUCH_SLEEP_TIMEOUT): cv.Any(
+                0, cv.int_range(min=3, max=65535)
+            ),
             cv.Optional(CONF_WAKE_UP_PAGE): cv.uint8_t,
         }
     )
@@ -167,13 +171,19 @@ async def to_code(config):
         cg.add(var.set_wake_up_page(config[CONF_WAKE_UP_PAGE]))
 
     if CONF_START_UP_PAGE in config:
+        cg.add_define("USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE")
         cg.add(var.set_start_up_page(config[CONF_START_UP_PAGE]))
 
     cg.add(var.set_auto_wake_on_touch(config[CONF_AUTO_WAKE_ON_TOUCH]))
 
-    cg.add(var.set_exit_reparse_on_start(config[CONF_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START]))
+    if config[CONF_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO]:
+        cg.add_define("USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO")
 
-    cg.add(var.set_skip_connection_handshake(config[CONF_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE]))
+    if config[CONF_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START]:
+        cg.add_define("USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START")
+
+    if config[CONF_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE]:
+        cg.add_define("USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE")
 
     if max_commands_per_loop := config.get(CONF_MAX_COMMANDS_PER_LOOP):
         cg.add_define("USE_NEXTION_MAX_COMMANDS_PER_LOOP")

esphome/components/nextion/nextion.cpp

@@ -11,28 +11,25 @@ static const char *const TAG = "nextion";
 
 void Nextion::setup() {
   this->is_setup_ = false;
-  this->ignore_is_setup_ = true;
+  this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = true;
 
-  // Wake up the nextion
+  // Wake up the nextion and ensure clean communication state
-  this->send_command_("bkcmd=0");
+  this->send_command_("sleep=0");  // Exit sleep mode if sleeping
-  this->send_command_("sleep=0");
+  this->send_command_("bkcmd=0");  // Disable return data during init sequence
 
-  this->send_command_("bkcmd=0");
+  // Reset device for clean state - critical for reliable communication
-  this->send_command_("sleep=0");
-
-  // Reboot it
   this->send_command_("rest");
 
-  this->ignore_is_setup_ = false;
+  this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = false;
 }
 
 bool Nextion::send_command_(const std::string &command) {
-  if (!this->ignore_is_setup_ && !this->is_setup()) {
+  if (!this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ && !this->is_setup()) {
     return false;
   }
 
 #ifdef USE_NEXTION_COMMAND_SPACING
-  if (!this->ignore_is_setup_ && !this->command_pacer_.can_send()) {
+  if (!this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ && !this->command_pacer_.can_send()) {
     ESP_LOGN(TAG, "Command spacing: delaying command '%s'", command.c_str());
     return false;
   }
@@ -48,31 +45,26 @@ bool Nextion::send_command_(const std::string &command) {
 }
 
 bool Nextion::check_connect_() {
-  if (this->is_connected_)
+  if (this->connection_state_.is_connected_)
     return true;
 
-  // Check if the handshake should be skipped for the Nextion connection
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE
-  if (this->skip_connection_handshake_) {
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Connected (no handshake)");  // Log the connection status without handshake
-    // Log the connection status without handshake
+  this->is_connected_ = true;                 // Set the connection status to true
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Connected (no handshake)");
+  return true;                                // Return true indicating the connection is set
-    // Set the connection status to true
+#else                                         // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE
-    this->is_connected_ = true;
-    // Return true indicating the connection is set
-    return true;
-  }
-
   if (this->comok_sent_ == 0) {
     this->reset_(false);
 
-    this->ignore_is_setup_ = true;
+    this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = true;
     this->send_command_("boguscommand=0");  // bogus command. needed sometimes after updating
-    if (this->exit_reparse_on_start_) {
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START
-      this->send_command_("DRAKJHSUYDGBNCJHGJKSHBDN");
+    this->send_command_("DRAKJHSUYDGBNCJHGJKSHBDN");
-    }
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START
     this->send_command_("connect");
 
     this->comok_sent_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
-    this->ignore_is_setup_ = false;
+    this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = false;
 
     return false;
   }
@@ -94,16 +86,16 @@ bool Nextion::check_connect_() {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < response.length(); i++) {
       ESP_LOGN(TAG, "resp: %s %d %d %c", response.c_str(), i, response[i], response[i]);
     }
-#endif
+#endif  // NEXTION_PROTOCOL_LOG
 
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Not connected");
     comok_sent_ = 0;
     return false;
   }
 
-  this->ignore_is_setup_ = true;
+  this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = true;
   ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Connected");
-  this->is_connected_ = true;
+  this->connection_state_.is_connected_ = true;
 
   ESP_LOGN(TAG, "connect: %s", response.c_str());
 
@@ -118,18 +110,27 @@ bool Nextion::check_connect_() {
   this->is_detected_ = (connect_info.size() == 7);
   if (this->is_detected_) {
     ESP_LOGN(TAG, "Connect info: %zu", connect_info.size());
-
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
     this->device_model_ = connect_info[2];
     this->firmware_version_ = connect_info[3];
     this->serial_number_ = connect_info[5];
     this->flash_size_ = connect_info[6];
+#else   // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG,
+             "  Device Model:   %s\n"
+             "  FW Version:     %s\n"
+             "  Serial Number:  %s\n"
+             "  Flash Size:     %s\n",
+             connect_info[2].c_str(), connect_info[3].c_str(), connect_info[5].c_str(), connect_info[6].c_str());
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
   } else {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Bad connect value: '%s'", response.c_str());
   }
 
-  this->ignore_is_setup_ = false;
+  this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = false;
   this->dump_config();
   return true;
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE
 }
 
 void Nextion::reset_(bool reset_nextion) {
@@ -144,36 +145,42 @@ void Nextion::reset_(bool reset_nextion) {
 
 void Nextion::dump_config() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Nextion:");
-  if (this->skip_connection_handshake_) {
+
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Skip handshake: %s", YESNO(this->skip_connection_handshake_));
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE
-  } else {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Skip handshake: YES");
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+#else  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE
-                  "  Device Model:   %s\n"
-                  "  FW Version:     %s\n"
-                  "  Serial Number:  %s\n"
-                  "  Flash Size:     %s",
-                  this->device_model_.c_str(), this->firmware_version_.c_str(), this->serial_number_.c_str(),
-                  this->flash_size_.c_str());
-  }
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
+                "  Device Model:   %s\n"
+                "  FW Version:     %s\n"
+                "  Serial Number:  %s\n"
+                "  Flash Size:     %s\n"
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START
+                "  Exit reparse:   YES\n"
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_EXIT_REPARSE_ON_START
                 "  Wake On Touch:  %s\n"
-                "  Exit reparse:   %s",
+                "  Touch Timeout:  %" PRIu16,
-                YESNO(this->auto_wake_on_touch_), YESNO(this->exit_reparse_on_start_));
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
+                this->device_model_.c_str(), this->firmware_version_.c_str(), this->serial_number_.c_str(),
+                this->flash_size_.c_str(),
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
+                YESNO(this->connection_state_.auto_wake_on_touch_), this->touch_sleep_timeout_);
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE
+
 #ifdef USE_NEXTION_MAX_COMMANDS_PER_LOOP
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Max commands per loop: %u", this->max_commands_per_loop_);
 #endif  // USE_NEXTION_MAX_COMMANDS_PER_LOOP
 
-  if (this->touch_sleep_timeout_ != 0) {
+  if (this->wake_up_page_ != 255) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Touch Timeout:  %" PRIu16, this->touch_sleep_timeout_);
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Wake Up Page:   %u", this->wake_up_page_);
   }
 
-  if (this->wake_up_page_ != -1) {
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Wake Up Page:   %d", this->wake_up_page_);
+  if (this->start_up_page_ != 255) {
-  }
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Start Up Page:  %u", this->start_up_page_);
-
-  if (this->start_up_page_ != -1) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Start Up Page:  %d", this->start_up_page_);
   }
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
 
 #ifdef USE_NEXTION_COMMAND_SPACING
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Cmd spacing:      %u ms", this->command_pacer_.get_spacing());
@@ -219,7 +226,7 @@ void Nextion::add_buffer_overflow_event_callback(std::function<void()> &&callbac
 }
 
 void Nextion::update_all_components() {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
     return;
 
   for (auto *binarysensortype : this->binarysensortype_) {
@@ -237,7 +244,7 @@ void Nextion::update_all_components() {
 }
 
 bool Nextion::send_command(const char *command) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
     return false;
 
   if (this->send_command_(command)) {
@@ -248,7 +255,7 @@ bool Nextion::send_command(const char *command) {
 }
 
 bool Nextion::send_command_printf(const char *format, ...) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
     return false;
 
   char buffer[256];
@@ -289,40 +296,46 @@ void Nextion::print_queue_members_() {
 #endif
 
 void Nextion::loop() {
-  if (!this->check_connect_() || this->is_updating_)
+  if (!this->check_connect_() || this->connection_state_.is_updating_)
     return;
 
-  if (this->nextion_reports_is_setup_ && !this->sent_setup_commands_) {
+  if (this->connection_state_.nextion_reports_is_setup_ && !this->connection_state_.sent_setup_commands_) {
-    this->ignore_is_setup_ = true;
+    this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = true;
-    this->sent_setup_commands_ = true;
+    this->connection_state_.sent_setup_commands_ = true;
     this->send_command_("bkcmd=3");  // Always, returns 0x00 to 0x23 result of serial command.
 
     if (this->brightness_.has_value()) {
       this->set_backlight_brightness(this->brightness_.value());
     }
 
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
     // Check if a startup page has been set and send the command
-    if (this->start_up_page_ >= 0) {
+    if (this->start_up_page_ != 255) {
       this->goto_page(this->start_up_page_);
     }
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
 
-    if (this->wake_up_page_ >= 0) {
+    if (this->wake_up_page_ != 255) {
       this->set_wake_up_page(this->wake_up_page_);
     }
 
-    this->ignore_is_setup_ = false;
+    if (this->touch_sleep_timeout_ != 0) {
+      this->set_touch_sleep_timeout(this->touch_sleep_timeout_);
+    }
+
+    this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = false;
   }
 
   this->process_serial_();            // Receive serial data
   this->process_nextion_commands_();  // Process nextion return commands
 
-  if (!this->nextion_reports_is_setup_) {
+  if (!this->connection_state_.nextion_reports_is_setup_) {
     if (this->started_ms_ == 0)
       this->started_ms_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
     if (this->started_ms_ + this->startup_override_ms_ < App.get_loop_component_start_time()) {
       ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Manual ready set");
-      this->nextion_reports_is_setup_ = true;
+      this->connection_state_.nextion_reports_is_setup_ = true;
     }
   }
 
@@ -665,7 +678,7 @@ void Nextion::process_nextion_commands_() {
       case 0x88:  // system successful start up
       {
         ESP_LOGD(TAG, "System start: %zu", to_process_length);
-        this->nextion_reports_is_setup_ = true;
+        this->connection_state_.nextion_reports_is_setup_ = true;
         break;
       }
       case 0x89: {  // start SD card upgrade
@@ -1048,7 +1061,7 @@ void Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_(const std::string &variable_name) {
  * @param command
  */
 void Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_command_(const std::string &variable_name, const std::string &command) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_) || command.empty())
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_) || command.empty())
     return;
 
   if (this->send_command_(command)) {
@@ -1091,7 +1104,7 @@ void Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_pending_command_(const std::string &va
 
 bool Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_ignore_sleep_printf_(const std::string &variable_name, const char *format,
                                                                ...) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_))
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_))
     return false;
 
   char buffer[256];
@@ -1116,7 +1129,7 @@ bool Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_ignore_sleep_printf_(const std::string
  * @param ... The format arguments
  */
 bool Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_printf_(const std::string &variable_name, const char *format, ...) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
     return false;
 
   char buffer[256];
@@ -1155,7 +1168,7 @@ void Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_set(const std::string &variable_name,
 void Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_set_internal_(const std::string &variable_name,
                                                         const std::string &variable_name_to_send, int32_t state_value,
                                                         bool is_sleep_safe) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_) || (!is_sleep_safe && this->is_sleeping()))
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_) || (!is_sleep_safe && this->is_sleeping()))
     return;
 
   this->add_no_result_to_queue_with_ignore_sleep_printf_(variable_name, "%s=%" PRId32, variable_name_to_send.c_str(),
@@ -1183,7 +1196,7 @@ void Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_set(const std::string &variable_name,
 void Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_set_internal_(const std::string &variable_name,
                                                         const std::string &variable_name_to_send,
                                                         const std::string &state_value, bool is_sleep_safe) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_) || (!is_sleep_safe && this->is_sleeping()))
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_) || (!is_sleep_safe && this->is_sleeping()))
     return;
 
   this->add_no_result_to_queue_with_printf_(variable_name, "%s=\"%s\"", variable_name_to_send.c_str(),
@@ -1200,7 +1213,7 @@ void Nextion::add_no_result_to_queue_with_set_internal_(const std::string &varia
  * @param component Pointer to the Nextion component that will handle the response.
  */
 void Nextion::add_to_get_queue(NextionComponentBase *component) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_))
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_))
     return;
 
 #ifdef USE_NEXTION_MAX_QUEUE_SIZE
@@ -1240,7 +1253,7 @@ void Nextion::add_to_get_queue(NextionComponentBase *component) {
  * @param buffer_size The buffer data
  */
 void Nextion::add_addt_command_to_queue(NextionComponentBase *component) {
-  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
+  if ((!this->is_setup() && !this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_) || this->is_sleeping())
     return;
 
   RAMAllocator<nextion::NextionQueue> allocator;
@@ -1281,7 +1294,7 @@ void Nextion::set_writer(const nextion_writer_t &writer) { this->writer_ = write
 ESPDEPRECATED("set_wait_for_ack(bool) deprecated, no effect", "v1.20")
 void Nextion::set_wait_for_ack(bool wait_for_ack) { ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Deprecated"); }
 
-bool Nextion::is_updating() { return this->is_updating_; }
+bool Nextion::is_updating() { return this->connection_state_.is_updating_; }
 
 }  // namespace nextion
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/nextion/nextion.h

@@ -932,21 +932,6 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
    */
   void set_backlight_brightness(float brightness);
 
-  /**
-   * Sets whether the Nextion display should skip the connection handshake process.
-   * @param skip_handshake True or false. When skip_connection_handshake is true,
-   * the connection will be established without performing the handshake.
-   * This can be useful when using Nextion Simulator.
-   *
-   * Example:
-   * ```cpp
-   * it.set_skip_connection_handshake(true);
-   * ```
-   *
-   * When set to true, the display will be marked as connected without performing a handshake.
-   */
-  void set_skip_connection_handshake(bool skip_handshake) { this->skip_connection_handshake_ = skip_handshake; }
-
   /**
    * Sets Nextion mode between sleep and awake
    * @param True or false. Sleep=true to enter sleep mode or sleep=false to exit sleep mode.
@@ -1179,22 +1164,43 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
   void update_components_by_prefix(const std::string &prefix);
 
   /**
-   * Set the touch sleep timeout of the display.
+   * Set the touch sleep timeout of the display using the `thsp` command.
-   * @param timeout Timeout in seconds.
+   *
+   * Sets internal No-touch-then-sleep timer to specified value in seconds.
+   * Nextion will auto-enter sleep mode if and when this timer expires.
+   *
+   * @param touch_sleep_timeout Timeout in seconds.
+   *                           Range: 3 to 65535 seconds (minimum 3 seconds, maximum ~18 hours 12 minutes 15 seconds)
+   *                           Use 0 to disable touch sleep timeout.
+   *
+   * @note Once `thsp` is set, it will persist until reboot or reset. The Nextion device
+   *       needs to exit sleep mode to issue `thsp=0` to disable sleep on no touch.
+   *
+   * @note The display will only wake up by a restart or by setting up `thup` (auto wake on touch).
+   *       See set_auto_wake_on_touch() to configure wake behavior.
    *
    * Example:
    * ```cpp
+   * // Set 30 second touch timeout
    * it.set_touch_sleep_timeout(30);
+   *
+   * // Set maximum timeout (~18 hours)
+   * it.set_touch_sleep_timeout(65535);
+   *
+   * // Disable touch sleep timeout
+   * it.set_touch_sleep_timeout(0);
    * ```
    *
-   * After 30 seconds the display will go to sleep. Note: the display will only wakeup by a restart or by setting up
+   * Related Nextion instruction: `thsp=<value>`
-   * `thup`.
+   *
+   * @see set_auto_wake_on_touch() Configure automatic wake on touch
+   * @see sleep() Manually control sleep state
    */
-  void set_touch_sleep_timeout(uint16_t touch_sleep_timeout);
+  void set_touch_sleep_timeout(uint16_t touch_sleep_timeout = 0);
 
   /**
    * Sets which page Nextion loads when exiting sleep mode. Note this can be set even when Nextion is in sleep mode.
-   * @param wake_up_page The page id, from 0 to the last page in Nextion. Set -1 (not set to any existing page) to
+   * @param wake_up_page The page id, from 0 to the last page in Nextion. Set 255 (not set to any existing page) to
    * wakes up to current page.
    *
    * Example:
@@ -1204,11 +1210,12 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
    *
    * The display will wake up to page 2.
    */
-  void set_wake_up_page(int16_t wake_up_page = -1);
+  void set_wake_up_page(uint8_t wake_up_page = 255);
 
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
   /**
    * Sets which page Nextion loads when connecting to ESPHome.
-   * @param start_up_page The page id, from 0 to the last page in Nextion. Set -1 (not set to any existing page) to
+   * @param start_up_page The page id, from 0 to the last page in Nextion. Set 255 (not set to any existing page) to
    * wakes up to current page.
    *
    * Example:
@@ -1218,7 +1225,8 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
    *
    * The display will go to page 2 when it establishes a connection to ESPHome.
    */
-  void set_start_up_page(int16_t start_up_page = -1) { this->start_up_page_ = start_up_page; }
+  void set_start_up_page(uint8_t start_up_page = 255) { this->start_up_page_ = start_up_page; }
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
 
   /**
    * Sets if Nextion should auto-wake from sleep when touch press occurs.
@@ -1234,20 +1242,6 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
    */
   void set_auto_wake_on_touch(bool auto_wake_on_touch);
 
-  /**
-   * Sets if Nextion should exit the active reparse mode before the "connect" command is sent
-   * @param exit_reparse_on_start True or false. When exit_reparse_on_start is true, the exit reparse command
-   * will be sent before requesting the connection from Nextion.
-   *
-   * Example:
-   * ```cpp
-   * it.set_exit_reparse_on_start(true);
-   * ```
-   *
-   * The display will be requested to leave active reparse mode before setup.
-   */
-  void set_exit_reparse_on_start(bool exit_reparse_on_start) { this->exit_reparse_on_start_ = exit_reparse_on_start; }
-
   /**
    * @brief Retrieves the number of commands pending in the Nextion command queue.
    *
@@ -1290,7 +1284,7 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
    * the Nextion display. A connection is considered established when:
    *
    * - The initial handshake with the display is completed successfully, or
-   * - The handshake is skipped via skip_connection_handshake_ flag
+   * - The handshake is skipped via USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_SKIP_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE flag
    *
    * The connection status is particularly useful when:
    * - Troubleshooting communication issues
@@ -1300,7 +1294,7 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
    * @return true if the Nextion display is connected and ready to receive commands
    * @return false if the display is not yet connected or connection was lost
    */
-  bool is_connected() { return this->is_connected_; }
+  bool is_connected() { return this->connection_state_.is_connected_; }
 
  protected:
 #ifdef USE_NEXTION_MAX_COMMANDS_PER_LOOP
@@ -1334,21 +1328,29 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
   bool remove_from_q_(bool report_empty = true);
 
   /**
-   * @brief
+   * @brief Status flags for Nextion display state management
-   * Sends commands ignoring of the Nextion has been setup.
+   *
+   * Uses bitfields to pack multiple boolean states into a single byte,
+   * saving 5 bytes of RAM compared to individual bool variables.
    */
-  bool ignore_is_setup_ = false;
+  struct {
+    uint8_t is_connected_ : 1;              ///< Connection established with Nextion display
+    uint8_t sent_setup_commands_ : 1;       ///< Initial setup commands have been sent
+    uint8_t ignore_is_setup_ : 1;           ///< Temporarily ignore setup state for special operations
+    uint8_t nextion_reports_is_setup_ : 1;  ///< Nextion has reported successful initialization
+    uint8_t is_updating_ : 1;               ///< TFT firmware update is currently in progress
+    uint8_t auto_wake_on_touch_ : 1;        ///< Display should wake automatically on touch (default: true)
+    uint8_t reserved_ : 2;                  ///< Reserved bits for future flag additions
+  } connection_state_{};                    ///< Zero-initialized status flags (all start as false)
 
-  bool nextion_reports_is_setup_ = false;
   void process_nextion_commands_();
   void process_serial_();
-  bool is_updating_ = false;
   uint16_t touch_sleep_timeout_ = 0;
-  int16_t wake_up_page_ = -1;
+  uint8_t wake_up_page_ = 255;
-  int16_t start_up_page_ = -1;
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
+  uint8_t start_up_page_ = 255;
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
   bool auto_wake_on_touch_ = true;
-  bool exit_reparse_on_start_ = false;
-  bool skip_connection_handshake_ = false;
 
   /**
    * Manually send a raw command to the display and don't wait for an acknowledgement packet.
@@ -1455,10 +1457,12 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
   optional<nextion_writer_t> writer_;
   optional<float> brightness_;
 
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
   std::string device_model_;
   std::string firmware_version_;
   std::string serial_number_;
   std::string flash_size_;
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONFIG_DUMP_DEVICE_INFO
 
   void remove_front_no_sensors_();
 
@@ -1468,11 +1472,9 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
   void reset_(bool reset_nextion = true);
 
   std::string command_data_;
-  bool is_connected_ = false;
   const uint16_t startup_override_ms_ = 8000;
   const uint16_t max_q_age_ms_ = 8000;
   uint32_t started_ms_ = 0;
-  bool sent_setup_commands_ = false;
 };
 
 }  // namespace nextion

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_commands.cpp

@@ -10,19 +10,20 @@ static const char *const TAG = "nextion";
 // Sleep safe commands
 void Nextion::soft_reset() { this->send_command_("rest"); }
 
-void Nextion::set_wake_up_page(int16_t wake_up_page) {
+void Nextion::set_wake_up_page(uint8_t wake_up_page) {
   this->wake_up_page_ = wake_up_page;
   this->add_no_result_to_queue_with_set_internal_("wake_up_page", "wup", wake_up_page, true);
 }
 
-void Nextion::set_touch_sleep_timeout(uint16_t touch_sleep_timeout) {
+void Nextion::set_touch_sleep_timeout(const uint16_t touch_sleep_timeout) {
-  if (touch_sleep_timeout < 3) {
+  // Validate range: Nextion thsp command requires min 3, max 65535 seconds (0 disables)
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sleep timeout out of bounds (3-65535)");
+  if (touch_sleep_timeout != 0 && touch_sleep_timeout < 3) {
-    return;
+    this->touch_sleep_timeout_ = 3;  // Auto-correct to minimum valid value
+  } else {
+    this->touch_sleep_timeout_ = touch_sleep_timeout;
   }
 
-  this->touch_sleep_timeout_ = touch_sleep_timeout;
+  this->add_no_result_to_queue_with_set_internal_("touch_sleep_timeout", "thsp", this->touch_sleep_timeout_, true);
-  this->add_no_result_to_queue_with_set_internal_("touch_sleep_timeout", "thsp", touch_sleep_timeout, true);
 }
 
 void Nextion::sleep(bool sleep) {
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ void Nextion::sleep(bool sleep) {
 // Protocol reparse mode
 bool Nextion::set_protocol_reparse_mode(bool active_mode) {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Reparse mode: %s", YESNO(active_mode));
-  this->ignore_is_setup_ = true;  // if not in reparse mode setup will fail, so it should be ignored
+  this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = true;  // if not in reparse mode setup will fail, so it should be ignored
   bool all_commands_sent = true;
   if (active_mode) {  // Sets active protocol reparse mode
     all_commands_sent &= this->send_command_("recmod=1");
@@ -48,10 +49,10 @@ bool Nextion::set_protocol_reparse_mode(bool active_mode) {
     all_commands_sent &= this->send_command_("recmod=0");  // Sending recmode=0 twice is recommended
     all_commands_sent &= this->send_command_("recmod=0");
   }
-  if (!this->nextion_reports_is_setup_) {  // No need to connect if is already setup
+  if (!this->connection_state_.nextion_reports_is_setup_) {  // No need to connect if is already setup
     all_commands_sent &= this->send_command_("connect");
   }
-  this->ignore_is_setup_ = false;
+  this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = false;
   return all_commands_sent;
 }
 
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ void Nextion::set_backlight_brightness(float brightness) {
 }
 
 void Nextion::set_auto_wake_on_touch(bool auto_wake_on_touch) {
-  this->auto_wake_on_touch_ = auto_wake_on_touch;
+  this->connection_state_.auto_wake_on_touch_ = auto_wake_on_touch;
   this->add_no_result_to_queue_with_set("auto_wake_on_touch", "thup", auto_wake_on_touch ? 1 : 0);
 }
 

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_component.cpp

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ void NextionComponent::set_background_color(Color bco) {
     return;  // This is a variable. no need to set color
   }
   this->bco_ = bco;
-  this->bco_needs_update_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.bco_needs_update = true;
-  this->bco_is_set_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.bco_is_set = true;
   this->update_component_settings();
 }
 
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ void NextionComponent::set_background_pressed_color(Color bco2) {
   }
 
   this->bco2_ = bco2;
-  this->bco2_needs_update_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.bco2_needs_update = true;
-  this->bco2_is_set_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.bco2_is_set = true;
   this->update_component_settings();
 }
 
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ void NextionComponent::set_foreground_color(Color pco) {
     return;  // This is a variable. no need to set color
   }
   this->pco_ = pco;
-  this->pco_needs_update_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.pco_needs_update = true;
-  this->pco_is_set_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.pco_is_set = true;
   this->update_component_settings();
 }
 
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ void NextionComponent::set_foreground_pressed_color(Color pco2) {
     return;  // This is a variable. no need to set color
   }
   this->pco2_ = pco2;
-  this->pco2_needs_update_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.pco2_needs_update = true;
-  this->pco2_is_set_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.pco2_is_set = true;
   this->update_component_settings();
 }
 
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ void NextionComponent::set_font_id(uint8_t font_id) {
     return;  // This is a variable. no need to set color
   }
   this->font_id_ = font_id;
-  this->font_id_needs_update_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.font_id_needs_update = true;
-  this->font_id_is_set_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.font_id_is_set = true;
   this->update_component_settings();
 }
 
@@ -58,20 +58,20 @@ void NextionComponent::set_visible(bool visible) {
   if (this->variable_name_ == this->variable_name_to_send_) {
     return;  // This is a variable. no need to set color
   }
-  this->visible_ = visible;
+  this->component_flags_.visible = visible;
-  this->visible_needs_update_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.visible_needs_update = true;
-  this->visible_is_set_ = true;
+  this->component_flags_.visible_is_set = true;
   this->update_component_settings();
 }
 
 void NextionComponent::update_component_settings(bool force_update) {
-  if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->nextion_->is_setup() || !this->visible_is_set_ ||
+  if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->nextion_->is_setup() || !this->component_flags_.visible_is_set ||
-      (!this->visible_needs_update_ && !this->visible_)) {
+      (!this->component_flags_.visible_needs_update && !this->component_flags_.visible)) {
     this->needs_to_send_update_ = true;
     return;
   }
 
-  if (this->visible_needs_update_ || (force_update && this->visible_is_set_)) {
+  if (this->component_flags_.visible_needs_update || (force_update && this->component_flags_.visible_is_set)) {
     std::string name_to_send = this->variable_name_;
 
     size_t pos = name_to_send.find_last_of('.');
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ void NextionComponent::update_component_settings(bool force_update) {
       name_to_send = name_to_send.substr(pos + 1);
     }
 
-    this->visible_needs_update_ = false;
+    this->component_flags_.visible_needs_update = false;
 
-    if (this->visible_) {
+    if (this->component_flags_.visible) {
       this->nextion_->show_component(name_to_send.c_str());
       this->send_state_to_nextion();
     } else {
@@ -90,26 +90,26 @@ void NextionComponent::update_component_settings(bool force_update) {
     }
   }
 
-  if (this->bco_needs_update_ || (force_update && this->bco2_is_set_)) {
+  if (this->component_flags_.bco_needs_update || (force_update && this->component_flags_.bco2_is_set)) {
     this->nextion_->set_component_background_color(this->variable_name_.c_str(), this->bco_);
-    this->bco_needs_update_ = false;
+    this->component_flags_.bco_needs_update = false;
   }
-  if (this->bco2_needs_update_ || (force_update && this->bco2_is_set_)) {
+  if (this->component_flags_.bco2_needs_update || (force_update && this->component_flags_.bco2_is_set)) {
     this->nextion_->set_component_pressed_background_color(this->variable_name_.c_str(), this->bco2_);
-    this->bco2_needs_update_ = false;
+    this->component_flags_.bco2_needs_update = false;
   }
-  if (this->pco_needs_update_ || (force_update && this->pco_is_set_)) {
+  if (this->component_flags_.pco_needs_update || (force_update && this->component_flags_.pco_is_set)) {
     this->nextion_->set_component_foreground_color(this->variable_name_.c_str(), this->pco_);
-    this->pco_needs_update_ = false;
+    this->component_flags_.pco_needs_update = false;
   }
-  if (this->pco2_needs_update_ || (force_update && this->pco2_is_set_)) {
+  if (this->component_flags_.pco2_needs_update || (force_update && this->component_flags_.pco2_is_set)) {
     this->nextion_->set_component_pressed_foreground_color(this->variable_name_.c_str(), this->pco2_);
-    this->pco2_needs_update_ = false;
+    this->component_flags_.pco2_needs_update = false;
   }
 
-  if (this->font_id_needs_update_ || (force_update && this->font_id_is_set_)) {
+  if (this->component_flags_.font_id_needs_update || (force_update && this->component_flags_.font_id_is_set)) {
     this->nextion_->set_component_font(this->variable_name_.c_str(), this->font_id_);
-    this->font_id_needs_update_ = false;
+    this->component_flags_.font_id_needs_update = false;
   }
 }
 }  // namespace nextion

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_component.h

@@ -21,29 +21,64 @@ class NextionComponent : public NextionComponentBase {
   void set_visible(bool visible);
 
  protected:
+  /**
+   * @brief Constructor initializes component state with visible=true (default state)
+   */
+  NextionComponent() {
+    component_flags_ = {};         // Zero-initialize all state
+    component_flags_.visible = 1;  // Set default visibility to true
+  }
+
   NextionBase *nextion_;
 
-  bool bco_needs_update_ = false;
+  // Color and styling properties
-  bool bco_is_set_ = false;
+  Color bco_;   // Background color
-  Color bco_;
+  Color bco2_;  // Pressed background color
-  bool bco2_needs_update_ = false;
+  Color pco_;   // Foreground color
-  bool bco2_is_set_ = false;
+  Color pco2_;  // Pressed foreground color
-  Color bco2_;
-  bool pco_needs_update_ = false;
-  bool pco_is_set_ = false;
-  Color pco_;
-  bool pco2_needs_update_ = false;
-  bool pco2_is_set_ = false;
-  Color pco2_;
   uint8_t font_id_ = 0;
-  bool font_id_needs_update_ = false;
-  bool font_id_is_set_ = false;
 
-  bool visible_ = true;
+  /**
-  bool visible_needs_update_ = false;
+   * @brief Component state management using compact bitfield structure
-  bool visible_is_set_ = false;
+   *
+   * Stores all component state flags and properties in a single 16-bit bitfield
+   * for efficient memory usage and improved cache locality.
+   *
+   * Each component property maintains two state flags:
+   * - needs_update: Indicates the property requires synchronization with the display
+   * - is_set: Tracks whether the property has been explicitly configured
+   *
+   * The visible field stores both the update flags and the actual visibility state.
+   */
+  struct ComponentState {
+    // Background color flags
+    uint16_t bco_needs_update : 1;
+    uint16_t bco_is_set : 1;
 
-  // void send_state_to_nextion() = 0;
+    // Pressed background color flags
+    uint16_t bco2_needs_update : 1;
+    uint16_t bco2_is_set : 1;
+
+    // Foreground color flags
+    uint16_t pco_needs_update : 1;
+    uint16_t pco_is_set : 1;
+
+    // Pressed foreground color flags
+    uint16_t pco2_needs_update : 1;
+    uint16_t pco2_is_set : 1;
+
+    // Font ID flags
+    uint16_t font_id_needs_update : 1;
+    uint16_t font_id_is_set : 1;
+
+    // Visibility flags
+    uint16_t visible_needs_update : 1;
+    uint16_t visible_is_set : 1;
+    uint16_t visible : 1;  // Actual visibility state
+
+    // Reserved bits for future expansion
+    uint16_t reserved : 3;
+  } component_flags_;
 };
 }  // namespace nextion
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_upload.cpp

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ bool Nextion::upload_end_(bool successful) {
   } else {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Upload failed");
 
-    this->is_updating_ = false;
+    this->connection_state_.is_updating_ = false;
-    this->ignore_is_setup_ = false;
+    this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = false;
 
     uint32_t baud_rate = this->parent_->get_baud_rate();
     if (baud_rate != this->original_baud_rate_) {

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_upload_arduino.cpp

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ bool Nextion::upload_tft(uint32_t baud_rate, bool exit_reparse) {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Exit reparse: %s", YESNO(exit_reparse));
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "URL: %s", this->tft_url_.c_str());
 
-  if (this->is_updating_) {
+  if (this->connection_state_.is_updating_) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Upload in progress");
     return false;
   }
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ bool Nextion::upload_tft(uint32_t baud_rate, bool exit_reparse) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  this->is_updating_ = true;
+  this->connection_state_.is_updating_ = true;
 
   if (exit_reparse) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Exit reparse mode");
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ bool Nextion::upload_tft(uint32_t baud_rate, bool exit_reparse) {
   begin_status = http_client.begin(*this->get_wifi_client_(), this->tft_url_.c_str());
 #endif  // USE_ESP8266
   if (!begin_status) {
-    this->is_updating_ = false;
+    this->connection_state_.is_updating_ = false;
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Connection failed");
     return false;
   } else {
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ bool Nextion::upload_tft(uint32_t baud_rate, bool exit_reparse) {
 
   // The Nextion will ignore the upload command if it is sleeping
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Wake-up");
-  this->ignore_is_setup_ = true;
+  this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = true;
   this->send_command_("sleep=0");
   this->send_command_("dim=100");
   delay(250);  // NOLINT

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_upload_idf.cpp

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ bool Nextion::upload_tft(uint32_t baud_rate, bool exit_reparse) {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Exit reparse: %s", YESNO(exit_reparse));
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "URL: %s", this->tft_url_.c_str());
 
-  if (this->is_updating_) {
+  if (this->connection_state_.is_updating_) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Upload in progress");
     return false;
   }
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ bool Nextion::upload_tft(uint32_t baud_rate, bool exit_reparse) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  this->is_updating_ = true;
+  this->connection_state_.is_updating_ = true;
 
   if (exit_reparse) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Exit reparse mode");
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ bool Nextion::upload_tft(uint32_t baud_rate, bool exit_reparse) {
 
   // The Nextion will ignore the upload command if it is sleeping
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Wake-up");
-  this->ignore_is_setup_ = true;
+  this->connection_state_.ignore_is_setup_ = true;
   this->send_command_("sleep=0");
   this->send_command_("dim=100");
   vTaskDelay(pdMS_TO_TICKS(250));  // NOLINT

esphome/components/nextion/sensor/nextion_sensor.cpp

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ void NextionSensor::set_state(float state, bool publish, bool send_to_nextion) {
 
   if (this->wave_chan_id_ == UINT8_MAX) {
     if (send_to_nextion) {
-      if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->visible_) {
+      if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->component_flags_.visible) {
         this->needs_to_send_update_ = true;
       } else {
         this->needs_to_send_update_ = false;

esphome/components/nextion/switch/nextion_switch.cpp

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ void NextionSwitch::set_state(bool state, bool publish, bool send_to_nextion) {
     return;
 
   if (send_to_nextion) {
-    if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->visible_) {
+    if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->component_flags_.visible) {
       this->needs_to_send_update_ = true;
     } else {
       this->needs_to_send_update_ = false;

esphome/components/nextion/text_sensor/nextion_textsensor.cpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ void NextionTextSensor::set_state(const std::string &state, bool publish, bool s
     return;
 
   if (send_to_nextion) {
-    if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->visible_) {
+    if (this->nextion_->is_sleeping() || !this->component_flags_.visible) {
       this->needs_to_send_update_ = true;
     } else {
       this->nextion_->add_no_result_to_queue_with_set(this, state);

esphome/components/nfc/nfc.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "nfc.h"
 #include <cstdio>
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -7,29 +8,9 @@ namespace nfc {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "nfc";
 
-std::string format_uid(std::vector<uint8_t> &uid) {
+std::string format_uid(const std::vector<uint8_t> &uid) { return format_hex_pretty(uid, '-', false); }
-  char buf[(uid.size() * 2) + uid.size() - 1];
-  int offset = 0;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < uid.size(); i++) {
-    const char *format = "%02X";
-    if (i + 1 < uid.size())
-      format = "%02X-";
-    offset += sprintf(buf + offset, format, uid[i]);
-  }
-  return std::string(buf);
-}
 
-std::string format_bytes(std::vector<uint8_t> &bytes) {
+std::string format_bytes(const std::vector<uint8_t> &bytes) { return format_hex_pretty(bytes, ' ', false); }
-  char buf[(bytes.size() * 2) + bytes.size() - 1];
-  int offset = 0;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < bytes.size(); i++) {
-    const char *format = "%02X";
-    if (i + 1 < bytes.size())
-      format = "%02X ";
-    offset += sprintf(buf + offset, format, bytes[i]);
-  }
-  return std::string(buf);
-}
 
 uint8_t guess_tag_type(uint8_t uid_length) {
   if (uid_length == 4) {

esphome/components/nfc/nfc.h

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
-#include "ndef_record.h"
 #include "ndef_message.h"
+#include "ndef_record.h"
 #include "nfc_tag.h"
 
 #include <vector>
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ static const uint8_t DEFAULT_KEY[6] = {0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};
 static const uint8_t NDEF_KEY[6] = {0xD3, 0xF7, 0xD3, 0xF7, 0xD3, 0xF7};
 static const uint8_t MAD_KEY[6] = {0xA0, 0xA1, 0xA2, 0xA3, 0xA4, 0xA5};
 
-std::string format_uid(std::vector<uint8_t> &uid);
+std::string format_uid(const std::vector<uint8_t> &uid);
-std::string format_bytes(std::vector<uint8_t> &bytes);
+std::string format_bytes(const std::vector<uint8_t> &bytes);
 
 uint8_t guess_tag_type(uint8_t uid_length);
 uint8_t get_mifare_classic_ndef_start_index(std::vector<uint8_t> &data);

esphome/components/ota/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_ESPHOME,
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_OTA,
     CONF_PLATFORM,
     CONF_TRIGGER_ID,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, coroutine_with_priority
 
@@ -120,3 +122,18 @@ async def ota_to_code(var, config):
         use_state_callback = True
     if use_state_callback:
         cg.add_define("USE_OTA_STATE_CALLBACK")
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "ota_backend_arduino_esp32.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO},
+        "ota_backend_esp_idf.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF},
+        "ota_backend_arduino_esp8266.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO},
+        "ota_backend_arduino_rp2040.cpp": {PlatformFramework.RP2040_ARDUINO},
+        "ota_backend_arduino_libretiny.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+    }
+)

esphome/components/remote_receiver/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from esphome import pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import esp32, esp32_rmt, remote_base
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_BUFFER_SIZE,
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_TYPE,
     CONF_USE_DMA,
     CONF_VALUE,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE, TimePeriod
 
@@ -170,3 +172,19 @@ async def to_code(config):
     cg.add(var.set_buffer_size(config[CONF_BUFFER_SIZE]))
     cg.add(var.set_filter_us(config[CONF_FILTER]))
     cg.add(var.set_idle_us(config[CONF_IDLE]))
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "remote_receiver_esp32.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+        "remote_receiver_esp8266.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO},
+        "remote_receiver_libretiny.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+    }
+)

esphome/components/remote_transmitter/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from esphome import automation, pins
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import esp32, esp32_rmt, remote_base
+from esphome.config_helpers import filter_source_files_from_platform
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import (
     CONF_CARRIER_DUTY_PERCENT,
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_PIN,
     CONF_RMT_SYMBOLS,
     CONF_USE_DMA,
+    PlatformFramework,
 )
 from esphome.core import CORE
 
@@ -95,3 +97,19 @@ async def to_code(config):
         await automation.build_automation(
             var.get_complete_trigger(), [], on_complete_config
         )
+
+
+FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(
+    {
+        "remote_transmitter_esp32.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.ESP32_IDF,
+        },
+        "remote_transmitter_esp8266.cpp": {PlatformFramework.ESP8266_ARDUINO},
+        "remote_transmitter_libretiny.cpp": {
+            PlatformFramework.BK72XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.RTL87XX_ARDUINO,
+            PlatformFramework.LN882X_ARDUINO,
+        },
+    }
+)