cleanups

Co-authored-by: J. Nick Koston <nick@home-assistant.io>
Co-authored-by: J. Nick Koston <nick+github@koston.org>

.ai/instructions.md

@@ -51,7 +51,79 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
 
 *   **Naming Conventions:**
     *   **Python:** Follows PEP 8. Use clear, descriptive names following snake_case.
-    *   **C++:** Follows the Google C++ Style Guide.
+    *   **C++:** Follows the Google C++ Style Guide with these specifics (following clang-tidy conventions):
+        - Function, method, and variable names: `lower_snake_case`
+        - Class/struct/enum names: `UpperCamelCase`
+        - Top-level constants (global/namespace scope): `UPPER_SNAKE_CASE`
+        - Function-local constants: `lower_snake_case`
+        - Protected/private fields: `lower_snake_case_with_trailing_underscore_`
+        - Favor descriptive names over abbreviations
+
+*   **C++ Field Visibility:**
+    *   **Prefer `protected`:** Use `protected` for most class fields to enable extensibility and testing. Fields should be `lower_snake_case_with_trailing_underscore_`.
+    *   **Use `private` for safety-critical cases:** Use `private` visibility when direct field access could introduce bugs or violate invariants:
+        1. **Pointer lifetime issues:** When setters validate and store pointers from known lists to prevent dangling references.
+           ```cpp
+           // Helper to find matching string in vector and return its pointer
+           inline const char *vector_find(const std::vector<const char *> &vec, const char *value) {
+             for (const char *item : vec) {
+               if (strcmp(item, value) == 0)
+                 return item;
+             }
+             return nullptr;
+           }
+
+           class ClimateDevice {
+            public:
+             void set_custom_fan_modes(std::initializer_list<const char *> modes) {
+               this->custom_fan_modes_ = modes;
+               this->active_custom_fan_mode_ = nullptr;  // Reset when modes change
+             }
+             bool set_custom_fan_mode(const char *mode) {
+               // Find mode in supported list and store that pointer (not the input pointer)
+               const char *validated_mode = vector_find(this->custom_fan_modes_, mode);
+               if (validated_mode != nullptr) {
+                 this->active_custom_fan_mode_ = validated_mode;
+                 return true;
+               }
+               return false;
+             }
+            private:
+             std::vector<const char *> custom_fan_modes_;  // Pointers to string literals in flash
+             const char *active_custom_fan_mode_{nullptr};  // Must point to entry in custom_fan_modes_
+           };
+           ```
+        2. **Invariant coupling:** When multiple fields must remain synchronized to prevent buffer overflows or data corruption.
+           ```cpp
+           class Buffer {
+            public:
+             void resize(size_t new_size) {
+               auto new_data = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(new_size);
+               if (this->data_) {
+                 std::memcpy(new_data.get(), this->data_.get(), std::min(this->size_, new_size));
+               }
+               this->data_ = std::move(new_data);
+               this->size_ = new_size;  // Must stay in sync with data_
+             }
+            private:
+             std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> data_;
+             size_t size_{0};  // Must match allocated size of data_
+           };
+           ```
+        3. **Resource management:** When setters perform cleanup or registration operations that derived classes might skip.
+    *   **Provide `protected` accessor methods:** When derived classes need controlled access to `private` members.
+
+*   **C++ Preprocessor Directives:**
+    *   **Avoid `#define` for constants:** Using `#define` for constants is discouraged and should be replaced with `const` variables or enums.
+    *   **Use `#define` only for:**
+        - Conditional compilation (`#ifdef`, `#ifndef`)
+        - Compile-time sizes calculated during Python code generation (e.g., configuring `std::array` or `StaticVector` dimensions via `cg.add_define()`)
+
+*   **C++ Additional Conventions:**
+    *   **Member access:** Prefix all class member access with `this->` (e.g., `this->value_` not `value_`)
+    *   **Indentation:** Use spaces (two per indentation level), not tabs
+    *   **Type aliases:** Prefer `using type_t = int;` over `typedef int type_t;`
+    *   **Line length:** Wrap lines at no more than 120 characters
 
 *   **Component Structure:**
     *   **Standard Files:**
@@ -100,8 +172,7 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
 
     *   **C++ Class Pattern:**
         ```cpp
-        namespace esphome {
-        namespace my_component {
+        namespace esphome::my_component {
 
         class MyComponent : public Component {
          public:
@@ -117,8 +188,7 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
           int param_{0};
         };
 
-        }  // namespace my_component
-        }  // namespace esphome
+        }  // namespace esphome::my_component
         ```
 
     *   **Common Component Examples:**
@@ -368,3 +438,45 @@ This document provides essential context for AI models interacting with this pro
     *   **Python:** When adding a new Python dependency, add it to the appropriate `requirements*.txt` file and `pyproject.toml`.
     *   **C++ / PlatformIO:** When adding a new C++ dependency, add it to `platformio.ini` and use `cg.add_library`.
     *   **Build Flags:** Use `cg.add_build_flag(...)` to add compiler flags.
+
+## 8. Public API and Breaking Changes
+
+*   **Public C++ API:**
+    *   **Components**: Only documented features at [esphome.io](https://esphome.io) are public API. Undocumented `public` members are internal.
+    *   **Core/Base Classes** (`esphome/core/`, `Component`, `Sensor`, etc.): All `public` members are public API.
+    *   **Components with Global Accessors** (`global_api_server`, etc.): All `public` members are public API (except config setters).
+
+*   **Public Python API:**
+    *   All documented configuration options at [esphome.io](https://esphome.io) are public API.
+    *   Python code in `esphome/core/` actively used by existing core components is considered stable API.
+    *   Other Python code is internal unless explicitly documented for external component use.
+
+*   **Breaking Changes Policy:**
+    *   Aim for **6-month deprecation window** when possible
+    *   Clean breaks allowed for: signature changes, deep refactorings, resource constraints
+    *   Must document migration path in PR description (generates release notes)
+    *   Blog post required for core/base class changes or significant architectural changes
+    *   Full details: https://developers.esphome.io/contributing/code/#public-api-and-breaking-changes
+
+*   **Breaking Change Checklist:**
+    - [ ] Clear justification (RAM/flash savings, architectural improvement)
+    - [ ] Explored non-breaking alternatives
+    - [ ] Added deprecation warnings if possible (use `ESPDEPRECATED` macro for C++)
+    - [ ] Documented migration path in PR description with before/after examples
+    - [ ] Updated all internal usage and esphome-docs
+    - [ ] Tested backward compatibility during deprecation period
+
+*   **Deprecation Pattern (C++):**
+    ```cpp
+    // Remove before 2026.6.0
+    ESPDEPRECATED("Use new_method() instead. Removed in 2026.6.0", "2025.12.0")
+    void old_method() { this->new_method(); }
+    ```
+
+*   **Deprecation Pattern (Python):**
+    ```python
+    # Remove before 2026.6.0
+    if CONF_OLD_KEY in config:
+        _LOGGER.warning(f"'{CONF_OLD_KEY}' deprecated, use '{CONF_NEW_KEY}'. Removed in 2026.6.0")
+        config[CONF_NEW_KEY] = config.pop(CONF_OLD_KEY)  # Auto-migrate
+    ```

.clang-tidy.hash

@@ -1 +1 @@
-d7693a1e996cacd4a3d1c9a16336799c2a8cc3db02e4e74084151ce964581248
+3d46b63015d761c85ca9cb77ab79a389509e5776701fb22aed16e7b79d432c0c

.github/workflows/auto-label-pr.yml

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ jobs:
               'new-target-platform',
               'merging-to-release',
               'merging-to-beta',
+              'chained-pr',
               'core',
               'small-pr',
               'dashboard',
@@ -140,6 +141,8 @@ jobs:
                 labels.add('merging-to-release');
               } else if (baseRef === 'beta') {
                 labels.add('merging-to-beta');
+              } else if (baseRef !== 'dev') {
+                labels.add('chained-pr');
               }
 
               return labels;
@@ -413,7 +416,7 @@ jobs:
             }
 
             // Generate review messages
-            function generateReviewMessages(finalLabels) {
+            function generateReviewMessages(finalLabels, originalLabelCount) {
               const messages = [];
               const prAuthor = context.payload.pull_request.user.login;
 
@@ -427,15 +430,15 @@ jobs:
                   .reduce((sum, file) => sum + (file.deletions || 0), 0);
                 const nonTestChanges = (totalAdditions - testAdditions) - (totalDeletions - testDeletions);
 
-                const tooManyLabels = finalLabels.length > MAX_LABELS;
+                const tooManyLabels = originalLabelCount > MAX_LABELS;
                 const tooManyChanges = nonTestChanges > TOO_BIG_THRESHOLD;
 
                 let message = `${TOO_BIG_MARKER}\n### 📦 Pull Request Size\n\n`;
 
                 if (tooManyLabels && tooManyChanges) {
-                  message += `This PR is too large with ${nonTestChanges} line changes (excluding tests) and affects ${finalLabels.length} different components/areas.`;
+                  message += `This PR is too large with ${nonTestChanges} line changes (excluding tests) and affects ${originalLabelCount} different components/areas.`;
                 } else if (tooManyLabels) {
-                  message += `This PR affects ${finalLabels.length} different components/areas.`;
+                  message += `This PR affects ${originalLabelCount} different components/areas.`;
                 } else {
                   message += `This PR is too large with ${nonTestChanges} line changes (excluding tests).`;
                 }
@@ -463,8 +466,8 @@ jobs:
             }
 
             // Handle reviews
-            async function handleReviews(finalLabels) {
-              const reviewMessages = generateReviewMessages(finalLabels);
+            async function handleReviews(finalLabels, originalLabelCount) {
+              const reviewMessages = generateReviewMessages(finalLabels, originalLabelCount);
               const hasReviewableLabels = finalLabels.some(label =>
                 ['too-big', 'needs-codeowners'].includes(label)
               );
@@ -528,8 +531,8 @@ jobs:
             const apiData = await fetchApiData();
             const baseRef = context.payload.pull_request.base.ref;
 
-            // Early exit for non-dev branches
-            if (baseRef !== 'dev') {
+            // Early exit for release and beta branches only
+            if (baseRef === 'release' || baseRef === 'beta') {
               const branchLabels = await detectMergeBranch();
               const finalLabels = Array.from(branchLabels);
 
@@ -624,6 +627,7 @@ jobs:
 
             // Handle too many labels (only for non-mega PRs)
             const tooManyLabels = finalLabels.length > MAX_LABELS;
+            const originalLabelCount = finalLabels.length;
 
             if (tooManyLabels && !isMegaPR && !finalLabels.includes('too-big')) {
               finalLabels = ['too-big'];
@@ -632,7 +636,7 @@ jobs:
             console.log('Computed labels:', finalLabels.join(', '));
 
             // Handle reviews
-            await handleReviews(finalLabels);
+            await handleReviews(finalLabels, originalLabelCount);
 
             // Apply labels
             if (finalLabels.length > 0) {

.github/workflows/ci-api-proto.yml

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
         run: git diff
       - if: failure()
         name: Archive artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
         with:
           name: generated-proto-files
           path: |

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         python-version:
           - "3.11"
-          - "3.14"
+          - "3.13"
         os:
           - ubuntu-latest
           - macOS-latest
@@ -123,9 +123,9 @@ jobs:
           # Minimize CI resource usage
           # by only running the Python version
           # version used for docker images on Windows and macOS
-          - python-version: "3.14"
+          - python-version: "3.13"
             os: windows-latest
-          - python-version: "3.14"
+          - python-version: "3.13"
             os: macOS-latest
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     needs:
@@ -178,6 +178,9 @@ jobs:
       component-test-count: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.component-test-count }}
       changed-cpp-file-count: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.changed-cpp-file-count }}
       memory_impact: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.memory-impact }}
+      cpp-unit-tests-run-all: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-run-all }}
+      cpp-unit-tests-components: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-components }}
+      component-test-batches: ${{ steps.determine.outputs.component-test-batches }}
     steps:
       - name: Check out code from GitHub
         uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
@@ -189,6 +192,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
+      - name: Restore components graph cache
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        with:
+          path: .temp/components_graph.json
+          key: components-graph-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/**/*.py') }}
       - name: Determine which tests to run
         id: determine
         env:
@@ -210,6 +218,15 @@ jobs:
           echo "component-test-count=$(echo "$output" | jq -r '.component_test_count')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo "changed-cpp-file-count=$(echo "$output" | jq -r '.changed_cpp_file_count')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           echo "memory-impact=$(echo "$output" | jq -c '.memory_impact')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "cpp-unit-tests-run-all=$(echo "$output" | jq -r '.cpp_unit_tests_run_all')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "cpp-unit-tests-components=$(echo "$output" | jq -c '.cpp_unit_tests_components')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          echo "component-test-batches=$(echo "$output" | jq -c '.component_test_batches')" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+      - name: Save components graph cache
+        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/dev'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+        with:
+          path: .temp/components_graph.json
+          key: components-graph-${{ hashFiles('esphome/components/**/*.py') }}
 
   integration-tests:
     name: Run integration tests
@@ -247,6 +264,33 @@ jobs:
           . venv/bin/activate
           pytest -vv --no-cov --tb=native -n auto tests/integration/
 
+  cpp-unit-tests:
+    name: Run C++ unit tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    needs:
+      - common
+      - determine-jobs
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && (needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-run-all == 'true' || needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-components != '[]')
+    steps:
+      - name: Check out code from GitHub
+        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+
+      - name: Restore Python
+        uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
+          cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
+
+      - name: Run cpp_unit_test.py
+        run: |
+          . venv/bin/activate
+          if [ "${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-run-all }}" = "true" ]; then
+            script/cpp_unit_test.py --all
+          else
+            ARGS=$(echo '${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.cpp-unit-tests-components }}' | jq -r '.[] | @sh' | xargs)
+            script/cpp_unit_test.py $ARGS
+          fi
+
   clang-tidy-single:
     name: ${{ matrix.name }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
@@ -427,7 +471,7 @@ jobs:
       GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
-      max-parallel: 1
+      max-parallel: 2
       matrix:
         include:
           - id: clang-tidy
@@ -505,59 +549,18 @@ jobs:
         run: script/ci-suggest-changes
         if: always()
 
-  test-build-components-splitter:
-    name: Split components for intelligent grouping (40 weighted per batch)
-    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    needs:
-      - common
-      - determine-jobs
-    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.component-test-count) > 0
-    outputs:
-      matrix: ${{ steps.split.outputs.components }}
-    steps:
-      - name: Check out code from GitHub
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
-      - name: Restore Python
-        uses: ./.github/actions/restore-python
-        with:
-          python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
-          cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
-      - name: Split components intelligently based on bus configurations
-        id: split
-        run: |
-          . venv/bin/activate
-
-          # Use intelligent splitter that groups components with same bus configs
-          components='${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.changed-components-with-tests }}'
-
-          # Only isolate directly changed components when targeting dev branch
-          # For beta/release branches, group everything for faster CI
-          if [[ "${{ github.base_ref }}" == beta* ]] || [[ "${{ github.base_ref }}" == release* ]]; then
-            directly_changed='[]'
-            echo "Target branch: ${{ github.base_ref }} - grouping all components"
-          else
-            directly_changed='${{ needs.determine-jobs.outputs.directly-changed-components-with-tests }}'
-            echo "Target branch: ${{ github.base_ref }} - isolating directly changed components"
-          fi
-
-          echo "Splitting components intelligently..."
-          output=$(python3 script/split_components_for_ci.py --components "$components" --directly-changed "$directly_changed" --batch-size 40 --output github)
-
-          echo "$output" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-
   test-build-components-split:
     name: Test components batch (${{ matrix.components }})
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     needs:
       - common
       - determine-jobs
-      - test-build-components-splitter
     if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && fromJSON(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.component-test-count) > 0
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       max-parallel: ${{ (startsWith(github.base_ref, 'beta') || startsWith(github.base_ref, 'release')) && 8 || 4 }}
       matrix:
-        components: ${{ fromJson(needs.test-build-components-splitter.outputs.matrix) }}
+        components: ${{ fromJson(needs.determine-jobs.outputs.component-test-batches) }}
     steps:
       - name: Show disk space
         run: |
@@ -818,7 +821,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Upload memory analysis JSON
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
         with:
           name: memory-analysis-target
           path: memory-analysis-target.json
@@ -882,7 +885,7 @@ jobs:
             --platform "$platform"
 
       - name: Upload memory analysis JSON
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
         with:
           name: memory-analysis-pr
           path: memory-analysis-pr.json
@@ -912,13 +915,13 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.DEFAULT_PYTHON }}
           cache-key: ${{ needs.common.outputs.cache-key }}
       - name: Download target analysis JSON
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@018cc2cf5baa6db3ef3c5f8a56943fffe632ef53 # v6.0.0
         with:
           name: memory-analysis-target
           path: ./memory-analysis
         continue-on-error: true
       - name: Download PR analysis JSON
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@018cc2cf5baa6db3ef3c5f8a56943fffe632ef53 # v6.0.0
         with:
           name: memory-analysis-pr
           path: ./memory-analysis
@@ -949,7 +952,6 @@ jobs:
       - clang-tidy-nosplit
       - clang-tidy-split
       - determine-jobs
-      - test-build-components-splitter
       - test-build-components-split
       - pre-commit-ci-lite
       - memory-impact-target-branch

.github/workflows/codeowner-review-request.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ permissions:
 jobs:
   request-codeowner-reviews:
     name: Run
-    if: ${{ !github.event.pull_request.draft }}
+    if: ${{ github.repository == 'esphome/esphome' && !github.event.pull_request.draft }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Request reviews from component codeowners

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ jobs:
 
       # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@16140ae1a102900babc80a33c44059580f687047 # v4.30.9
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@0499de31b99561a6d14a36a5f662c2a54f91beee # v4.31.2
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
           build-mode: ${{ matrix.build-mode }}
@@ -86,6 +86,6 @@ jobs:
           exit 1
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@16140ae1a102900babc80a33c44059580f687047 # v4.30.9
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@0499de31b99561a6d14a36a5f662c2a54f91beee # v4.31.2
         with:
           category: "/language:${{matrix.language}}"

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ jobs:
       #     version: ${{ needs.init.outputs.tag }}
 
       - name: Upload digests
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
         with:
           name: digests-${{ matrix.platform.arch }}
           path: /tmp/digests
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
 
       - name: Download digests
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@634f93cb2916e3fdff6788551b99b062d0335ce0 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@018cc2cf5baa6db3ef3c5f8a56943fffe632ef53 # v6.0.0
         with:
           pattern: digests-*
           path: /tmp/digests

.github/workflows/status-check-labels.yml

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ jobs:
         label:
           - needs-docs
           - merge-after-release
+          - chained-pr
     steps:
       - name: Check for ${{ matrix.label }} label
         uses: actions/github-script@ed597411d8f924073f98dfc5c65a23a2325f34cd # v8.0.0

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ ci:
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     # Ruff version.
-    rev: v0.14.1
+    rev: v0.14.4
     hooks:
       # Run the linter.
       - id: ruff

CODEOWNERS

@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ esphome/components/esp32_ble_tracker/* @bdraco
 esphome/components/esp32_camera_web_server/* @ayufan
 esphome/components/esp32_can/* @Sympatron
 esphome/components/esp32_hosted/* @swoboda1337
+esphome/components/esp32_hosted/update/* @swoboda1337
 esphome/components/esp32_improv/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/esp32_rmt/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/esp32_rmt_led_strip/* @jesserockz
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ esphome/components/gdk101/* @Szewcson
 esphome/components/gl_r01_i2c/* @pkejval
 esphome/components/globals/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/gp2y1010au0f/* @zry98
-esphome/components/gp8403/* @jesserockz
+esphome/components/gp8403/* @jesserockz @sebydocky
 esphome/components/gpio/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/gpio/one_wire/* @ssieb
 esphome/components/gps/* @coogle @ximex
@@ -201,9 +202,11 @@ esphome/components/havells_solar/* @sourabhjaiswal
 esphome/components/hbridge/fan/* @WeekendWarrior
 esphome/components/hbridge/light/* @DotNetDann
 esphome/components/hbridge/switch/* @dwmw2
+esphome/components/hdc2010/* @optimusprimespace @ssieb
 esphome/components/he60r/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/heatpumpir/* @rob-deutsch
 esphome/components/hitachi_ac424/* @sourabhjaiswal
+esphome/components/hlk_fm22x/* @OnFreund
 esphome/components/hm3301/* @freekode
 esphome/components/hmac_md5/* @dwmw2
 esphome/components/homeassistant/* @esphome/core @OttoWinter
@@ -288,6 +291,7 @@ esphome/components/mcp23x17_base/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/mcp23xxx_base/* @jesserockz
 esphome/components/mcp2515/* @danielschramm @mvturnho
 esphome/components/mcp3204/* @rsumner
+esphome/components/mcp3221/* @philippderdiedas
 esphome/components/mcp4461/* @p1ngb4ck
 esphome/components/mcp4728/* @berfenger
 esphome/components/mcp47a1/* @jesserockz
@@ -392,6 +396,7 @@ esphome/components/rpi_dpi_rgb/* @clydebarrow
 esphome/components/rtl87xx/* @kuba2k2
 esphome/components/rtttl/* @glmnet
 esphome/components/runtime_stats/* @bdraco
+esphome/components/rx8130/* @beormund
 esphome/components/safe_mode/* @jsuanet @kbx81 @paulmonigatti
 esphome/components/scd4x/* @martgras @sjtrny
 esphome/components/script/* @esphome/core
@@ -478,6 +483,7 @@ esphome/components/template/fan/* @ssieb
 esphome/components/text/* @mauritskorse
 esphome/components/thermostat/* @kbx81
 esphome/components/time/* @esphome/core
+esphome/components/tinyusb/* @kbx81
 esphome/components/tlc5947/* @rnauber
 esphome/components/tlc5971/* @IJIJI
 esphome/components/tm1621/* @Philippe12

esphome/__main__.py

@@ -207,14 +207,14 @@ def choose_upload_log_host(
                     if has_mqtt_logging():
                         resolved.append("MQTT")
 
-                    if has_api() and has_non_ip_address():
+                    if has_api() and has_non_ip_address() and has_resolvable_address():
                         resolved.extend(_resolve_with_cache(CORE.address, purpose))
 
                 elif purpose == Purpose.UPLOADING:
                     if has_ota() and has_mqtt_ip_lookup():
                         resolved.append("MQTTIP")
 
-                    if has_ota() and has_non_ip_address():
+                    if has_ota() and has_non_ip_address() and has_resolvable_address():
                         resolved.extend(_resolve_with_cache(CORE.address, purpose))
             else:
                 resolved.append(device)
@@ -318,7 +318,17 @@ def has_resolvable_address() -> bool:
     """Check if CORE.address is resolvable (via mDNS, DNS, or is an IP address)."""
     # Any address (IP, mDNS hostname, or regular DNS hostname) is resolvable
     # The resolve_ip_address() function in helpers.py handles all types via AsyncResolver
-    return CORE.address is not None
+    if CORE.address is None:
+        return False
+
+    if has_ip_address():
+        return True
+
+    if has_mdns():
+        return True
+
+    # .local mDNS hostnames are only resolvable if mDNS is enabled
+    return not CORE.address.endswith(".local")
 
 
 def mqtt_get_ip(config: ConfigType, username: str, password: str, client_id: str):

esphome/analyze_memory/cli.py

@@ -232,9 +232,22 @@ class MemoryAnalyzerCLI(MemoryAnalyzer):
                 api_component = (name, mem)
                 break
 
-        # Combine all components to analyze: top ESPHome + all external + API if not already included
-        components_to_analyze = list(top_esphome_components) + list(
-            top_external_components
+        # Also include wifi_stack and other important system components if they exist
+        system_components_to_include = [
+            # Empty list - we've finished debugging symbol categorization
+            # Add component names here if you need to debug their symbols
+        ]
+        system_components = [
+            (name, mem)
+            for name, mem in components
+            if name in system_components_to_include
+        ]
+
+        # Combine all components to analyze: top ESPHome + all external + API if not already included + system components
+        components_to_analyze = (
+            list(top_esphome_components)
+            + list(top_external_components)
+            + system_components
         )
         if api_component and api_component not in components_to_analyze:
             components_to_analyze.append(api_component)

esphome/analyze_memory/const.py

@@ -127,40 +127,39 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "tryget_socket_unconn",
         "cs_create_ctrl_sock",
         "netbuf_alloc",
+        "tcp_",  # TCP protocol functions
+        "udp_",  # UDP protocol functions
+        "lwip_",  # LwIP stack functions
+        "eagle_lwip",  # ESP-specific LwIP functions
+        "new_linkoutput",  # Link output function
+        "acd_",  # Address Conflict Detection (ACD)
+        "eth_",  # Ethernet functions
+        "mac_enable_bb",  # MAC baseband enable
+        "reassemble_and_dispatch",  # Packet reassembly
     ],
+    # dhcp must come before libc to avoid "dhcp_select" matching "select" pattern
+    "dhcp": ["dhcp", "handle_dhcp"],
     "ipv6_stack": ["nd6_", "ip6_", "mld6_", "icmp6_", "icmp6_input"],
-    "wifi_stack": [
-        "ieee80211",
-        "hostap",
-        "sta_",
-        "ap_",
-        "scan_",
-        "wifi_",
-        "wpa_",
-        "wps_",
-        "esp_wifi",
-        "cnx_",
-        "wpa3_",
-        "sae_",
-        "wDev_",
-        "ic_",
-        "mac_",
-        "esf_buf",
-        "gWpaSm",
-        "sm_WPA",
-        "eapol_",
-        "owe_",
-        "wifiLowLevelInit",
-        "s_do_mapping",
-        "gScanStruct",
-        "ppSearchTxframe",
-        "ppMapWaitTxq",
-        "ppFillAMPDUBar",
-        "ppCheckTxConnTrafficIdle",
-        "ppCalTkipMic",
+    # Order matters! More specific categories must come before general ones.
+    # mdns must come before bluetooth to avoid "_mdns_disable_pcb" matching "ble_" pattern
+    "mdns_lib": ["mdns"],
+    # memory_mgmt must come before wifi_stack to catch mmu_hal_* symbols
+    "memory_mgmt": [
+        "mem_",
+        "memory_",
+        "tlsf_",
+        "memp_",
+        "pbuf_",
+        "pbuf_alloc",
+        "pbuf_copy_partial_pbuf",
+        "esp_mmu_map",
+        "mmu_hal_",
+        "s_do_mapping",  # Memory mapping function, not WiFi
+        "hash_map_",  # Hash map data structure
+        "umm_assimilate",  # UMM malloc assimilation
     ],
-    "bluetooth": ["bt_", "ble_", "l2c_", "gatt_", "gap_", "hci_", "BT_init"],
-    "wifi_bt_coex": ["coex"],
+    # Bluetooth categories must come BEFORE wifi_stack to avoid misclassification
+    # Many BLE symbols contain patterns like "ble_" that would otherwise match wifi patterns
     "bluetooth_rom": ["r_ble", "r_lld", "r_llc", "r_llm"],
     "bluedroid_bt": [
         "bluedroid",
@@ -207,6 +206,61 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "copy_extra_byte_in_db",
         "parse_read_local_supported_commands_response",
     ],
+    "bluetooth": [
+        "bt_",
+        "_ble_",  # More specific than "ble_" to avoid matching "able_", "enable_", "disable_"
+        "l2c_",
+        "l2ble_",  # L2CAP for BLE
+        "gatt_",
+        "gap_",
+        "hci_",
+        "btsnd_hcic_",  # Bluetooth HCI command send functions
+        "BT_init",
+        "BT_tx_",  # Bluetooth transmit functions
+        "esp_ble_",  # Catch esp_ble_* functions
+    ],
+    "bluetooth_ll": [
+        "llm_",  # Link layer manager
+        "llc_",  # Link layer control
+        "lld_",  # Link layer driver
+        "ld_acl_",  # Link layer ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Oriented)
+        "llcp_",  # Link layer control protocol
+        "lmp_",  # Link manager protocol
+    ],
+    "wifi_bt_coex": ["coex"],
+    "wifi_stack": [
+        "ieee80211",
+        "hostap",
+        "sta_",
+        "wifi_ap_",  # More specific than "ap_" to avoid matching "cap_", "map_"
+        "wifi_scan_",  # More specific than "scan_" to avoid matching "_scan_" in other contexts
+        "wifi_",
+        "wpa_",
+        "wps_",
+        "esp_wifi",
+        "cnx_",
+        "wpa3_",
+        "sae_",
+        "wDev_",
+        "ic_mac_",  # More specific than "mac_" to avoid matching emac_
+        "esf_buf",
+        "gWpaSm",
+        "sm_WPA",
+        "eapol_",
+        "owe_",
+        "wifiLowLevelInit",
+        # Removed "s_do_mapping" - this is memory management, not WiFi
+        "gScanStruct",
+        "ppSearchTxframe",
+        "ppMapWaitTxq",
+        "ppFillAMPDUBar",
+        "ppCheckTxConnTrafficIdle",
+        "ppCalTkipMic",
+        "phy_force_wifi",
+        "phy_unforce_wifi",
+        "write_wifi_chan",
+        "wifi_track_pll",
+    ],
     "crypto_math": [
         "ecp_",
         "bignum_",
@@ -231,13 +285,36 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "p_256_init_curve",
         "shift_sub_rows",
         "rshift",
+        "rijndaelEncrypt",  # AES Rijndael encryption
+    ],
+    # System and Arduino core functions must come before libc
+    "esp_system": [
+        "system_",  # ESP system functions
+        "postmortem_",  # Postmortem reporting
+    ],
+    "arduino_core": [
+        "pinMode",
+        "resetPins",
+        "millis",
+        "micros",
+        "delay(",  # More specific - Arduino delay function with parenthesis
+        "delayMicroseconds",
+        "digitalWrite",
+        "digitalRead",
+    ],
+    "sntp": ["sntp_", "sntp_recv"],
+    "scheduler": [
+        "run_scheduled_",
+        "compute_scheduled_",
+        "event_TaskQueue",
     ],
     "hw_crypto": ["esp_aes", "esp_sha", "esp_rsa", "esp_bignum", "esp_mpi"],
     "libc": [
         "printf",
         "scanf",
         "malloc",
-        "free",
+        "_free",  # More specific than "free" to match _free, __free_r, etc. but not arbitrary "free" substring
+        "umm_free",  # UMM malloc free function
         "memcpy",
         "memset",
         "strcpy",
@@ -259,7 +336,7 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "_setenv_r",
         "_tzset_unlocked_r",
         "__tzcalc_limits",
-        "select",
+        "_select",  # More specific than "select" to avoid matching "dhcp_select", etc.
         "scalbnf",
         "strtof",
         "strtof_l",
@@ -316,8 +393,24 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "CSWTCH$",
         "dst$",
         "sulp",
+        "_strtol_l",  # String to long with locale
+        "__cvt",  # Convert
+        "__utoa",  # Unsigned to ASCII
+        "__global_locale",  # Global locale
+        "_ctype_",  # Character type
+        "impure_data",  # Impure data
+    ],
+    "string_ops": [
+        "strcmp",
+        "strncmp",
+        "strchr",
+        "strstr",
+        "strtok",
+        "strdup",
+        "strncasecmp_P",  # String compare (case insensitive, from program memory)
+        "strnlen_P",  # String length (from program memory)
+        "strncat_P",  # String concatenate (from program memory)
     ],
-    "string_ops": ["strcmp", "strncmp", "strchr", "strstr", "strtok", "strdup"],
     "memory_alloc": ["malloc", "calloc", "realloc", "free", "_sbrk"],
     "file_io": [
         "fread",
@@ -338,10 +431,26 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "vsscanf",
     ],
     "cpp_anonymous": ["_GLOBAL__N_", "n$"],
-    "cpp_runtime": ["__cxx", "_ZN", "_ZL", "_ZSt", "__gxx_personality", "_Z16"],
-    "exception_handling": ["__cxa_", "_Unwind_", "__gcc_personality", "uw_frame_state"],
+    # Plain C patterns only - C++ symbols will be categorized via DEMANGLED_PATTERNS
+    "nvs": ["nvs_"],  # Plain C NVS functions
+    "ota": ["ota_", "OTA", "esp_ota", "app_desc"],
+    # cpp_runtime: Removed _ZN, _ZL to let DEMANGLED_PATTERNS categorize C++ symbols properly
+    # Only keep patterns that are truly runtime-specific and not categorizable by namespace
+    "cpp_runtime": ["__cxx", "_ZSt", "__gxx_personality", "_Z16"],
+    "exception_handling": [
+        "__cxa_",
+        "_Unwind_",
+        "__gcc_personality",
+        "uw_frame_state",
+        "search_object",  # Search for exception handling object
+        "get_cie_encoding",  # Get CIE encoding
+        "add_fdes",  # Add frame description entries
+        "fde_unencoded_compare",  # Compare FDEs
+        "fde_mixed_encoding_compare",  # Compare mixed encoding FDEs
+        "frame_downheap",  # Frame heap operations
+        "frame_heapsort",  # Frame heap sorting
+    ],
     "static_init": ["_GLOBAL__sub_I_"],
-    "mdns_lib": ["mdns"],
     "phy_radio": [
         "phy_",
         "rf_",
@@ -394,10 +503,47 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "txcal_debuge_mode",
         "ant_wifitx_cfg",
         "reg_init_begin",
+        "tx_cap_init",  # TX capacitance init
+        "ram_set_txcap",  # RAM TX capacitance setting
+        "tx_atten_",  # TX attenuation
+        "txiq_",  # TX I/Q calibration
+        "ram_cal_",  # RAM calibration
+        "ram_rxiq_",  # RAM RX I/Q
+        "readvdd33",  # Read VDD33
+        "test_tout",  # Test timeout
+        "tsen_meas",  # Temperature sensor measurement
+        "bbpll_cal",  # Baseband PLL calibration
+        "set_cal_",  # Set calibration
+        "set_rfanagain_",  # Set RF analog gain
+        "set_txdc_",  # Set TX DC
+        "get_vdd33_",  # Get VDD33
+        "gen_rx_gain_table",  # Generate RX gain table
+        "ram_ana_inf_gating_en",  # RAM analog interface gating enable
+        "tx_cont_en",  # TX continuous enable
+        "tx_delay_cfg",  # TX delay configuration
+        "tx_gain_table_set",  # TX gain table set
+        "check_and_reset_hw_deadlock",  # Hardware deadlock check
+        "s_config",  # System/hardware config
+        "chan14_mic_cfg",  # Channel 14 MIC config
+    ],
+    "wifi_phy_pp": [
+        "pp_",
+        "ppT",
+        "ppR",
+        "ppP",
+        "ppInstall",
+        "ppCalTxAMPDULength",
+        "ppCheckTx",  # Packet processor TX check
+        "ppCal",  # Packet processor calibration
+        "HdlAllBuffedEb",  # Handle buffered EB
     ],
-    "wifi_phy_pp": ["pp_", "ppT", "ppR", "ppP", "ppInstall", "ppCalTxAMPDULength"],
     "wifi_lmac": ["lmac"],
-    "wifi_device": ["wdev", "wDev_"],
+    "wifi_device": [
+        "wdev",
+        "wDev_",
+        "ic_set_sta",  # Set station mode
+        "ic_set_vif",  # Set virtual interface
+    ],
     "power_mgmt": [
         "pm_",
         "sleep",
@@ -406,15 +552,7 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "deep_sleep",
         "power_down",
         "g_pm",
-    ],
-    "memory_mgmt": [
-        "mem_",
-        "memory_",
-        "tlsf_",
-        "memp_",
-        "pbuf_",
-        "pbuf_alloc",
-        "pbuf_copy_partial_pbuf",
+        "pmc",  # Power Management Controller
     ],
     "hal_layer": ["hal_"],
     "clock_mgmt": [
@@ -439,7 +577,6 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
     "error_handling": ["panic", "abort", "assert", "error_", "fault"],
     "authentication": ["auth"],
     "ppp_protocol": ["ppp", "ipcp_", "lcp_", "chap_", "LcpEchoCheck"],
-    "dhcp": ["dhcp", "handle_dhcp"],
     "ethernet_phy": [
         "emac_",
         "eth_phy_",
@@ -618,7 +755,15 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "ampdu_dispatch_upto",
     ],
     "ieee802_11": ["ieee802_11_", "ieee802_11_parse_elems"],
-    "rate_control": ["rssi_margin", "rcGetSched", "get_rate_fcc_index"],
+    "rate_control": [
+        "rssi_margin",
+        "rcGetSched",
+        "get_rate_fcc_index",
+        "rcGetRate",  # Get rate
+        "rc_get_",  # Rate control getters
+        "rc_set_",  # Rate control setters
+        "rc_enable_",  # Rate control enable functions
+    ],
     "nan": ["nan_dp_", "nan_dp_post_tx", "nan_dp_delete_peer"],
     "channel_mgmt": ["chm_init", "chm_set_current_channel"],
     "trace": ["trc_init", "trc_onAmpduOp"],
@@ -799,31 +944,18 @@ SYMBOL_PATTERNS = {
         "supports_interlaced_inquiry_scan",
         "supports_reading_remote_extended_features",
     ],
-    "bluetooth_ll": [
-        "lld_pdu_",
-        "ld_acl_",
-        "lld_stop_ind_handler",
-        "lld_evt_winsize_change",
-        "config_lld_evt_funcs_reset",
-        "config_lld_funcs_reset",
-        "config_llm_funcs_reset",
-        "llm_set_long_adv_data",
-        "lld_retry_tx_prog",
-        "llc_link_sup_to_ind_handler",
-        "config_llc_funcs_reset",
-        "lld_evt_rxwin_compute",
-        "config_btdm_funcs_reset",
-        "config_ea_funcs_reset",
-        "llc_defalut_state_tab_reset",
-        "config_rwip_funcs_reset",
-        "ke_lmp_rx_flooding_detect",
-    ],
 }
 
 # Demangled patterns: patterns found in demangled C++ names
 DEMANGLED_PATTERNS = {
     "gpio_driver": ["GPIO"],
     "uart_driver": ["UART"],
+    # mdns_lib must come before network_stack to avoid "udp" matching "_udpReadBuffer" in MDNSResponder
+    "mdns_lib": [
+        "MDNSResponder",
+        "MDNSImplementation",
+        "MDNS",
+    ],
     "network_stack": [
         "lwip",
         "tcp",
@@ -836,6 +968,24 @@ DEMANGLED_PATTERNS = {
         "ethernet",
         "ppp",
         "slip",
+        "UdpContext",  # UDP context class
+        "DhcpServer",  # DHCP server class
+    ],
+    "arduino_core": [
+        "String::",  # Arduino String class
+        "Print::",  # Arduino Print class
+        "HardwareSerial::",  # Serial class
+        "IPAddress::",  # IP address class
+        "EspClass::",  # ESP class
+        "experimental::_SPI",  # Experimental SPI
+    ],
+    "ota": [
+        "UpdaterClass",
+        "Updater::",
+    ],
+    "wifi": [
+        "ESP8266WiFi",
+        "WiFi::",
     ],
     "wifi_stack": ["NetworkInterface"],
     "nimble_bt": [
@@ -854,7 +1004,6 @@ DEMANGLED_PATTERNS = {
     "rtti": ["__type_info", "__class_type_info"],
     "web_server_lib": ["AsyncWebServer", "AsyncWebHandler", "WebServer"],
     "async_tcp": ["AsyncClient", "AsyncServer"],
-    "mdns_lib": ["mdns"],
     "json_lib": [
         "ArduinoJson",
         "JsonDocument",

esphome/automation.py

@@ -15,8 +15,13 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_TYPE_ID,
     CONF_UPDATE_INTERVAL,
 )
-from esphome.core import ID
-from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObj, MockObjClass, TemplateArgsType
+from esphome.core import ID, Lambda
+from esphome.cpp_generator import (
+    LambdaExpression,
+    MockObj,
+    MockObjClass,
+    TemplateArgsType,
+)
 from esphome.schema_extractors import SCHEMA_EXTRACT, schema_extractor
 from esphome.types import ConfigType
 from esphome.util import Registry
@@ -87,6 +92,7 @@ def validate_potentially_or_condition(value):
 
 DelayAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("DelayAction", Action, cg.Component)
 LambdaAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("LambdaAction", Action)
+StatelessLambdaAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("StatelessLambdaAction", Action)
 IfAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("IfAction", Action)
 WhileAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("WhileAction", Action)
 RepeatAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("RepeatAction", Action)
@@ -97,9 +103,40 @@ ResumeComponentAction = cg.esphome_ns.class_("ResumeComponentAction", Action)
 Automation = cg.esphome_ns.class_("Automation")
 
 LambdaCondition = cg.esphome_ns.class_("LambdaCondition", Condition)
+StatelessLambdaCondition = cg.esphome_ns.class_("StatelessLambdaCondition", Condition)
 ForCondition = cg.esphome_ns.class_("ForCondition", Condition, cg.Component)
 
 
+def new_lambda_pvariable(
+    id_obj: ID,
+    lambda_expr: LambdaExpression,
+    stateless_class: MockObjClass,
+    template_arg: cg.TemplateArguments | None = None,
+) -> MockObj:
+    """Create Pvariable for lambda, using stateless class if applicable.
+
+    Combines ID selection and Pvariable creation in one call. For stateless
+    lambdas (empty capture), uses function pointer instead of std::function.
+
+    Args:
+        id_obj: The ID object (action_id, condition_id, or filter_id)
+        lambda_expr: The lambda expression object
+        stateless_class: The stateless class to use for stateless lambdas
+        template_arg: Optional template arguments (for actions/conditions)
+
+    Returns:
+        The created Pvariable
+    """
+    # For stateless lambdas, use function pointer instead of std::function
+    if lambda_expr.capture == "":
+        id_obj = id_obj.copy()
+        id_obj.type = stateless_class
+
+    if template_arg is not None:
+        return cg.new_Pvariable(id_obj, template_arg, lambda_expr)
+    return cg.new_Pvariable(id_obj, lambda_expr)
+
+
 def validate_automation(extra_schema=None, extra_validators=None, single=False):
     if extra_schema is None:
         extra_schema = {}
@@ -145,7 +182,7 @@ def validate_automation(extra_schema=None, extra_validators=None, single=False):
             value = cv.Schema([extra_validators])(value)
         if single:
             if len(value) != 1:
-                raise cv.Invalid("Cannot have more than 1 automation for templates")
+                raise cv.Invalid("This trigger allows only a single automation")
             return value[0]
         return value
 
@@ -240,7 +277,9 @@ async def lambda_condition_to_code(
     args: TemplateArgsType,
 ) -> MockObj:
     lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(config, args, return_type=bool)
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(condition_id, template_arg, lambda_)
+    return new_lambda_pvariable(
+        condition_id, lambda_, StatelessLambdaCondition, template_arg
+    )
 
 
 @register_condition(
@@ -271,6 +310,30 @@ async def for_condition_to_code(
     return var
 
 
+@register_condition(
+    "component.is_idle",
+    LambdaCondition,
+    maybe_simple_id(
+        {
+            cv.Required(CONF_ID): cv.use_id(cg.Component),
+        }
+    ),
+)
+async def component_is_idle_condition_to_code(
+    config: ConfigType,
+    condition_id: ID,
+    template_arg: cg.TemplateArguments,
+    args: TemplateArgsType,
+) -> MockObj:
+    comp = await cg.get_variable(config[CONF_ID])
+    lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(
+        Lambda(f"return {comp}->is_idle();"), args, return_type=bool
+    )
+    return new_lambda_pvariable(
+        condition_id, lambda_, StatelessLambdaCondition, template_arg
+    )
+
+
 @register_action(
     "delay", DelayAction, cv.templatable(cv.positive_time_period_milliseconds)
 )
@@ -406,7 +469,7 @@ async def lambda_action_to_code(
     args: TemplateArgsType,
 ) -> MockObj:
     lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(config, args, return_type=cg.void)
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(action_id, template_arg, lambda_)
+    return new_lambda_pvariable(action_id, lambda_, StatelessLambdaAction, template_arg)
 
 
 @register_action(

esphome/codegen.py

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ from esphome.cpp_types import (  # noqa: F401
     EntityBase,
     EntityCategory,
     ESPTime,
+    FixedVector,
     GPIOPin,
     InternalGPIOPin,
     JsonObject,

esphome/components/adalight/adalight_light_effect.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "adalight_light_effect";
 static const uint32_t ADALIGHT_ACK_INTERVAL = 1000;
 static const uint32_t ADALIGHT_RECEIVE_TIMEOUT = 1000;
 
-AdalightLightEffect::AdalightLightEffect(const std::string &name) : AddressableLightEffect(name) {}
+AdalightLightEffect::AdalightLightEffect(const char *name) : AddressableLightEffect(name) {}
 
 void AdalightLightEffect::start() {
   AddressableLightEffect::start();

esphome/components/adalight/adalight_light_effect.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace adalight {
 
 class AdalightLightEffect : public light::AddressableLightEffect, public uart::UARTDevice {
  public:
-  AdalightLightEffect(const std::string &name);
+  AdalightLightEffect(const char *name);
 
   void start() override;
   void stop() override;

esphome/components/ags10/ags10.h

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AGS10NewI2cAddressAction : public Action<Ts...>,
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, new_address)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->new_i2c_address(this->new_address_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->new_i2c_address(this->new_address_.value(x...)); }
 };
 
 enum AGS10SetZeroPointActionMode {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AGS10SetZeroPointAction : public Action<Ts...>, p
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, value)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(AGS10SetZeroPointActionMode, mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     switch (this->mode_.value(x...)) {
       case FACTORY_DEFAULT:
         this->parent_->set_zero_point_with_factory_defaults();

esphome/components/aic3204/automation.h

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetAutoMuteAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, auto_mute_mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->aic3204_->set_auto_mute_mode(this->auto_mute_mode_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->aic3204_->set_auto_mute_mode(this->auto_mute_mode_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AIC3204 *aic3204_;

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/__init__.py

@@ -172,12 +172,6 @@ def alarm_control_panel_schema(
     return _ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_SCHEMA.extend(schema)
 
 
-# Remove before 2025.11.0
-ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_SCHEMA = alarm_control_panel_schema(AlarmControlPanel)
-ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_SCHEMA.add_extra(
-    cv.deprecated_schema_constant("alarm_control_panel")
-)
-
 ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL_ACTION_SCHEMA = maybe_simple_id(
     {
         cv.GenerateID(): cv.use_id(AlarmControlPanel),

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/alarm_control_panel.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-#include <utility>
-
 #include "alarm_control_panel.h"
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
+
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
@@ -34,6 +36,9 @@ void AlarmControlPanel::publish_state(AlarmControlPanelState state) {
              LOG_STR_ARG(alarm_control_panel_state_to_string(prev_state)));
     this->current_state_ = state;
     this->state_callback_.call();
+#if defined(USE_ALARM_CONTROL_PANEL) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+    ControllerRegistry::notify_alarm_control_panel_update(this);
+#endif
     if (state == ACP_STATE_TRIGGERED) {
       this->triggered_callback_.call();
     } else if (state == ACP_STATE_ARMING) {

esphome/components/alarm_control_panel/automation.h

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmAwayAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmHomeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ArmNightAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call();
     auto code = this->code_.optional_value(x...);
     if (code.has_value()) {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisarmAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, code)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->disarm(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->disarm(this->code_.optional_value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PendingAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit PendingAction(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) : alarm_control_panel_(alarm_control_panel) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().pending().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().pending().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TriggeredAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit TriggeredAction(AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel) : alarm_control_panel_(alarm_control_panel) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().triggered().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->alarm_control_panel_->make_call().triggered().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   AlarmControlPanel *alarm_control_panel_;
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TriggeredAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class AlarmControlPanelCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   AlarmControlPanelCondition(AlarmControlPanel *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override {
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override {
     return this->parent_->is_state_armed(this->parent_->get_state()) ||
            this->parent_->get_state() == ACP_STATE_PENDING || this->parent_->get_state() == ACP_STATE_TRIGGERED;
   }

esphome/components/animation/animation.h

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class Animation : public image::Image {
 template<typename... Ts> class AnimationNextFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationNextFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->next_frame(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->next_frame(); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AnimationNextFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class AnimationPrevFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationPrevFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->prev_frame(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->prev_frame(); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AnimationSetFrameAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   AnimationSetFrameAction(Animation *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, frame)
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->set_frame(this->frame_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->set_frame(this->frame_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   Animation *parent_;

esphome/components/api/__init__.py

@@ -71,10 +71,12 @@ SERVICE_ARG_NATIVE_TYPES = {
     "int": cg.int32,
     "float": float,
     "string": cg.std_string,
-    "bool[]": cg.std_vector.template(bool),
-    "int[]": cg.std_vector.template(cg.int32),
-    "float[]": cg.std_vector.template(float),
-    "string[]": cg.std_vector.template(cg.std_string),
+    "bool[]": cg.FixedVector.template(bool).operator("const").operator("ref"),
+    "int[]": cg.FixedVector.template(cg.int32).operator("const").operator("ref"),
+    "float[]": cg.FixedVector.template(float).operator("const").operator("ref"),
+    "string[]": cg.FixedVector.template(cg.std_string)
+    .operator("const")
+    .operator("ref"),
 }
 CONF_ENCRYPTION = "encryption"
 CONF_BATCH_DELAY = "batch_delay"
@@ -225,6 +227,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
                 esp32=8,  # More RAM, can buffer more
                 rp2040=5,  # Limited RAM
                 bk72xx=8,  # Moderate RAM
+                nrf52=8,  # Moderate RAM
                 rtl87xx=8,  # Moderate RAM
                 host=16,  # Abundant resources
                 ln882x=8,  # Moderate RAM
@@ -242,6 +245,9 @@ async def to_code(config):
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
 
+    # Track controller registration for StaticVector sizing
+    CORE.register_controller()
+
     cg.add(var.set_port(config[CONF_PORT]))
     if config[CONF_PASSWORD]:
         cg.add_define("USE_API_PASSWORD")
@@ -258,6 +264,10 @@ async def to_code(config):
     if config.get(CONF_ACTIONS) or config[CONF_CUSTOM_SERVICES]:
         cg.add_define("USE_API_SERVICES")
 
+    # Set USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES if external components need dynamic service registration
+    if config[CONF_CUSTOM_SERVICES]:
+        cg.add_define("USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES")
+
     if config[CONF_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES]:
         cg.add_define("USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES")
 
@@ -265,6 +275,8 @@ async def to_code(config):
         cg.add_define("USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_STATES")
 
     if actions := config.get(CONF_ACTIONS, []):
+        # Collect all triggers first, then register all at once with initializer_list
+        triggers: list[cg.Pvariable] = []
         for conf in actions:
             template_args = []
             func_args = []
@@ -278,8 +290,10 @@ async def to_code(config):
             trigger = cg.new_Pvariable(
                 conf[CONF_TRIGGER_ID], templ, conf[CONF_ACTION], service_arg_names
             )
-            cg.add(var.register_user_service(trigger))
+            triggers.append(trigger)
             await automation.build_automation(trigger, func_args, conf)
+        # Register all services at once - single allocation, no reallocations
+        cg.add(var.initialize_user_services(triggers))
 
     if CONF_ON_CLIENT_CONNECTED in config:
         cg.add_define("USE_API_CLIENT_CONNECTED_TRIGGER")

esphome/components/api/api.proto

@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ message ListEntitiesFanResponse {
   bool disabled_by_default = 9;
   string icon = 10 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_ENTITY_ICON"];
   EntityCategory entity_category = 11;
-  repeated string supported_preset_modes = 12 [(container_pointer) = "std::set"];
+  repeated string supported_preset_modes = 12 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "std::vector<const char *>"];
   uint32 device_id = 13 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_DEVICES"];
 }
 // Deprecated in API version 1.6 - only used in deprecated fields
@@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ message ListEntitiesClimateResponse {
 
   bool supports_current_temperature = 5; // Deprecated: use feature_flags
   bool supports_two_point_target_temperature = 6; // Deprecated: use feature_flags
-  repeated ClimateMode supported_modes = 7 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<climate::ClimateMode>"];
+  repeated ClimateMode supported_modes = 7 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "climate::ClimateModeMask"];
   float visual_min_temperature = 8;
   float visual_max_temperature = 9;
   float visual_target_temperature_step = 10;
@@ -998,11 +998,11 @@ message ListEntitiesClimateResponse {
   // Deprecated in API version 1.5
   bool legacy_supports_away = 11 [deprecated=true];
   bool supports_action = 12; // Deprecated: use feature_flags
-  repeated ClimateFanMode supported_fan_modes = 13 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<climate::ClimateFanMode>"];
-  repeated ClimateSwingMode supported_swing_modes = 14 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<climate::ClimateSwingMode>"];
-  repeated string supported_custom_fan_modes = 15 [(container_pointer) = "std::set"];
-  repeated ClimatePreset supported_presets = 16 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<climate::ClimatePreset>"];
-  repeated string supported_custom_presets = 17 [(container_pointer) = "std::set"];
+  repeated ClimateFanMode supported_fan_modes = 13 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "climate::ClimateFanModeMask"];
+  repeated ClimateSwingMode supported_swing_modes = 14 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "climate::ClimateSwingModeMask"];
+  repeated string supported_custom_fan_modes = 15 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "std::vector<const char *>"];
+  repeated ClimatePreset supported_presets = 16 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "climate::ClimatePresetMask"];
+  repeated string supported_custom_presets = 17 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "std::vector<const char *>"];
   bool disabled_by_default = 18;
   string icon = 19 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_ENTITY_ICON"];
   EntityCategory entity_category = 20;
@@ -1143,7 +1143,7 @@ message ListEntitiesSelectResponse {
   reserved 4; // Deprecated: was string unique_id
 
   string icon = 5 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_ENTITY_ICON"];
-  repeated string options = 6 [(container_pointer) = "std::vector"];
+  repeated string options = 6 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "FixedVector<const char *>"];
   bool disabled_by_default = 7;
   EntityCategory entity_category = 8;
   uint32 device_id = 9 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_DEVICES"];
@@ -2147,7 +2147,7 @@ message ListEntitiesEventResponse {
   EntityCategory entity_category = 7;
   string device_class = 8;
 
-  repeated string event_types = 9;
+  repeated string event_types = 9 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "FixedVector<const char *>"];
   uint32 device_id = 10 [(field_ifdef) = "USE_DEVICES"];
 }
 message EventResponse {

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -410,8 +410,8 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_fan_state(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *co
   }
   if (traits.supports_direction())
     msg.direction = static_cast<enums::FanDirection>(fan->direction);
-  if (traits.supports_preset_modes())
-    msg.set_preset_mode(StringRef(fan->preset_mode));
+  if (traits.supports_preset_modes() && fan->has_preset_mode())
+    msg.set_preset_mode(StringRef(fan->get_preset_mode()));
   return fill_and_encode_entity_state(fan, msg, FanStateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_fan_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_fan_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *con
   msg.supports_speed = traits.supports_speed();
   msg.supports_direction = traits.supports_direction();
   msg.supported_speed_count = traits.supported_speed_count();
-  msg.supported_preset_modes = &traits.supported_preset_modes_for_api_();
+  msg.supported_preset_modes = &traits.supported_preset_modes();
   return fill_and_encode_entity_info(fan, msg, ListEntitiesFanResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
 void APIConnection::fan_command(const FanCommandRequest &msg) {
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_light_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *c
   if (light->supports_effects()) {
     msg.effects.emplace_back("None");
     for (auto *effect : light->get_effects()) {
-      msg.effects.push_back(effect->get_name());
+      msg.effects.emplace_back(effect->get_name());
     }
   }
   return fill_and_encode_entity_info(light, msg, ListEntitiesLightResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size,
@@ -637,14 +637,14 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_climate_state(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_fan_modes() && climate->fan_mode.has_value())
     resp.fan_mode = static_cast<enums::ClimateFanMode>(climate->fan_mode.value());
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && climate->custom_fan_mode.has_value()) {
-    resp.set_custom_fan_mode(StringRef(climate->custom_fan_mode.value()));
+  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && climate->has_custom_fan_mode()) {
+    resp.set_custom_fan_mode(StringRef(climate->get_custom_fan_mode()));
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_presets() && climate->preset.has_value()) {
     resp.preset = static_cast<enums::ClimatePreset>(climate->preset.value());
   }
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && climate->custom_preset.has_value()) {
-    resp.set_custom_preset(StringRef(climate->custom_preset.value()));
+  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && climate->has_custom_preset()) {
+    resp.set_custom_preset(StringRef(climate->get_custom_preset()));
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_swing_modes())
     resp.swing_mode = static_cast<enums::ClimateSwingMode>(climate->swing_mode);
@@ -669,18 +669,18 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_climate_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
   msg.supports_action = traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_ACTION);
   // Current feature flags and other supported parameters
   msg.feature_flags = traits.get_feature_flags();
-  msg.supported_modes = &traits.get_supported_modes_for_api_();
+  msg.supported_modes = &traits.get_supported_modes();
   msg.visual_min_temperature = traits.get_visual_min_temperature();
   msg.visual_max_temperature = traits.get_visual_max_temperature();
   msg.visual_target_temperature_step = traits.get_visual_target_temperature_step();
   msg.visual_current_temperature_step = traits.get_visual_current_temperature_step();
   msg.visual_min_humidity = traits.get_visual_min_humidity();
   msg.visual_max_humidity = traits.get_visual_max_humidity();
-  msg.supported_fan_modes = &traits.get_supported_fan_modes_for_api_();
-  msg.supported_custom_fan_modes = &traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes_for_api_();
-  msg.supported_presets = &traits.get_supported_presets_for_api_();
-  msg.supported_custom_presets = &traits.get_supported_custom_presets_for_api_();
-  msg.supported_swing_modes = &traits.get_supported_swing_modes_for_api_();
+  msg.supported_fan_modes = &traits.get_supported_fan_modes();
+  msg.supported_custom_fan_modes = &traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes();
+  msg.supported_presets = &traits.get_supported_presets();
+  msg.supported_custom_presets = &traits.get_supported_custom_presets();
+  msg.supported_swing_modes = &traits.get_supported_swing_modes();
   return fill_and_encode_entity_info(climate, msg, ListEntitiesClimateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size,
                                      is_single);
 }
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_select_state(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
                                               bool is_single) {
   auto *select = static_cast<select::Select *>(entity);
   SelectStateResponse resp;
-  resp.set_state(StringRef(select->state));
+  resp.set_state(StringRef(select->current_option()));
   resp.missing_state = !select->has_state();
   return fill_and_encode_entity_state(select, resp, SelectStateResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
 }
@@ -1294,11 +1294,11 @@ void APIConnection::alarm_control_panel_command(const AlarmControlPanelCommandRe
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-void APIConnection::send_event(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type) {
+void APIConnection::send_event(event::Event *event, const char *event_type) {
   this->schedule_message_(event, MessageCreator(event_type), EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE,
                           EventResponse::ESTIMATED_SIZE);
 }
-uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type, APIConnection *conn,
+uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, const char *event_type, APIConnection *conn,
                                                 uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single) {
   EventResponse resp;
   resp.set_event_type(StringRef(event_type));
@@ -1310,8 +1310,7 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_event_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *c
   auto *event = static_cast<event::Event *>(entity);
   ListEntitiesEventResponse msg;
   msg.set_device_class(event->get_device_class_ref());
-  for (const auto &event_type : event->get_event_types())
-    msg.event_types.push_back(event_type);
+  msg.event_types = &event->get_event_types();
   return fill_and_encode_entity_info(event, msg, ListEntitiesEventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE, conn, remaining_size,
                                      is_single);
 }
@@ -1468,6 +1467,8 @@ bool APIConnection::send_device_info_response(const DeviceInfoRequest &msg) {
   static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Beken");
 #elif defined(USE_LN882X)
   static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Lightning");
+#elif defined(USE_NRF52)
+  static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Nordic Semiconductor");
 #elif defined(USE_RTL87XX)
   static constexpr auto MANUFACTURER = StringRef::from_lit("Realtek");
 #elif defined(USE_HOST)
@@ -1572,7 +1573,13 @@ bool APIConnection::send_noise_encryption_set_key_response(const NoiseEncryption
   resp.success = false;
 
   psk_t psk{};
-  if (base64_decode(msg.key, psk.data(), msg.key.size()) != psk.size()) {
+  if (msg.key.empty()) {
+    if (this->parent_->clear_noise_psk(true)) {
+      resp.success = true;
+    } else {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to clear encryption key");
+    }
+  } else if (base64_decode(msg.key, psk.data(), msg.key.size()) != psk.size()) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid encryption key length");
   } else if (!this->parent_->save_noise_psk(psk, true)) {
     ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to save encryption key");
@@ -1643,9 +1650,7 @@ void APIConnection::DeferredBatch::add_item(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator c
   // O(n) but optimized for RAM and not performance.
   for (auto &item : items) {
     if (item.entity == entity && item.message_type == message_type) {
-      // Clean up old creator before replacing
-      item.creator.cleanup(message_type);
-      // Move assign the new creator
+      // Replace with new creator
       item.creator = std::move(creator);
       return;
     }
@@ -1815,7 +1820,7 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
 
   // Handle remaining items more efficiently
   if (items_processed < this->deferred_batch_.size()) {
-    // Remove processed items from the beginning with proper cleanup
+    // Remove processed items from the beginning
     this->deferred_batch_.remove_front(items_processed);
     // Reschedule for remaining items
     this->schedule_batch_();
@@ -1828,10 +1833,10 @@ void APIConnection::process_batch_() {
 uint16_t APIConnection::MessageCreator::operator()(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size,
                                                    bool is_single, uint8_t message_type) const {
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-  // Special case: EventResponse uses string pointer
+  // Special case: EventResponse uses const char * pointer
   if (message_type == EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE) {
     auto *e = static_cast<event::Event *>(entity);
-    return APIConnection::try_send_event_response(e, *data_.string_ptr, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
+    return APIConnection::try_send_event_response(e, data_.const_char_ptr, conn, remaining_size, is_single);
   }
 #endif
 

esphome/components/api/api_connection.h

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-  void send_event(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type);
+  void send_event(event::Event *event, const char *event_type);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_UPDATE
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
                                                     bool is_single);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-  static uint16_t try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, const std::string &event_type, APIConnection *conn,
+  static uint16_t try_send_event_response(event::Event *event, const char *event_type, APIConnection *conn,
                                           uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single);
   static uint16_t try_send_event_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single);
 #endif
@@ -508,10 +508,8 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
     // Constructor for function pointer
     MessageCreator(MessageCreatorPtr ptr) { data_.function_ptr = ptr; }
 
-    // Constructor for string state capture
-    explicit MessageCreator(const std::string &str_value) { data_.string_ptr = new std::string(str_value); }
-
-    // No destructor - cleanup must be called explicitly with message_type
+    // Constructor for const char * (Event types - no allocation needed)
+    explicit MessageCreator(const char *str_value) { data_.const_char_ptr = str_value; }
 
     // Delete copy operations - MessageCreator should only be moved
     MessageCreator(const MessageCreator &other) = delete;
@@ -523,8 +521,6 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
     // Move assignment
     MessageCreator &operator=(MessageCreator &&other) noexcept {
       if (this != &other) {
-        // IMPORTANT: Caller must ensure cleanup() was called if this contains a string!
-        // In our usage, this happens in add_item() deduplication and vector::erase()
         data_ = other.data_;
         other.data_.function_ptr = nullptr;
       }
@@ -535,20 +531,10 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
     uint16_t operator()(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *conn, uint32_t remaining_size, bool is_single,
                         uint8_t message_type) const;
 
-    // Manual cleanup method - must be called before destruction for string types
-    void cleanup(uint8_t message_type) {
-#ifdef USE_EVENT
-      if (message_type == EventResponse::MESSAGE_TYPE && data_.string_ptr != nullptr) {
-        delete data_.string_ptr;
-        data_.string_ptr = nullptr;
-      }
-#endif
-    }
-
    private:
     union Data {
       MessageCreatorPtr function_ptr;
-      std::string *string_ptr;
+      const char *const_char_ptr;
     } data_;  // 4 bytes on 32-bit, 8 bytes on 64-bit - same as before
   };
 
@@ -568,42 +554,24 @@ class APIConnection final : public APIServerConnection {
     std::vector<BatchItem> items;
     uint32_t batch_start_time{0};
 
-   private:
-    // Helper to cleanup items from the beginning
-    void cleanup_items_(size_t count) {
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        items[i].creator.cleanup(items[i].message_type);
-      }
-    }
-
-   public:
     DeferredBatch() {
       // Pre-allocate capacity for typical batch sizes to avoid reallocation
       items.reserve(8);
     }
 
-    ~DeferredBatch() {
-      // Ensure cleanup of any remaining items
-      clear();
-    }
-
     // Add item to the batch
     void add_item(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint8_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size);
     // Add item to the front of the batch (for high priority messages like ping)
     void add_item_front(EntityBase *entity, MessageCreator creator, uint8_t message_type, uint8_t estimated_size);
 
-    // Clear all items with proper cleanup
+    // Clear all items
     void clear() {
-      cleanup_items_(items.size());
       items.clear();
       batch_start_time = 0;
     }
 
-    // Remove processed items from the front with proper cleanup
-    void remove_front(size_t count) {
-      cleanup_items_(count);
-      items.erase(items.begin(), items.begin() + count);
-    }
+    // Remove processed items from the front
+    void remove_front(size_t count) { items.erase(items.begin(), items.begin() + count); }
 
     bool empty() const { return items.empty(); }
     size_t size() const { return items.size(); }

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper_noise.cpp

@@ -142,11 +142,6 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::loop() {
  * errno API_ERROR_HANDSHAKE_PACKET_LEN: Packet too big for this phase.
  */
 APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::try_read_frame_() {
-  // Clear buffer when starting a new frame (rx_buf_len_ == 0 means not resuming after WOULD_BLOCK)
-  if (this->rx_buf_len_ == 0) {
-    this->rx_buf_.clear();
-  }
-
   // read header
   if (rx_header_buf_len_ < 3) {
     // no header information yet
@@ -439,8 +434,7 @@ APIError APINoiseFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer, st
     return APIError::OK;
   }
 
-  std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
-  uint8_t *buffer_data = raw_buffer->data();  // Cache buffer pointer
+  uint8_t *buffer_data = buffer.get_buffer()->data();
 
   this->reusable_iovs_.clear();
   this->reusable_iovs_.reserve(packets.size());

esphome/components/api/api_frame_helper_plaintext.cpp

@@ -54,11 +54,6 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::loop() {
  * error API_ERROR_BAD_INDICATOR: Bad indicator byte at start of frame.
  */
 APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::try_read_frame_() {
-  // Clear buffer when starting a new frame (rx_buf_len_ == 0 means not resuming after WOULD_BLOCK)
-  if (this->rx_buf_len_ == 0) {
-    this->rx_buf_.clear();
-  }
-
   // read header
   while (!rx_header_parsed_) {
     // Now that we know when the socket is ready, we can read up to 3 bytes
@@ -235,8 +230,7 @@ APIError APIPlaintextFrameHelper::write_protobuf_packets(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer
     return APIError::OK;
   }
 
-  std::vector<uint8_t> *raw_buffer = buffer.get_buffer();
-  uint8_t *buffer_data = raw_buffer->data();  // Cache buffer pointer
+  uint8_t *buffer_data = buffer.get_buffer()->data();
 
   this->reusable_iovs_.clear();
   this->reusable_iovs_.reserve(packets.size());

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.cpp

@@ -355,8 +355,8 @@ void ListEntitiesFanResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   buffer.encode_string(10, this->icon_ref_);
 #endif
   buffer.encode_uint32(11, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
-  for (const auto &it : *this->supported_preset_modes) {
-    buffer.encode_string(12, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->supported_preset_modes) {
+    buffer.encode_string(12, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
   buffer.encode_uint32(13, this->device_id);
@@ -376,8 +376,8 @@ void ListEntitiesFanResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
 #endif
   size.add_uint32(1, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
   if (!this->supported_preset_modes->empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : *this->supported_preset_modes) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+    for (const char *it : *this->supported_preset_modes) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
@@ -1179,14 +1179,14 @@ void ListEntitiesClimateResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   for (const auto &it : *this->supported_swing_modes) {
     buffer.encode_uint32(14, static_cast<uint32_t>(it), true);
   }
-  for (const auto &it : *this->supported_custom_fan_modes) {
-    buffer.encode_string(15, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->supported_custom_fan_modes) {
+    buffer.encode_string(15, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
   for (const auto &it : *this->supported_presets) {
     buffer.encode_uint32(16, static_cast<uint32_t>(it), true);
   }
-  for (const auto &it : *this->supported_custom_presets) {
-    buffer.encode_string(17, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->supported_custom_presets) {
+    buffer.encode_string(17, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
   buffer.encode_bool(18, this->disabled_by_default);
 #ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
@@ -1229,8 +1229,8 @@ void ListEntitiesClimateResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
     }
   }
   if (!this->supported_custom_fan_modes->empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : *this->supported_custom_fan_modes) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+    for (const char *it : *this->supported_custom_fan_modes) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
   if (!this->supported_presets->empty()) {
@@ -1239,8 +1239,8 @@ void ListEntitiesClimateResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
     }
   }
   if (!this->supported_custom_presets->empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : *this->supported_custom_presets) {
-      size.add_length_force(2, it.size());
+    for (const char *it : *this->supported_custom_presets) {
+      size.add_length_force(2, strlen(it));
     }
   }
   size.add_bool(2, this->disabled_by_default);
@@ -1475,8 +1475,8 @@ void ListEntitiesSelectResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
 #ifdef USE_ENTITY_ICON
   buffer.encode_string(5, this->icon_ref_);
 #endif
-  for (const auto &it : *this->options) {
-    buffer.encode_string(6, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->options) {
+    buffer.encode_string(6, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
   buffer.encode_bool(7, this->disabled_by_default);
   buffer.encode_uint32(8, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
@@ -1492,8 +1492,8 @@ void ListEntitiesSelectResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
   size.add_length(1, this->icon_ref_.size());
 #endif
   if (!this->options->empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : *this->options) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+    for (const char *it : *this->options) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
   size.add_bool(1, this->disabled_by_default);
@@ -2877,8 +2877,8 @@ void ListEntitiesEventResponse::encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const {
   buffer.encode_bool(6, this->disabled_by_default);
   buffer.encode_uint32(7, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
   buffer.encode_string(8, this->device_class_ref_);
-  for (auto &it : this->event_types) {
-    buffer.encode_string(9, it, true);
+  for (const char *it : *this->event_types) {
+    buffer.encode_string(9, it, strlen(it), true);
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES
   buffer.encode_uint32(10, this->device_id);
@@ -2894,9 +2894,9 @@ void ListEntitiesEventResponse::calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const {
   size.add_bool(1, this->disabled_by_default);
   size.add_uint32(1, static_cast<uint32_t>(this->entity_category));
   size.add_length(1, this->device_class_ref_.size());
-  if (!this->event_types.empty()) {
-    for (const auto &it : this->event_types) {
-      size.add_length_force(1, it.size());
+  if (!this->event_types->empty()) {
+    for (const char *it : *this->event_types) {
+      size.add_length_force(1, strlen(it));
     }
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.h

@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ class ListEntitiesFanResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
   bool supports_speed{false};
   bool supports_direction{false};
   int32_t supported_speed_count{0};
-  const std::set<std::string> *supported_preset_modes{};
+  const std::vector<const char *> *supported_preset_modes{};
   void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
   void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
@@ -1377,16 +1377,16 @@ class ListEntitiesClimateResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #endif
   bool supports_current_temperature{false};
   bool supports_two_point_target_temperature{false};
-  const std::set<climate::ClimateMode> *supported_modes{};
+  const climate::ClimateModeMask *supported_modes{};
   float visual_min_temperature{0.0f};
   float visual_max_temperature{0.0f};
   float visual_target_temperature_step{0.0f};
   bool supports_action{false};
-  const std::set<climate::ClimateFanMode> *supported_fan_modes{};
-  const std::set<climate::ClimateSwingMode> *supported_swing_modes{};
-  const std::set<std::string> *supported_custom_fan_modes{};
-  const std::set<climate::ClimatePreset> *supported_presets{};
-  const std::set<std::string> *supported_custom_presets{};
+  const climate::ClimateFanModeMask *supported_fan_modes{};
+  const climate::ClimateSwingModeMask *supported_swing_modes{};
+  const std::vector<const char *> *supported_custom_fan_modes{};
+  const climate::ClimatePresetMask *supported_presets{};
+  const std::vector<const char *> *supported_custom_presets{};
   float visual_current_temperature_step{0.0f};
   bool supports_current_humidity{false};
   bool supports_target_humidity{false};
@@ -1534,7 +1534,7 @@ class ListEntitiesSelectResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const char *message_name() const override { return "list_entities_select_response"; }
 #endif
-  const std::vector<std::string> *options{};
+  const FixedVector<const char *> *options{};
   void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
   void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
@@ -2788,7 +2788,7 @@ class ListEntitiesEventResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #endif
   StringRef device_class_ref_{};
   void set_device_class(const StringRef &ref) { this->device_class_ref_ = ref; }
-  std::vector<std::string> event_types{};
+  const FixedVector<const char *> *event_types{};
   void encode(ProtoWriteBuffer buffer) const override;
   void calculate_size(ProtoSize &size) const override;
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP

esphome/components/api/api_pb2_dump.cpp

@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, StringRef value
   out.append("\n");
 }
 
+static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, const char *value, int indent = 2) {
+  append_field_prefix(out, field_name, indent);
+  out.append("'").append(value).append("'");
+  out.append("\n");
+}
+
 template<typename T> static void dump_field(std::string &out, const char *field_name, T value, int indent = 2) {
   append_field_prefix(out, field_name, indent);
   out.append(proto_enum_to_string<T>(value));
@@ -2047,7 +2053,7 @@ void ListEntitiesEventResponse::dump_to(std::string &out) const {
   dump_field(out, "disabled_by_default", this->disabled_by_default);
   dump_field(out, "entity_category", static_cast<enums::EntityCategory>(this->entity_category));
   dump_field(out, "device_class", this->device_class_ref_);
-  for (const auto &it : this->event_types) {
+  for (const auto &it : *this->event_types) {
     dump_field(out, "event_types", it, 4);
   }
 #ifdef USE_DEVICES

esphome/components/api/api_server.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "esphome/components/network/util.h"
 #include "esphome/core/application.h"
 #include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 #include "esphome/core/util.h"
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ APIServer::APIServer() {
 }
 
 void APIServer::setup() {
-  this->setup_controller();
+  ControllerRegistry::register_controller(this);
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
   uint32_t hash = 88491486UL;
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ void APIServer::dump_config() {
                 "  Address: %s:%u\n"
                 "  Listen backlog: %u\n"
                 "  Max connections: %u",
-                network::get_use_address().c_str(), this->port_, this->listen_backlog_, this->max_connections_);
+                network::get_use_address(), this->port_, this->listen_backlog_, this->max_connections_);
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Noise encryption: %s", YESNO(this->noise_ctx_->has_psk()));
   if (!this->noise_ctx_->has_psk()) {
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ bool APIServer::check_password(const uint8_t *password_data, size_t password_len
 
 void APIServer::handle_disconnect(APIConnection *conn) {}
 
-// Macro for entities without extra parameters
+// Macro for controller update dispatch
 #define API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(entity_type, entity_name) \
   void APIServer::on_##entity_name##_update(entity_type *obj) { /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \
     if (obj->is_internal()) \
@@ -278,15 +279,6 @@ void APIServer::handle_disconnect(APIConnection *conn) {}
       c->send_##entity_name##_state(obj); \
   }
 
-// Macro for entities with extra parameters (but parameters not used in send)
-#define API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(entity_type, entity_name, ...) \
-  void APIServer::on_##entity_name##_update(entity_type *obj, __VA_ARGS__) { /* NOLINT(bugprone-macro-parentheses) */ \
-    if (obj->is_internal()) \
-      return; \
-    for (auto &c : this->clients_) \
-      c->send_##entity_name##_state(obj); \
-  }
-
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
 API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(binary_sensor::BinarySensor, binary_sensor)
 #endif
@@ -304,15 +296,15 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(light::LightState, light)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(sensor::Sensor, sensor, float state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(sensor::Sensor, sensor)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(switch_::Switch, switch, bool state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(switch_::Switch, switch)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(text_sensor::TextSensor, text_sensor, const std::string &state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(text_sensor::TextSensor, text_sensor)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
@@ -320,7 +312,7 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(climate::Climate, climate)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(number::Number, number, float state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(number::Number, number)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
@@ -336,11 +328,11 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(datetime::DateTimeEntity, datetime)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_TEXT
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(text::Text, text, const std::string &state)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(text::Text, text)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-API_DISPATCH_UPDATE_IGNORE_PARAMS(select::Select, select, const std::string &state, size_t index)
+API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(select::Select, select)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_LOCK
@@ -356,12 +348,13 @@ API_DISPATCH_UPDATE(media_player::MediaPlayer, media_player)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-// Event is a special case - it's the only entity that passes extra parameters to the send method
-void APIServer::on_event(event::Event *obj, const std::string &event_type) {
+// Event is a special case - unlike other entities with simple state fields,
+// events store their state in a member accessed via obj->get_last_event_type()
+void APIServer::on_event(event::Event *obj) {
   if (obj->is_internal())
     return;
   for (auto &c : this->clients_)
-    c->send_event(obj, event_type);
+    c->send_event(obj, obj->get_last_event_type());
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -468,6 +461,31 @@ uint16_t APIServer::get_port() const { return this->port_; }
 void APIServer::set_reboot_timeout(uint32_t reboot_timeout) { this->reboot_timeout_ = reboot_timeout; }
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
+bool APIServer::update_noise_psk_(const SavedNoisePsk &new_psk, const LogString *save_log_msg,
+                                  const LogString *fail_log_msg, const psk_t &active_psk, bool make_active) {
+  if (!this->noise_pref_.save(&new_psk)) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "%s", LOG_STR_ARG(fail_log_msg));
+    return false;
+  }
+  // ensure it's written immediately
+  if (!global_preferences->sync()) {
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to sync preferences");
+    return false;
+  }
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "%s", LOG_STR_ARG(save_log_msg));
+  if (make_active) {
+    this->set_timeout(100, [this, active_psk]() {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnecting all clients to reset PSK");
+      this->set_noise_psk(active_psk);
+      for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
+        DisconnectRequest req;
+        c->send_message(req, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
 bool APIServer::save_noise_psk(psk_t psk, bool make_active) {
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE_PSK_FROM_YAML
   // When PSK is set from YAML, this function should never be called
@@ -482,27 +500,21 @@ bool APIServer::save_noise_psk(psk_t psk, bool make_active) {
   }
 
   SavedNoisePsk new_saved_psk{psk};
-  if (!this->noise_pref_.save(&new_saved_psk)) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to save Noise PSK");
-    return false;
-  }
-  // ensure it's written immediately
-  if (!global_preferences->sync()) {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to sync preferences");
-    return false;
-  }
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Noise PSK saved");
-  if (make_active) {
-    this->set_timeout(100, [this, psk]() {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Disconnecting all clients to reset PSK");
-      this->set_noise_psk(psk);
-      for (auto &c : this->clients_) {
-        DisconnectRequest req;
-        c->send_message(req, DisconnectRequest::MESSAGE_TYPE);
-      }
-    });
-  }
-  return true;
+  return this->update_noise_psk_(new_saved_psk, LOG_STR("Noise PSK saved"), LOG_STR("Failed to save Noise PSK"), psk,
+                                 make_active);
+#endif
+}
+bool APIServer::clear_noise_psk(bool make_active) {
+#ifdef USE_API_NOISE_PSK_FROM_YAML
+  // When PSK is set from YAML, this function should never be called
+  // but if it is, reject the change
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Key set in YAML");
+  return false;
+#else
+  SavedNoisePsk empty_psk{};
+  psk_t empty{};
+  return this->update_noise_psk_(empty_psk, LOG_STR("Noise PSK cleared"), LOG_STR("Failed to clear Noise PSK"), empty,
+                                 make_active);
 #endif
 }
 #endif

esphome/components/api/api_server.h

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
   bool save_noise_psk(psk_t psk, bool make_active = true);
+  bool clear_noise_psk(bool make_active = true);
   void set_noise_psk(psk_t psk) { noise_ctx_->set_psk(psk); }
   std::shared_ptr<APINoiseContext> get_noise_ctx() { return noise_ctx_; }
 #endif  // USE_API_NOISE
@@ -71,19 +72,19 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   void on_light_update(light::LightState *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  void on_sensor_update(sensor::Sensor *obj, float state) override;
+  void on_sensor_update(sensor::Sensor *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  void on_switch_update(switch_::Switch *obj, bool state) override;
+  void on_switch_update(switch_::Switch *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-  void on_text_sensor_update(text_sensor::TextSensor *obj, const std::string &state) override;
+  void on_text_sensor_update(text_sensor::TextSensor *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_CLIMATE
   void on_climate_update(climate::Climate *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  void on_number_update(number::Number *obj, float state) override;
+  void on_number_update(number::Number *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
   void on_date_update(datetime::DateEntity *obj) override;
@@ -95,10 +96,10 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   void on_datetime_update(datetime::DateTimeEntity *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT
-  void on_text_update(text::Text *obj, const std::string &state) override;
+  void on_text_update(text::Text *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-  void on_select_update(select::Select *obj, const std::string &state, size_t index) override;
+  void on_select_update(select::Select *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_LOCK
   void on_lock_update(lock::Lock *obj) override;
@@ -124,8 +125,14 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_SERVICES
 #ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
+  void initialize_user_services(std::initializer_list<UserServiceDescriptor *> services) {
+    this->user_services_.assign(services);
+  }
+#ifdef USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES
+  // Only compile push_back method when custom_services: true (external components)
   void register_user_service(UserServiceDescriptor *descriptor) { this->user_services_.push_back(descriptor); }
 #endif
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_HOMEASSISTANT_TIME
   void request_time();
 #endif
@@ -134,7 +141,7 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
   void on_alarm_control_panel_update(alarm_control_panel::AlarmControlPanel *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_EVENT
-  void on_event(event::Event *obj, const std::string &event_type) override;
+  void on_event(event::Event *obj) override;
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_UPDATE
   void on_update(update::UpdateEntity *obj) override;
@@ -174,6 +181,10 @@ class APIServer : public Component, public Controller {
 
  protected:
   void schedule_reboot_timeout_();
+#ifdef USE_API_NOISE
+  bool update_noise_psk_(const SavedNoisePsk &new_psk, const LogString *save_log_msg, const LogString *fail_log_msg,
+                         const psk_t &active_psk, bool make_active);
+#endif  // USE_API_NOISE
   // Pointers and pointer-like types first (4 bytes each)
   std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_ = nullptr;
 #ifdef USE_API_CLIENT_CONNECTED_TRIGGER
@@ -226,7 +237,7 @@ extern APIServer *global_api_server;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-cons
 
 template<typename... Ts> class APIConnectedCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return global_api_server->is_connected(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return global_api_server->is_connected(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace esphome::api

esphome/components/api/custom_api_device.h

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 namespace esphome::api {
 
 #ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
-template<typename T, typename... Ts> class CustomAPIDeviceService : public UserServiceBase<Ts...> {
+template<typename T, typename... Ts> class CustomAPIDeviceService : public UserServiceDynamic<Ts...> {
  public:
   CustomAPIDeviceService(const std::string &name, const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names, T *obj,
                          void (T::*callback)(Ts...))
-      : UserServiceBase<Ts...>(name, arg_names), obj_(obj), callback_(callback) {}
+      : UserServiceDynamic<Ts...>(name, arg_names), obj_(obj), callback_(callback) {}
 
  protected:
   void execute(Ts... x) override { (this->obj_->*this->callback_)(x...); }  // NOLINT
@@ -53,8 +53,14 @@ class CustomAPIDevice {
   template<typename T, typename... Ts>
   void register_service(void (T::*callback)(Ts...), const std::string &name,
                         const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names) {
+#ifdef USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES
     auto *service = new CustomAPIDeviceService<T, Ts...>(name, arg_names, (T *) this, callback);  // NOLINT
     global_api_server->register_user_service(service);
+#else
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(T) == 0,
+        "register_service() requires 'custom_services: true' in the 'api:' section of your YAML configuration");
+#endif
   }
 #else
   template<typename T, typename... Ts>
@@ -86,8 +92,14 @@ class CustomAPIDevice {
    */
 #ifdef USE_API_SERVICES
   template<typename T> void register_service(void (T::*callback)(), const std::string &name) {
+#ifdef USE_API_CUSTOM_SERVICES
     auto *service = new CustomAPIDeviceService<T>(name, {}, (T *) this, callback);  // NOLINT
     global_api_server->register_user_service(service);
+#else
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(T) == 0,
+        "register_service() requires 'custom_services: true' in the 'api:' section of your YAML configuration");
+#endif
   }
 #else
   template<typename T> void register_service(void (T::*callback)(), const std::string &name) {

esphome/components/api/homeassistant_service.h

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HomeAssistantServiceCallAction : public Action<Ts
   Trigger<std::string, Ts...> *get_error_trigger() const { return this->error_trigger_; }
 #endif  // USE_API_HOMEASSISTANT_ACTION_RESPONSES
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     HomeassistantActionRequest resp;
     std::string service_value = this->service_.value(x...);
     resp.set_service(StringRef(service_value));

esphome/components/api/user_services.cpp

@@ -11,23 +11,58 @@ template<> int32_t get_execute_arg_value<int32_t>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &
 }
 template<> float get_execute_arg_value<float>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) { return arg.float_; }
 template<> std::string get_execute_arg_value<std::string>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) { return arg.string_; }
+
+// Legacy std::vector versions for external components using custom_api_device.h - optimized with reserve
 template<> std::vector<bool> get_execute_arg_value<std::vector<bool>>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
-  return std::vector<bool>(arg.bool_array.begin(), arg.bool_array.end());
+  std::vector<bool> result;
+  result.reserve(arg.bool_array.size());
+  result.insert(result.end(), arg.bool_array.begin(), arg.bool_array.end());
+  return result;
 }
 template<> std::vector<int32_t> get_execute_arg_value<std::vector<int32_t>>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
-  return std::vector<int32_t>(arg.int_array.begin(), arg.int_array.end());
+  std::vector<int32_t> result;
+  result.reserve(arg.int_array.size());
+  result.insert(result.end(), arg.int_array.begin(), arg.int_array.end());
+  return result;
 }
 template<> std::vector<float> get_execute_arg_value<std::vector<float>>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
-  return std::vector<float>(arg.float_array.begin(), arg.float_array.end());
+  std::vector<float> result;
+  result.reserve(arg.float_array.size());
+  result.insert(result.end(), arg.float_array.begin(), arg.float_array.end());
+  return result;
 }
 template<> std::vector<std::string> get_execute_arg_value<std::vector<std::string>>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
-  return std::vector<std::string>(arg.string_array.begin(), arg.string_array.end());
+  std::vector<std::string> result;
+  result.reserve(arg.string_array.size());
+  result.insert(result.end(), arg.string_array.begin(), arg.string_array.end());
+  return result;
+}
+
+// New FixedVector const reference versions for YAML-generated services - zero-copy
+template<>
+const FixedVector<bool> &get_execute_arg_value<const FixedVector<bool> &>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
+  return arg.bool_array;
+}
+template<>
+const FixedVector<int32_t> &get_execute_arg_value<const FixedVector<int32_t> &>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
+  return arg.int_array;
+}
+template<>
+const FixedVector<float> &get_execute_arg_value<const FixedVector<float> &>(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
+  return arg.float_array;
+}
+template<>
+const FixedVector<std::string> &get_execute_arg_value<const FixedVector<std::string> &>(
+    const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg) {
+  return arg.string_array;
 }
 
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<bool>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_BOOL; }
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<int32_t>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_INT; }
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<float>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_FLOAT; }
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<std::string>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_STRING; }
+
+// Legacy std::vector versions for external components using custom_api_device.h
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<std::vector<bool>>() { return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_BOOL_ARRAY; }
 template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<std::vector<int32_t>>() {
   return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_INT_ARRAY;
@@ -39,4 +74,18 @@ template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<std::vector<std::string>>()
   return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_STRING_ARRAY;
 }
 
+// New FixedVector const reference versions for YAML-generated services
+template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<const FixedVector<bool> &>() {
+  return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_BOOL_ARRAY;
+}
+template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<const FixedVector<int32_t> &>() {
+  return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_INT_ARRAY;
+}
+template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<const FixedVector<float> &>() {
+  return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_FLOAT_ARRAY;
+}
+template<> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type<const FixedVector<std::string> &>() {
+  return enums::SERVICE_ARG_TYPE_STRING_ARRAY;
+}
+
 }  // namespace esphome::api

esphome/components/api/user_services.h

@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@ template<typename T> T get_execute_arg_value(const ExecuteServiceArgument &arg);
 
 template<typename T> enums::ServiceArgType to_service_arg_type();
 
+// Base class for YAML-defined services (most common case)
+// Stores only pointers to string literals in flash - no heap allocation
 template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceBase : public UserServiceDescriptor {
  public:
-  UserServiceBase(std::string name, const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
-      : name_(std::move(name)), arg_names_(arg_names) {
-    this->key_ = fnv1_hash(this->name_);
+  UserServiceBase(const char *name, const std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
+      : name_(name), arg_names_(arg_names) {
+    this->key_ = fnv1_hash(name);
   }
 
   ListEntitiesServicesResponse encode_list_service_response() override {
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceBase : public UserServiceDescriptor {
   bool execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &req) override {
     if (req.key != this->key_)
       return false;
-    if (req.args.size() != this->arg_names_.size())
+    if (req.args.size() != sizeof...(Ts))
       return false;
     this->execute_(req.args, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
     return true;
@@ -59,14 +61,60 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceBase : public UserServiceDescriptor {
     this->execute((get_execute_arg_value<Ts>(args[S]))...);
   }
 
-  std::string name_;
+  // Pointers to string literals in flash - no heap allocation
+  const char *name_;
+  std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> arg_names_;
   uint32_t key_{0};
+};
+
+// Separate class for custom_api_device services (rare case)
+// Stores copies of runtime-generated names
+template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceDynamic : public UserServiceDescriptor {
+ public:
+  UserServiceDynamic(std::string name, const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
+      : name_(std::move(name)), arg_names_(arg_names) {
+    this->key_ = fnv1_hash(this->name_.c_str());
+  }
+
+  ListEntitiesServicesResponse encode_list_service_response() override {
+    ListEntitiesServicesResponse msg;
+    msg.set_name(StringRef(this->name_));
+    msg.key = this->key_;
+    std::array<enums::ServiceArgType, sizeof...(Ts)> arg_types = {to_service_arg_type<Ts>()...};
+    msg.args.init(sizeof...(Ts));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof...(Ts); i++) {
+      auto &arg = msg.args.emplace_back();
+      arg.type = arg_types[i];
+      arg.set_name(StringRef(this->arg_names_[i]));
+    }
+    return msg;
+  }
+
+  bool execute_service(const ExecuteServiceRequest &req) override {
+    if (req.key != this->key_)
+      return false;
+    if (req.args.size() != sizeof...(Ts))
+      return false;
+    this->execute_(req.args, typename gens<sizeof...(Ts)>::type());
+    return true;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  virtual void execute(Ts... x) = 0;
+  template<typename ArgsContainer, int... S> void execute_(const ArgsContainer &args, seq<S...> type) {
+    this->execute((get_execute_arg_value<Ts>(args[S]))...);
+  }
+
+  // Heap-allocated strings for runtime-generated names
+  std::string name_;
   std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> arg_names_;
+  uint32_t key_{0};
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class UserServiceTrigger : public UserServiceBase<Ts...>, public Trigger<Ts...> {
  public:
-  UserServiceTrigger(const std::string &name, const std::array<std::string, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
+  // Constructor for static names (YAML-defined services - used by code generator)
+  UserServiceTrigger(const char *name, const std::array<const char *, sizeof...(Ts)> &arg_names)
       : UserServiceBase<Ts...>(name, arg_names) {}
 
  protected:

esphome/components/at581x/automation.h

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace at581x {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class AT581XResetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<AT581XComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->reset_hardware_frontend(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->reset_hardware_frontend(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class AT581XSettingsAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<AT581XComponent> {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class AT581XSettingsAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, trigger_keep)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(int, stage_gain)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     if (this->frequency_.has_value()) {
       int v = this->frequency_.value(x...);
       this->parent_->set_frequency(v);

esphome/components/audio_adc/automation.h

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetMicGainAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, mic_gain)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_adc_->set_mic_gain(this->mic_gain_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_adc_->set_mic_gain(this->mic_gain_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AudioAdc *audio_adc_;

esphome/components/audio_dac/automation.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MuteOffAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit MuteOffAction(AudioDac *audio_dac) : audio_dac_(audio_dac) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_off(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_off(); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class MuteOnAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit MuteOnAction(AudioDac *audio_dac) : audio_dac_(audio_dac) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_on(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_mute_on(); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetVolumeAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, volume)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->audio_dac_->set_volume(this->volume_.value(x...)); }
 
  protected:
   AudioDac *audio_dac_;

esphome/components/bedjet/bedjet_const.h

@@ -99,9 +99,7 @@ enum BedjetCommand : uint8_t {
 
 static const uint8_t BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT = 20;
 
-static const char *const BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES[BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT] = BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_;
-static const std::string BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAME_STRINGS[BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT] = BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_;
-static const std::set<std::string> BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_SET BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_;
+static constexpr const char *const BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES[BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT] = BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_;
 
 }  // namespace bedjet
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/bedjet/climate/bedjet_climate.cpp

@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ namespace bedjet {
 
 using namespace esphome::climate;
 
-static const std::string *bedjet_fan_step_to_fan_mode(const uint8_t fan_step) {
+static const char *bedjet_fan_step_to_fan_mode(const uint8_t fan_step) {
   if (fan_step < BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT)
-    return &BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAME_STRINGS[fan_step];
+    return BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES[fan_step];
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-static uint8_t bedjet_fan_speed_to_step(const std::string &fan_step_percent) {
+static uint8_t bedjet_fan_speed_to_step(const char *fan_step_percent) {
   for (int i = 0; i < BEDJET_FAN_SPEED_COUNT; i++) {
-    if (fan_step_percent == BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAME_STRINGS[i]) {
+    if (strcmp(BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES[i], fan_step_percent) == 0) {
       return i;
     }
   }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::dump_config() {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s", LOG_STR_ARG(climate_fan_mode_to_string(mode)));
   }
   for (const auto &mode : traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes()) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s (c)", mode.c_str());
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s (c)", mode);
   }
 
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Supported presets:");
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::dump_config() {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s", LOG_STR_ARG(climate_preset_to_string(preset)));
   }
   for (const auto &preset : traits.get_supported_custom_presets()) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s (c)", preset.c_str());
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "   - %s (c)", preset);
   }
 }
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::reset_state_() {
   this->target_temperature = NAN;
   this->current_temperature = NAN;
   this->preset.reset();
-  this->custom_preset.reset();
+  this->clear_custom_preset_();
   this->publish_state();
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
     if (button_result) {
       this->mode = mode;
       // We're using (custom) preset for Turbo, EXT HT, & M1-3 presets, so changing climate mode will clear those
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->clear_custom_preset_();
       this->preset.reset();
     }
   }
@@ -144,8 +144,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
 
       if (result) {
         this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT;
-        this->preset = CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST;
-        this->custom_preset.reset();
+        this->set_preset_(CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST);
       }
     } else if (preset == CLIMATE_PRESET_NONE && this->preset.has_value()) {
       if (this->mode == CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT && this->preset == CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST) {
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
         result = this->parent_->send_button(heat_button(this->heating_mode_));
         if (result) {
           this->preset.reset();
-          this->custom_preset.reset();
+          this->clear_custom_preset_();
         }
       } else {
         ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Ignoring preset '%s' call; with current mode '%s' and preset '%s'",
@@ -164,28 +163,27 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unsupported preset: %d", preset);
       return;
     }
-  } else if (call.get_custom_preset().has_value()) {
-    std::string preset = *call.get_custom_preset();
+  } else if (call.has_custom_preset()) {
+    const char *preset = call.get_custom_preset();
     bool result;
 
-    if (preset == "M1") {
+    if (strcmp(preset, "M1") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_memory1();
-    } else if (preset == "M2") {
+    } else if (strcmp(preset, "M2") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_memory2();
-    } else if (preset == "M3") {
+    } else if (strcmp(preset, "M3") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_memory3();
-    } else if (preset == "LTD HT") {
+    } else if (strcmp(preset, "LTD HT") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_heat();
-    } else if (preset == "EXT HT") {
+    } else if (strcmp(preset, "EXT HT") == 0) {
       result = this->parent_->button_ext_heat();
     } else {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unsupported preset: %s", preset.c_str());
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unsupported preset: %s", preset);
       return;
     }
 
     if (result) {
-      this->custom_preset = preset;
-      this->preset.reset();
+      this->set_custom_preset_(preset);
     }
   }
 
@@ -207,19 +205,16 @@ void BedJetClimate::control(const ClimateCall &call) {
     }
 
     if (result) {
-      this->fan_mode = fan_mode;
-      this->custom_fan_mode.reset();
+      this->set_fan_mode_(fan_mode);
     }
-  } else if (call.get_custom_fan_mode().has_value()) {
-    auto fan_mode = *call.get_custom_fan_mode();
+  } else if (call.has_custom_fan_mode()) {
+    const char *fan_mode = call.get_custom_fan_mode();
     auto fan_index = bedjet_fan_speed_to_step(fan_mode);
     if (fan_index <= 19) {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Converted fan mode %s to bedjet fan step %d", this->get_name().c_str(), fan_mode.c_str(),
-               fan_index);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "[%s] Converted fan mode %s to bedjet fan step %d", this->get_name().c_str(), fan_mode, fan_index);
       bool result = this->parent_->set_fan_index(fan_index);
       if (result) {
-        this->custom_fan_mode = fan_mode;
-        this->fan_mode.reset();
+        this->set_custom_fan_mode_(fan_mode);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -245,7 +240,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
 
   const auto *fan_mode_name = bedjet_fan_step_to_fan_mode(data->fan_step);
   if (fan_mode_name != nullptr) {
-    this->custom_fan_mode = *fan_mode_name;
+    this->set_custom_fan_mode_(fan_mode_name);
   }
 
   // TODO: Get biorhythm data to determine which preset (M1-3) is running, if any.
@@ -255,7 +250,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
       this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_OFF;
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_IDLE;
       this->fan_mode = CLIMATE_FAN_OFF;
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->clear_custom_preset_();
       this->preset.reset();
       break;
 
@@ -266,7 +261,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
       if (this->heating_mode_ == HEAT_MODE_EXTENDED) {
         this->set_custom_preset_("LTD HT");
       } else {
-        this->custom_preset.reset();
+        this->clear_custom_preset_();
       }
       break;
 
@@ -275,7 +270,7 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_HEATING;
       this->preset.reset();
       if (this->heating_mode_ == HEAT_MODE_EXTENDED) {
-        this->custom_preset.reset();
+        this->clear_custom_preset_();
       } else {
         this->set_custom_preset_("EXT HT");
       }
@@ -284,20 +279,19 @@ void BedJetClimate::on_status(const BedjetStatusPacket *data) {
     case MODE_COOL:
       this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_FAN_ONLY;
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_COOLING;
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->clear_custom_preset_();
       this->preset.reset();
       break;
 
     case MODE_DRY:
       this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_DRY;
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_DRYING;
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->clear_custom_preset_();
       this->preset.reset();
       break;
 
     case MODE_TURBO:
-      this->preset = CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST;
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->set_preset_(CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST);
       this->mode = CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT;
       this->action = CLIMATE_ACTION_HEATING;
       break;

esphome/components/bedjet/climate/bedjet_climate.h

@@ -43,28 +43,20 @@ class BedJetClimate : public climate::Climate, public BedJetClient, public Polli
     });
 
     // It would be better if we had a slider for the fan modes.
-    traits.set_supported_custom_fan_modes(BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES_SET);
+    traits.set_supported_custom_fan_modes(BEDJET_FAN_STEP_NAMES);
     traits.set_supported_presets({
         // If we support NONE, then have to decide what happens if the user switches to it (turn off?)
         // climate::CLIMATE_PRESET_NONE,
         // Climate doesn't have a "TURBO" mode, but we can use the BOOST preset instead.
         climate::CLIMATE_PRESET_BOOST,
     });
+    // String literals are stored in rodata and valid for program lifetime
     traits.set_supported_custom_presets({
-        // We could fetch biodata from bedjet and set these names that way.
-        // But then we have to invert the lookup in order to send the right preset.
-        // For now, we can leave them as M1-3 to match the remote buttons.
-        // EXT HT added to match remote button.
-        "EXT HT",
+        this->heating_mode_ == HEAT_MODE_EXTENDED ? "LTD HT" : "EXT HT",
         "M1",
         "M2",
         "M3",
     });
-    if (this->heating_mode_ == HEAT_MODE_EXTENDED) {
-      traits.add_supported_custom_preset("LTD HT");
-    } else {
-      traits.add_supported_custom_preset("EXT HT");
-    }
     traits.set_visual_min_temperature(19.0);
     traits.set_visual_max_temperature(43.0);
     traits.set_visual_temperature_step(1.0);

esphome/components/binary_sensor/__init__.py

@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ DelayedOffFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("DelayedOffFilter", Filter, cg.Compon
 InvertFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("InvertFilter", Filter)
 AutorepeatFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("AutorepeatFilter", Filter, cg.Component)
 LambdaFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("LambdaFilter", Filter)
+StatelessLambdaFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("StatelessLambdaFilter", Filter)
 SettleFilter = binary_sensor_ns.class_("SettleFilter", Filter, cg.Component)
 
 _LOGGER = getLogger(__name__)
@@ -264,20 +265,31 @@ async def delayed_off_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
     ),
 )
 async def autorepeat_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
-    timings = []
     if len(config) > 0:
-        timings.extend(
-            (conf[CONF_DELAY], conf[CONF_TIME_OFF], conf[CONF_TIME_ON])
-            for conf in config
-        )
-    else:
-        timings.append(
-            (
-                cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_DELAY).total_milliseconds,
-                cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_TIME_OFF).total_milliseconds,
-                cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_TIME_ON).total_milliseconds,
+        timings = [
+            cg.StructInitializer(
+                cg.MockObj("AutorepeatFilterTiming", "esphome::binary_sensor::"),
+                ("delay", conf[CONF_DELAY]),
+                ("time_off", conf[CONF_TIME_OFF]),
+                ("time_on", conf[CONF_TIME_ON]),
             )
-        )
+            for conf in config
+        ]
+    else:
+        timings = [
+            cg.StructInitializer(
+                cg.MockObj("AutorepeatFilterTiming", "esphome::binary_sensor::"),
+                ("delay", cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_DELAY).total_milliseconds),
+                (
+                    "time_off",
+                    cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_TIME_OFF).total_milliseconds,
+                ),
+                (
+                    "time_on",
+                    cv.time_period_str_unit(DEFAULT_TIME_ON).total_milliseconds,
+                ),
+            )
+        ]
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(filter_id, timings)
     await cg.register_component(var, {})
     return var
@@ -288,7 +300,7 @@ async def lambda_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
     lambda_ = await cg.process_lambda(
         config, [(bool, "x")], return_type=cg.optional.template(bool)
     )
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(filter_id, lambda_)
+    return automation.new_lambda_pvariable(filter_id, lambda_, StatelessLambdaFilter)
 
 
 @register_filter(
@@ -536,11 +548,6 @@ def binary_sensor_schema(
     return _BINARY_SENSOR_SCHEMA.extend(schema)
 
 
-# Remove before 2025.11.0
-BINARY_SENSOR_SCHEMA = binary_sensor_schema()
-BINARY_SENSOR_SCHEMA.add_extra(cv.deprecated_schema_constant("binary_sensor"))
-
-
 async def setup_binary_sensor_core_(var, config):
     await setup_entity(var, config, "binary_sensor")
 

esphome/components/binary_sensor/automation.h

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <utility>
-#include <vector>
 
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/automation.h"
 #include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+#include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ class DoubleClickTrigger : public Trigger<> {
 
 class MultiClickTrigger : public Trigger<>, public Component {
  public:
-  explicit MultiClickTrigger(BinarySensor *parent, std::vector<MultiClickTriggerEvent> timing)
-      : parent_(parent), timing_(std::move(timing)) {}
+  explicit MultiClickTrigger(BinarySensor *parent, std::initializer_list<MultiClickTriggerEvent> timing)
+      : parent_(parent), timing_(timing) {}
 
   void setup() override {
     this->last_state_ = this->parent_->get_state_default(false);
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class MultiClickTrigger : public Trigger<>, public Component {
   void trigger_();
 
   BinarySensor *parent_;
-  std::vector<MultiClickTriggerEvent> timing_;
+  FixedVector<MultiClickTriggerEvent> timing_;
   uint32_t invalid_cooldown_{1000};
   optional<size_t> at_index_{};
   bool last_state_{false};
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class StateChangeTrigger : public Trigger<optional<bool>, optional<bool> > {
 template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   BinarySensorCondition(BinarySensor *parent, bool state) : parent_(parent), state_(state) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->state == this->state_; }
 
  protected:
   BinarySensor *parent_;
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorPublishAction : public Action<Ts...>
   explicit BinarySensorPublishAction(BinarySensor *sensor) : sensor_(sensor) {}
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, state)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto val = this->state_.value(x...);
     this->sensor_->publish_state(val);
   }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BinarySensorInvalidateAction : public Action<Ts..
  public:
   explicit BinarySensorInvalidateAction(BinarySensor *sensor) : sensor_(sensor) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->sensor_->invalidate_state(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->sensor_->invalidate_state(); }
 
  protected:
   BinarySensor *sensor_;

esphome/components/binary_sensor/binary_sensor.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #include "binary_sensor.h"
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -37,6 +39,9 @@ void BinarySensor::send_state_internal(bool new_state) {
   // Note that set_state_ de-dups and will only trigger callbacks if the state has actually changed
   if (this->set_state_(new_state)) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': New state is %s", this->get_name().c_str(), ONOFF(new_state));
+#if defined(USE_BINARY_SENSOR) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+    ControllerRegistry::notify_binary_sensor_update(this);
+#endif
   }
 }
 

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "filter.h"
 
 #include "binary_sensor.h"
-#include <utility>
 
 namespace esphome {
 
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ float DelayedOffFilter::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::HARD
 
 optional<bool> InvertFilter::new_value(bool value) { return !value; }
 
-AutorepeatFilter::AutorepeatFilter(std::vector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings) : timings_(std::move(timings)) {}
+AutorepeatFilter::AutorepeatFilter(std::initializer_list<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings) : timings_(timings) {}
 
 optional<bool> AutorepeatFilter::new_value(bool value) {
   if (value) {

esphome/components/binary_sensor/filter.h

@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 #include "esphome/core/component.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
-#include <vector>
-
 namespace esphome {
 
 namespace binary_sensor {
@@ -82,11 +80,6 @@ class InvertFilter : public Filter {
 };
 
 struct AutorepeatFilterTiming {
-  AutorepeatFilterTiming(uint32_t delay, uint32_t off, uint32_t on) {
-    this->delay = delay;
-    this->time_off = off;
-    this->time_on = on;
-  }
   uint32_t delay;
   uint32_t time_off;
   uint32_t time_on;
@@ -94,7 +87,7 @@ struct AutorepeatFilterTiming {
 
 class AutorepeatFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
-  explicit AutorepeatFilter(std::vector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings);
+  explicit AutorepeatFilter(std::initializer_list<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings);
 
   optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;
 
@@ -104,7 +97,7 @@ class AutorepeatFilter : public Filter, public Component {
   void next_timing_();
   void next_value_(bool val);
 
-  std::vector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings_;
+  FixedVector<AutorepeatFilterTiming> timings_;
   uint8_t active_timing_{0};
 };
 
@@ -118,6 +111,21 @@ class LambdaFilter : public Filter {
   std::function<optional<bool>(bool)> f_;
 };
 
+/** Optimized lambda filter for stateless lambdas (no capture).
+ *
+ * Uses function pointer instead of std::function to reduce memory overhead.
+ * Memory: 4 bytes (function pointer on 32-bit) vs 32 bytes (std::function).
+ */
+class StatelessLambdaFilter : public Filter {
+ public:
+  explicit StatelessLambdaFilter(optional<bool> (*f)(bool)) : f_(f) {}
+
+  optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override { return this->f_(value); }
+
+ protected:
+  optional<bool> (*f_)(bool);
+};
+
 class SettleFilter : public Filter, public Component {
  public:
   optional<bool> new_value(bool value) override;

esphome/components/bl0906/bl0906.h

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class BL0906 : public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDevice {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ResetEnergyAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<BL0906> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->enqueue_action_(&BL0906::reset_energy_); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->enqueue_action_(&BL0906::reset_energy_); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace bl0906

esphome/components/bl0940/number/calibration_number.cpp

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "bl0940.number";
 void CalibrationNumber::setup() {
   float value = 0.0f;
   if (this->restore_value_) {
-    this->pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<float>(this->get_object_id_hash());
+    this->pref_ = global_preferences->make_preference<float>(this->get_preference_hash());
     if (!this->pref_.load(&value)) {
       value = 0.0f;
     }

esphome/components/ble_client/__init__.py

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ from esphome.const import (
     CONF_TRIGGER_ID,
     CONF_VALUE,
 )
+from esphome.core import ID
 
 AUTO_LOAD = ["esp32_ble_client"]
 CODEOWNERS = ["@buxtronix", "@clydebarrow"]
@@ -198,7 +199,12 @@ async def ble_write_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
         templ = await cg.templatable(value, args, cg.std_vector.template(cg.uint8))
         cg.add(var.set_value_template(templ))
     else:
-        cg.add(var.set_value_simple(value))
+        # Generate static array in flash to avoid RAM copy
+        if isinstance(value, bytes):
+            value = list(value)
+        arr_id = ID(f"{action_id}_data", is_declaration=True, type=cg.uint8)
+        arr = cg.static_const_array(arr_id, cg.ArrayInitializer(*value))
+        cg.add(var.set_value_simple(arr, len(value)))
 
     if len(config[CONF_SERVICE_UUID]) == len(esp32_ble_tracker.bt_uuid16_format):
         cg.add(

esphome/components/ble_client/automation.h

@@ -106,24 +106,35 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
   void set_char_uuid32(uint32_t uuid) { this->char_uuid_ = espbt::ESPBTUUID::from_uint32(uuid); }
   void set_char_uuid128(uint8_t *uuid) { this->char_uuid_ = espbt::ESPBTUUID::from_raw(uuid); }
 
-  void set_value_template(std::function<std::vector<uint8_t>(Ts...)> func) {
-    this->value_template_ = std::move(func);
-    has_simple_value_ = false;
+  void set_value_template(std::vector<uint8_t> (*func)(Ts...)) {
+    this->value_.func = func;
+    this->len_ = -1;  // Sentinel value indicates template mode
   }
 
-  void set_value_simple(const std::vector<uint8_t> &value) {
-    this->value_simple_ = value;
-    has_simple_value_ = true;
+  // Store pointer to static data in flash (no RAM copy)
+  void set_value_simple(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+    this->value_.data = data;
+    this->len_ = len;  // Length >= 0 indicates static mode
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     this->var_ = std::make_tuple(x...);
-    auto value = this->has_simple_value_ ? this->value_simple_ : this->value_template_(x...);
+
+    bool result;
+    if (this->len_ >= 0) {
+      // Static mode: write directly from flash pointer
+      result = this->write(this->value_.data, this->len_);
+    } else {
+      // Template mode: call function and write the vector
+      std::vector<uint8_t> value = this->value_.func(x...);
+      result = this->write(value);
+    }
+
     // on write failure, continue the automation chain rather than stopping so that e.g. disconnect can work.
-    if (!write(value))
+    if (!result)
       this->play_next_(x...);
   }
 
@@ -136,15 +147,15 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
    * errors.
    */
   // initiate the write. Return true if all went well, will be followed by a WRITE_CHAR event.
-  bool write(const std::vector<uint8_t> &value) {
+  bool write(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
     if (this->node_state != espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED) {
       esph_log_w(Automation::TAG, "Cannot write to BLE characteristic - not connected");
       return false;
     }
-    esph_log_vv(Automation::TAG, "Will write %d bytes: %s", value.size(), format_hex_pretty(value).c_str());
-    esp_err_t err = esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent()->get_gattc_if(), this->parent()->get_conn_id(),
-                                             this->char_handle_, value.size(), const_cast<uint8_t *>(value.data()),
-                                             this->write_type_, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
+    esph_log_vv(Automation::TAG, "Will write %d bytes: %s", len, format_hex_pretty(data, len).c_str());
+    esp_err_t err =
+        esp_ble_gattc_write_char(this->parent()->get_gattc_if(), this->parent()->get_conn_id(), this->char_handle_, len,
+                                 const_cast<uint8_t *>(data), this->write_type_, ESP_GATT_AUTH_REQ_NONE);
     if (err != ESP_OK) {
       esph_log_e(Automation::TAG, "Error writing to characteristic: %s!", esp_err_to_name(err));
       return false;
@@ -152,6 +163,8 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
     return true;
   }
 
+  bool write(const std::vector<uint8_t> &value) { return this->write(value.data(), value.size()); }
+
   void gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t gattc_if,
                            esp_ble_gattc_cb_param_t *param) override {
     switch (event) {
@@ -195,9 +208,11 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientWriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, publ
 
  private:
   BLEClient *ble_client_;
-  bool has_simple_value_ = true;
-  std::vector<uint8_t> value_simple_;
-  std::function<std::vector<uint8_t>(Ts...)> value_template_{};
+  ssize_t len_{-1};  // -1 = template mode, >=0 = static mode with length
+  union Value {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> (*func)(Ts...);  // Function pointer (stateless lambdas)
+    const uint8_t *data;                  // Pointer to static data in flash
+  } value_;
   espbt::ESPBTUUID service_uuid_;
   espbt::ESPBTUUID char_uuid_;
   std::tuple<Ts...> var_{};
@@ -210,12 +225,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientPasskeyReplyAction : public Action<Ts...
  public:
   BLEClientPasskeyReplyAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     uint32_t passkey;
     if (has_simple_value_) {
-      passkey = this->value_simple_;
+      passkey = this->value_.simple;
     } else {
-      passkey = this->value_template_(x...);
+      passkey = this->value_.template_func(x...);
     }
     if (passkey > 999999)
       return;
@@ -224,59 +239,63 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientPasskeyReplyAction : public Action<Ts...
     esp_ble_passkey_reply(remote_bda, true, passkey);
   }
 
-  void set_value_template(std::function<uint32_t(Ts...)> func) {
-    this->value_template_ = std::move(func);
-    has_simple_value_ = false;
+  void set_value_template(uint32_t (*func)(Ts...)) {
+    this->value_.template_func = func;
+    this->has_simple_value_ = false;
   }
 
   void set_value_simple(const uint32_t &value) {
-    this->value_simple_ = value;
-    has_simple_value_ = true;
+    this->value_.simple = value;
+    this->has_simple_value_ = true;
   }
 
  private:
   BLEClient *parent_{nullptr};
   bool has_simple_value_ = true;
-  uint32_t value_simple_{0};
-  std::function<uint32_t(Ts...)> value_template_{};
+  union {
+    uint32_t simple;
+    uint32_t (*template_func)(Ts...);
+  } value_{.simple = 0};
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientNumericComparisonReplyAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   BLEClientNumericComparisonReplyAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     esp_bd_addr_t remote_bda;
     memcpy(remote_bda, parent_->get_remote_bda(), sizeof(esp_bd_addr_t));
     if (has_simple_value_) {
-      esp_ble_confirm_reply(remote_bda, this->value_simple_);
+      esp_ble_confirm_reply(remote_bda, this->value_.simple);
     } else {
-      esp_ble_confirm_reply(remote_bda, this->value_template_(x...));
+      esp_ble_confirm_reply(remote_bda, this->value_.template_func(x...));
     }
   }
 
-  void set_value_template(std::function<bool(Ts...)> func) {
-    this->value_template_ = std::move(func);
-    has_simple_value_ = false;
+  void set_value_template(bool (*func)(Ts...)) {
+    this->value_.template_func = func;
+    this->has_simple_value_ = false;
   }
 
   void set_value_simple(const bool &value) {
-    this->value_simple_ = value;
-    has_simple_value_ = true;
+    this->value_.simple = value;
+    this->has_simple_value_ = true;
   }
 
  private:
   BLEClient *parent_{nullptr};
   bool has_simple_value_ = true;
-  bool value_simple_{false};
-  std::function<bool(Ts...)> value_template_{};
+  union {
+    bool simple;
+    bool (*template_func)(Ts...);
+  } value_{.simple = false};
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientRemoveBondAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   BLEClientRemoveBondAction(BLEClient *ble_client) { parent_ = ble_client; }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     esp_bd_addr_t remote_bda;
     memcpy(remote_bda, parent_->get_remote_bda(), sizeof(esp_bd_addr_t));
     esp_ble_remove_bond_device(remote_bda);
@@ -311,9 +330,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientConnectAction : public Action<Ts...>, pu
   }
 
   // not used since we override play_complex_
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     // it makes no sense to have multiple instances of this running at the same time.
     // this would occur only if the same automation was re-triggered while still
     // running. So just cancel the second chain if this is detected.
@@ -356,9 +375,9 @@ template<typename... Ts> class BLEClientDisconnectAction : public Action<Ts...>,
   }
 
   // not used since we override play_complex_
-  void play(Ts... x) override {}
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {}
 
-  void play_complex(Ts... x) override {
+  void play_complex(const Ts &...x) override {
     this->num_running_++;
     if (this->node_state == espbt::ClientState::IDLE) {
       this->play_next_(x...);

esphome/components/ble_client/sensor/ble_sensor.cpp

@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ void BLESensor::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
         }
       } else {
         this->node_state = espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED;
+        // For non-notify characteristics, trigger an immediate read after service discovery
+        // to avoid peripherals disconnecting due to inactivity
+        this->update();
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -117,9 +120,9 @@ void BLESensor::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_t ga
 }
 
 float BLESensor::parse_data_(uint8_t *value, uint16_t value_len) {
-  if (this->data_to_value_func_.has_value()) {
+  if (this->has_data_to_value_) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> data(value, value + value_len);
-    return (*this->data_to_value_func_)(data);
+    return this->data_to_value_func_(data);
   } else {
     return value[0];
   }

esphome/components/ble_client/sensor/ble_sensor.h

@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ namespace ble_client {
 
 namespace espbt = esphome::esp32_ble_tracker;
 
-using data_to_value_t = std::function<float(std::vector<uint8_t>)>;
-
 class BLESensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent, public BLEClientNode {
  public:
   void loop() override;
@@ -33,13 +31,17 @@ class BLESensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent, public BLEClie
   void set_descr_uuid16(uint16_t uuid) { this->descr_uuid_ = espbt::ESPBTUUID::from_uint16(uuid); }
   void set_descr_uuid32(uint32_t uuid) { this->descr_uuid_ = espbt::ESPBTUUID::from_uint32(uuid); }
   void set_descr_uuid128(uint8_t *uuid) { this->descr_uuid_ = espbt::ESPBTUUID::from_raw(uuid); }
-  void set_data_to_value(data_to_value_t &&lambda) { this->data_to_value_func_ = lambda; }
+  void set_data_to_value(float (*lambda)(const std::vector<uint8_t> &)) {
+    this->data_to_value_func_ = lambda;
+    this->has_data_to_value_ = true;
+  }
   void set_enable_notify(bool notify) { this->notify_ = notify; }
   uint16_t handle;
 
  protected:
   float parse_data_(uint8_t *value, uint16_t value_len);
-  optional<data_to_value_t> data_to_value_func_{};
+  bool has_data_to_value_{false};
+  float (*data_to_value_func_)(const std::vector<uint8_t> &){};
   bool notify_;
   espbt::ESPBTUUID service_uuid_;
   espbt::ESPBTUUID char_uuid_;

esphome/components/ble_client/text_sensor/ble_text_sensor.cpp

@@ -79,6 +79,9 @@ void BLETextSensor::gattc_event_handler(esp_gattc_cb_event_t event, esp_gatt_if_
         }
       } else {
         this->node_state = espbt::ClientState::ESTABLISHED;
+        // For non-notify characteristics, trigger an immediate read after service discovery
+        // to avoid peripherals disconnecting due to inactivity
+        this->update();
       }
       break;
     }

esphome/components/button/__init__.py

@@ -84,11 +84,6 @@ def button_schema(
     return _BUTTON_SCHEMA.extend(schema)
 
 
-# Remove before 2025.11.0
-BUTTON_SCHEMA = button_schema(Button)
-BUTTON_SCHEMA.add_extra(cv.deprecated_schema_constant("button"))
-
-
 async def setup_button_core_(var, config):
     await setup_entity(var, config, "button")
 

esphome/components/button/automation.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PressAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit PressAction(Button *button) : button_(button) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->button_->press(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->button_->press(); }
 
  protected:
   Button *button_;

esphome/components/canbus/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from esphome import automation
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
 from esphome.const import CONF_DATA, CONF_ID, CONF_TRIGGER_ID
-from esphome.core import CORE
+from esphome.core import CORE, ID
 
 CODEOWNERS = ["@mvturnho", "@danielschramm"]
 IS_PLATFORM_COMPONENT = True
@@ -176,5 +176,8 @@ async def canbus_action_to_code(config, action_id, template_arg, args):
     else:
         if isinstance(data, bytes):
             data = [int(x) for x in data]
-        cg.add(var.set_data_static(data))
+        # Generate static array in flash to avoid RAM copy
+        arr_id = ID(f"{action_id}_data", is_declaration=True, type=cg.uint8)
+        arr = cg.static_const_array(arr_id, cg.ArrayInitializer(*data))
+        cg.add(var.set_data_static(arr, len(data)))
     return var

esphome/components/canbus/canbus.h

@@ -112,13 +112,16 @@ class Canbus : public Component {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class CanbusSendAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Canbus> {
  public:
-  void set_data_template(const std::function<std::vector<uint8_t>(Ts...)> func) {
-    this->data_func_ = func;
-    this->static_ = false;
+  void set_data_template(std::vector<uint8_t> (*func)(Ts...)) {
+    // Stateless lambdas (generated by ESPHome) implicitly convert to function pointers
+    this->data_.func = func;
+    this->len_ = -1;  // Sentinel value indicates template mode
   }
-  void set_data_static(const std::vector<uint8_t> &data) {
-    this->data_static_ = data;
-    this->static_ = true;
+
+  // Store pointer to static data in flash (no RAM copy)
+  void set_data_static(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+    this->data_.data = data;
+    this->len_ = len;  // Length >= 0 indicates static mode
   }
 
   void set_can_id(uint32_t can_id) { this->can_id_ = can_id; }
@@ -129,25 +132,30 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CanbusSendAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
     this->remote_transmission_request_ = remote_transmission_request;
   }
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto can_id = this->can_id_.has_value() ? *this->can_id_ : this->parent_->can_id_;
     auto use_extended_id =
         this->use_extended_id_.has_value() ? *this->use_extended_id_ : this->parent_->use_extended_id_;
-    if (this->static_) {
-      this->parent_->send_data(can_id, use_extended_id, this->remote_transmission_request_, this->data_static_);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> data;
+    if (this->len_ >= 0) {
+      // Static mode: copy from flash to vector
+      data.assign(this->data_.data, this->data_.data + this->len_);
     } else {
-      auto val = this->data_func_(x...);
-      this->parent_->send_data(can_id, use_extended_id, this->remote_transmission_request_, val);
+      // Template mode: call function
+      data = this->data_.func(x...);
     }
+    this->parent_->send_data(can_id, use_extended_id, this->remote_transmission_request_, data);
   }
 
  protected:
   optional<uint32_t> can_id_{};
   optional<bool> use_extended_id_{};
   bool remote_transmission_request_{false};
-  bool static_{false};
-  std::function<std::vector<uint8_t>(Ts...)> data_func_{};
-  std::vector<uint8_t> data_static_{};
+  ssize_t len_{-1};  // -1 = template mode, >=0 = static mode with length
+  union Data {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> (*func)(Ts...);  // Function pointer (stateless lambdas)
+    const uint8_t *data;                  // Pointer to static data in flash
+  } data_;
 };
 
 class CanbusTrigger : public Trigger<std::vector<uint8_t>, uint32_t, bool>, public Component {

esphome/components/climate/__init__.py

@@ -270,11 +270,6 @@ def climate_schema(
     return _CLIMATE_SCHEMA.extend(schema)
 
 
-# Remove before 2025.11.0
-CLIMATE_SCHEMA = climate_schema(Climate)
-CLIMATE_SCHEMA.add_extra(cv.deprecated_schema_constant("climate"))
-
-
 async def setup_climate_core_(var, config):
     await setup_entity(var, config, "climate")
 

esphome/components/climate/automation.h

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(std::string, custom_preset)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(ClimateSwingMode, swing_mode)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->climate_->make_call();
     call.set_mode(this->mode_.optional_value(x...));
     call.set_target_temperature(this->target_temperature_.optional_value(x...));

esphome/components/climate/climate.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 #include "climate.h"
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #include "esphome/core/macros.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -50,21 +52,21 @@ void ClimateCall::perform() {
     const LogString *mode_s = climate_mode_to_string(*this->mode_);
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Mode: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(mode_s));
   }
-  if (this->custom_fan_mode_.has_value()) {
+  if (this->custom_fan_mode_ != nullptr) {
     this->fan_mode_.reset();
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, " Custom Fan: %s", this->custom_fan_mode_.value().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, " Custom Fan: %s", this->custom_fan_mode_);
   }
   if (this->fan_mode_.has_value()) {
-    this->custom_fan_mode_.reset();
+    this->custom_fan_mode_ = nullptr;
     const LogString *fan_mode_s = climate_fan_mode_to_string(*this->fan_mode_);
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Fan: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(fan_mode_s));
   }
-  if (this->custom_preset_.has_value()) {
+  if (this->custom_preset_ != nullptr) {
     this->preset_.reset();
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, " Custom Preset: %s", this->custom_preset_.value().c_str());
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, " Custom Preset: %s", this->custom_preset_);
   }
   if (this->preset_.has_value()) {
-    this->custom_preset_.reset();
+    this->custom_preset_ = nullptr;
     const LogString *preset_s = climate_preset_to_string(*this->preset_);
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Preset: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(preset_s));
   }
@@ -96,11 +98,10 @@ void ClimateCall::validate_() {
       this->mode_.reset();
     }
   }
-  if (this->custom_fan_mode_.has_value()) {
-    auto custom_fan_mode = *this->custom_fan_mode_;
-    if (!traits.supports_custom_fan_mode(custom_fan_mode)) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "  Fan Mode %s not supported", custom_fan_mode.c_str());
-      this->custom_fan_mode_.reset();
+  if (this->custom_fan_mode_ != nullptr) {
+    if (!traits.supports_custom_fan_mode(this->custom_fan_mode_)) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "  Fan Mode %s not supported", this->custom_fan_mode_);
+      this->custom_fan_mode_ = nullptr;
     }
   } else if (this->fan_mode_.has_value()) {
     auto fan_mode = *this->fan_mode_;
@@ -109,11 +110,10 @@ void ClimateCall::validate_() {
       this->fan_mode_.reset();
     }
   }
-  if (this->custom_preset_.has_value()) {
-    auto custom_preset = *this->custom_preset_;
-    if (!traits.supports_custom_preset(custom_preset)) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "  Preset %s not supported", custom_preset.c_str());
-      this->custom_preset_.reset();
+  if (this->custom_preset_ != nullptr) {
+    if (!traits.supports_custom_preset(this->custom_preset_)) {
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "  Preset %s not supported", this->custom_preset_);
+      this->custom_preset_ = nullptr;
     }
   } else if (this->preset_.has_value()) {
     auto preset = *this->preset_;
@@ -186,26 +186,29 @@ ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_mode(const std::string &mode) {
 
 ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_fan_mode(ClimateFanMode fan_mode) {
   this->fan_mode_ = fan_mode;
-  this->custom_fan_mode_.reset();
+  this->custom_fan_mode_ = nullptr;
   return *this;
 }
 
-ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_fan_mode(const std::string &fan_mode) {
+ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_fan_mode(const char *custom_fan_mode) {
+  // Check if it's a standard enum mode first
   for (const auto &mode_entry : CLIMATE_FAN_MODES_BY_STR) {
-    if (str_equals_case_insensitive(fan_mode, mode_entry.str)) {
-      this->set_fan_mode(static_cast<ClimateFanMode>(mode_entry.value));
-      return *this;
+    if (str_equals_case_insensitive(custom_fan_mode, mode_entry.str)) {
+      return this->set_fan_mode(static_cast<ClimateFanMode>(mode_entry.value));
     }
   }
-  if (this->parent_->get_traits().supports_custom_fan_mode(fan_mode)) {
-    this->custom_fan_mode_ = fan_mode;
+  // Find the matching pointer from parent climate device
+  if (const char *mode_ptr = this->parent_->find_custom_fan_mode_(custom_fan_mode)) {
+    this->custom_fan_mode_ = mode_ptr;
     this->fan_mode_.reset();
-  } else {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' - Unrecognized fan mode %s", this->parent_->get_name().c_str(), fan_mode.c_str());
+    return *this;
   }
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' - Unrecognized fan mode %s", this->parent_->get_name().c_str(), custom_fan_mode);
   return *this;
 }
 
+ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_fan_mode(const std::string &fan_mode) { return this->set_fan_mode(fan_mode.c_str()); }
+
 ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_fan_mode(optional<std::string> fan_mode) {
   if (fan_mode.has_value()) {
     this->set_fan_mode(fan_mode.value());
@@ -215,26 +218,29 @@ ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_fan_mode(optional<std::string> fan_mode) {
 
 ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_preset(ClimatePreset preset) {
   this->preset_ = preset;
-  this->custom_preset_.reset();
+  this->custom_preset_ = nullptr;
   return *this;
 }
 
-ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_preset(const std::string &preset) {
+ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_preset(const char *custom_preset) {
+  // Check if it's a standard enum preset first
   for (const auto &preset_entry : CLIMATE_PRESETS_BY_STR) {
-    if (str_equals_case_insensitive(preset, preset_entry.str)) {
-      this->set_preset(static_cast<ClimatePreset>(preset_entry.value));
-      return *this;
+    if (str_equals_case_insensitive(custom_preset, preset_entry.str)) {
+      return this->set_preset(static_cast<ClimatePreset>(preset_entry.value));
     }
   }
-  if (this->parent_->get_traits().supports_custom_preset(preset)) {
-    this->custom_preset_ = preset;
+  // Find the matching pointer from parent climate device
+  if (const char *preset_ptr = this->parent_->find_custom_preset_(custom_preset)) {
+    this->custom_preset_ = preset_ptr;
     this->preset_.reset();
-  } else {
-    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' - Unrecognized preset %s", this->parent_->get_name().c_str(), preset.c_str());
+    return *this;
   }
+  ESP_LOGW(TAG, "'%s' - Unrecognized preset %s", this->parent_->get_name().c_str(), custom_preset);
   return *this;
 }
 
+ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_preset(const std::string &preset) { return this->set_preset(preset.c_str()); }
+
 ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_preset(optional<std::string> preset) {
   if (preset.has_value()) {
     this->set_preset(preset.value());
@@ -287,8 +293,6 @@ const optional<ClimateMode> &ClimateCall::get_mode() const { return this->mode_;
 const optional<ClimateFanMode> &ClimateCall::get_fan_mode() const { return this->fan_mode_; }
 const optional<ClimateSwingMode> &ClimateCall::get_swing_mode() const { return this->swing_mode_; }
 const optional<ClimatePreset> &ClimateCall::get_preset() const { return this->preset_; }
-const optional<std::string> &ClimateCall::get_custom_fan_mode() const { return this->custom_fan_mode_; }
-const optional<std::string> &ClimateCall::get_custom_preset() const { return this->custom_preset_; }
 
 ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_target_temperature_high(optional<float> target_temperature_high) {
   this->target_temperature_high_ = target_temperature_high;
@@ -317,13 +321,13 @@ ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_mode(optional<ClimateMode> mode) {
 
 ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_fan_mode(optional<ClimateFanMode> fan_mode) {
   this->fan_mode_ = fan_mode;
-  this->custom_fan_mode_.reset();
+  this->custom_fan_mode_ = nullptr;
   return *this;
 }
 
 ClimateCall &ClimateCall::set_preset(optional<ClimatePreset> preset) {
   this->preset_ = preset;
-  this->custom_preset_.reset();
+  this->custom_preset_ = nullptr;
   return *this;
 }
 
@@ -382,30 +386,34 @@ void Climate::save_state_() {
     state.uses_custom_fan_mode = false;
     state.fan_mode = this->fan_mode.value();
   }
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && custom_fan_mode.has_value()) {
+  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && this->has_custom_fan_mode()) {
     state.uses_custom_fan_mode = true;
     const auto &supported = traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes();
-    std::vector<std::string> vec{supported.begin(), supported.end()};
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
-      if (vec[i] == custom_fan_mode) {
+    // std::vector maintains insertion order
+    size_t i = 0;
+    for (const char *mode : supported) {
+      if (strcmp(mode, this->custom_fan_mode_) == 0) {
         state.custom_fan_mode = i;
         break;
       }
+      i++;
     }
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_presets() && preset.has_value()) {
     state.uses_custom_preset = false;
     state.preset = this->preset.value();
   }
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && custom_preset.has_value()) {
+  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && this->has_custom_preset()) {
     state.uses_custom_preset = true;
     const auto &supported = traits.get_supported_custom_presets();
-    std::vector<std::string> vec{supported.begin(), supported.end()};
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
-      if (vec[i] == custom_preset) {
+    // std::vector maintains insertion order
+    size_t i = 0;
+    for (const char *preset : supported) {
+      if (strcmp(preset, this->custom_preset_) == 0) {
         state.custom_preset = i;
         break;
       }
+      i++;
     }
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_swing_modes()) {
@@ -426,14 +434,14 @@ void Climate::publish_state() {
   if (traits.get_supports_fan_modes() && this->fan_mode.has_value()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Fan Mode: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(climate_fan_mode_to_string(this->fan_mode.value())));
   }
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && this->custom_fan_mode.has_value()) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Custom Fan Mode: %s", this->custom_fan_mode.value().c_str());
+  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && this->has_custom_fan_mode()) {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Custom Fan Mode: %s", this->custom_fan_mode_);
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_presets() && this->preset.has_value()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Preset: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(climate_preset_to_string(this->preset.value())));
   }
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && this->custom_preset.has_value()) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Custom Preset: %s", this->custom_preset.value().c_str());
+  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && this->has_custom_preset()) {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Custom Preset: %s", this->custom_preset_);
   }
   if (traits.get_supports_swing_modes()) {
     ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Swing Mode: %s", LOG_STR_ARG(climate_swing_mode_to_string(this->swing_mode)));
@@ -457,6 +465,9 @@ void Climate::publish_state() {
 
   // Send state to frontend
   this->state_callback_.call(*this);
+#if defined(USE_CLIMATE) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+  ControllerRegistry::notify_climate_update(this);
+#endif
   // Save state
   this->save_state_();
 }
@@ -520,13 +531,23 @@ ClimateCall ClimateDeviceRestoreState::to_call(Climate *climate) {
   if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TARGET_HUMIDITY)) {
     call.set_target_humidity(this->target_humidity);
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_fan_modes() || !traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty()) {
+  if (this->uses_custom_fan_mode) {
+    if (this->custom_fan_mode < traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().size()) {
+      call.fan_mode_.reset();
+      call.custom_fan_mode_ = traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes()[this->custom_fan_mode];
+    }
+  } else if (traits.supports_fan_mode(this->fan_mode)) {
     call.set_fan_mode(this->fan_mode);
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_presets() || !traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty()) {
+  if (this->uses_custom_preset) {
+    if (this->custom_preset < traits.get_supported_custom_presets().size()) {
+      call.preset_.reset();
+      call.custom_preset_ = traits.get_supported_custom_presets()[this->custom_preset];
+    }
+  } else if (traits.supports_preset(this->preset)) {
     call.set_preset(this->preset);
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_swing_modes()) {
+  if (traits.supports_swing_mode(this->swing_mode)) {
     call.set_swing_mode(this->swing_mode);
   }
   return call;
@@ -545,56 +566,131 @@ void ClimateDeviceRestoreState::apply(Climate *climate) {
   if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TARGET_HUMIDITY)) {
     climate->target_humidity = this->target_humidity;
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_fan_modes() && !this->uses_custom_fan_mode) {
+  if (this->uses_custom_fan_mode) {
+    if (this->custom_fan_mode < traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().size()) {
+      climate->fan_mode.reset();
+      climate->custom_fan_mode_ = traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes()[this->custom_fan_mode];
+    }
+  } else if (traits.supports_fan_mode(this->fan_mode)) {
     climate->fan_mode = this->fan_mode;
+    climate->clear_custom_fan_mode_();
   }
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty() && this->uses_custom_fan_mode) {
-    // std::set has consistent order (lexicographic for strings), so this is ok
-    const auto &modes = traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes();
-    std::vector<std::string> modes_vec{modes.begin(), modes.end()};
-    if (custom_fan_mode < modes_vec.size()) {
-      climate->custom_fan_mode = modes_vec[this->custom_fan_mode];
+  if (this->uses_custom_preset) {
+    if (this->custom_preset < traits.get_supported_custom_presets().size()) {
+      climate->preset.reset();
+      climate->custom_preset_ = traits.get_supported_custom_presets()[this->custom_preset];
     }
-  }
-  if (traits.get_supports_presets() && !this->uses_custom_preset) {
+  } else if (traits.supports_preset(this->preset)) {
     climate->preset = this->preset;
+    climate->clear_custom_preset_();
   }
-  if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty() && uses_custom_preset) {
-    // std::set has consistent order (lexicographic for strings), so this is ok
-    const auto &presets = traits.get_supported_custom_presets();
-    std::vector<std::string> presets_vec{presets.begin(), presets.end()};
-    if (custom_preset < presets_vec.size()) {
-      climate->custom_preset = presets_vec[this->custom_preset];
-    }
-  }
-  if (traits.get_supports_swing_modes()) {
+  if (traits.supports_swing_mode(this->swing_mode)) {
     climate->swing_mode = this->swing_mode;
   }
   climate->publish_state();
 }
 
-template<typename T1, typename T2> bool set_alternative(optional<T1> &dst, optional<T2> &alt, const T1 &src) {
-  bool is_changed = alt.has_value();
-  alt.reset();
-  if (is_changed || dst != src) {
-    dst = src;
-    is_changed = true;
+/** Template helper for setting primary modes (fan_mode, preset) with mutual exclusion.
+ *
+ * Climate devices have mutually exclusive mode pairs:
+ *   - fan_mode (enum) vs custom_fan_mode_ (const char*)
+ *   - preset (enum) vs custom_preset_ (const char*)
+ *
+ * Only one mode in each pair can be active at a time. This helper ensures setting a primary
+ * mode automatically clears its corresponding custom mode.
+ *
+ * Example state transitions:
+ *   Before: custom_fan_mode_="Turbo", fan_mode=nullopt
+ *   Call:   set_fan_mode_(CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH)
+ *   After:  custom_fan_mode_=nullptr,   fan_mode=CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH
+ *
+ * @param primary The primary mode optional (fan_mode or preset)
+ * @param custom_ptr Reference to the custom mode pointer (custom_fan_mode_ or custom_preset_)
+ * @param value The new primary mode value to set
+ * @return true if state changed, false if already set to this value
+ */
+template<typename T> bool set_primary_mode(optional<T> &primary, const char *&custom_ptr, T value) {
+  // Clear the custom mode (mutual exclusion)
+  bool changed = custom_ptr != nullptr;
+  custom_ptr = nullptr;
+  // Set the primary mode
+  if (changed || !primary.has_value() || primary.value() != value) {
+    primary = value;
+    return true;
   }
-  return is_changed;
+  return false;
+}
+
+/** Template helper for setting custom modes (custom_fan_mode_, custom_preset_) with mutual exclusion.
+ *
+ * This helper ensures setting a custom mode automatically clears its corresponding primary mode.
+ * It also validates that the custom mode exists in the device's supported modes (lifetime safety).
+ *
+ * Example state transitions:
+ *   Before: fan_mode=CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH, custom_fan_mode_=nullptr
+ *   Call:   set_custom_fan_mode_("Turbo")
+ *   After:  fan_mode=nullopt,          custom_fan_mode_="Turbo" (pointer from traits)
+ *
+ * Lifetime Safety:
+ *   - found_ptr must come from traits.find_custom_*_mode_()
+ *   - Only pointers found in traits are stored, ensuring they remain valid
+ *   - Prevents dangling pointers from temporary strings
+ *
+ * @param custom_ptr Reference to the custom mode pointer to set
+ * @param primary The primary mode optional to clear
+ * @param found_ptr The validated pointer from traits (nullptr if not found)
+ * @param has_custom Whether a custom mode is currently active
+ * @return true if state changed, false otherwise
+ */
+template<typename T>
+bool set_custom_mode(const char *&custom_ptr, optional<T> &primary, const char *found_ptr, bool has_custom) {
+  if (found_ptr != nullptr) {
+    // Clear the primary mode (mutual exclusion)
+    bool changed = primary.has_value();
+    primary.reset();
+    // Set the custom mode (pointer is validated by caller from traits)
+    if (changed || custom_ptr != found_ptr) {
+      custom_ptr = found_ptr;
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Mode not found in supported modes, clear it if currently set
+  if (has_custom) {
+    custom_ptr = nullptr;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
 }
 
 bool Climate::set_fan_mode_(ClimateFanMode mode) {
-  return set_alternative(this->fan_mode, this->custom_fan_mode, mode);
+  return set_primary_mode(this->fan_mode, this->custom_fan_mode_, mode);
 }
 
-bool Climate::set_custom_fan_mode_(const std::string &mode) {
-  return set_alternative(this->custom_fan_mode, this->fan_mode, mode);
+bool Climate::set_custom_fan_mode_(const char *mode) {
+  auto traits = this->get_traits();
+  return set_custom_mode<ClimateFanMode>(this->custom_fan_mode_, this->fan_mode, traits.find_custom_fan_mode_(mode),
+                                         this->has_custom_fan_mode());
 }
 
-bool Climate::set_preset_(ClimatePreset preset) { return set_alternative(this->preset, this->custom_preset, preset); }
+void Climate::clear_custom_fan_mode_() { this->custom_fan_mode_ = nullptr; }
 
-bool Climate::set_custom_preset_(const std::string &preset) {
-  return set_alternative(this->custom_preset, this->preset, preset);
+bool Climate::set_preset_(ClimatePreset preset) { return set_primary_mode(this->preset, this->custom_preset_, preset); }
+
+bool Climate::set_custom_preset_(const char *preset) {
+  auto traits = this->get_traits();
+  return set_custom_mode<ClimatePreset>(this->custom_preset_, this->preset, traits.find_custom_preset_(preset),
+                                        this->has_custom_preset());
+}
+
+void Climate::clear_custom_preset_() { this->custom_preset_ = nullptr; }
+
+const char *Climate::find_custom_fan_mode_(const char *custom_fan_mode) {
+  return this->get_traits().find_custom_fan_mode_(custom_fan_mode);
+}
+
+const char *Climate::find_custom_preset_(const char *custom_preset) {
+  return this->get_traits().find_custom_preset_(custom_preset);
 }
 
 void Climate::dump_traits_(const char *tag) {
@@ -646,8 +742,8 @@ void Climate::dump_traits_(const char *tag) {
   }
   if (!traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes().empty()) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  Supported custom fan modes:");
-    for (const std::string &s : traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes())
-      ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  - %s", s.c_str());
+    for (const char *s : traits.get_supported_custom_fan_modes())
+      ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  - %s", s);
   }
   if (!traits.get_supported_presets().empty()) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  Supported presets:");
@@ -656,8 +752,8 @@ void Climate::dump_traits_(const char *tag) {
   }
   if (!traits.get_supported_custom_presets().empty()) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  Supported custom presets:");
-    for (const std::string &s : traits.get_supported_custom_presets())
-      ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  - %s", s.c_str());
+    for (const char *s : traits.get_supported_custom_presets())
+      ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  - %s", s);
   }
   if (!traits.get_supported_swing_modes().empty()) {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(tag, "  Supported swing modes:");

esphome/components/climate/climate.h

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ class Climate;
 class ClimateCall {
  public:
   explicit ClimateCall(Climate *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
+  friend struct ClimateDeviceRestoreState;
 
   /// Set the mode of the climate device.
   ClimateCall &set_mode(ClimateMode mode);
@@ -76,6 +77,8 @@ class ClimateCall {
   ClimateCall &set_fan_mode(const std::string &fan_mode);
   /// Set the fan mode of the climate device based on a string.
   ClimateCall &set_fan_mode(optional<std::string> fan_mode);
+  /// Set the custom fan mode of the climate device.
+  ClimateCall &set_fan_mode(const char *custom_fan_mode);
   /// Set the swing mode of the climate device.
   ClimateCall &set_swing_mode(ClimateSwingMode swing_mode);
   /// Set the swing mode of the climate device.
@@ -90,6 +93,8 @@ class ClimateCall {
   ClimateCall &set_preset(const std::string &preset);
   /// Set the preset of the climate device based on a string.
   ClimateCall &set_preset(optional<std::string> preset);
+  /// Set the custom preset of the climate device.
+  ClimateCall &set_preset(const char *custom_preset);
 
   void perform();
 
@@ -102,8 +107,10 @@ class ClimateCall {
   const optional<ClimateFanMode> &get_fan_mode() const;
   const optional<ClimateSwingMode> &get_swing_mode() const;
   const optional<ClimatePreset> &get_preset() const;
-  const optional<std::string> &get_custom_fan_mode() const;
-  const optional<std::string> &get_custom_preset() const;
+  const char *get_custom_fan_mode() const { return this->custom_fan_mode_; }
+  const char *get_custom_preset() const { return this->custom_preset_; }
+  bool has_custom_fan_mode() const { return this->custom_fan_mode_ != nullptr; }
+  bool has_custom_preset() const { return this->custom_preset_ != nullptr; }
 
  protected:
   void validate_();
@@ -117,8 +124,10 @@ class ClimateCall {
   optional<ClimateFanMode> fan_mode_;
   optional<ClimateSwingMode> swing_mode_;
   optional<ClimatePreset> preset_;
-  optional<std::string> custom_fan_mode_;
-  optional<std::string> custom_preset_;
+
+ private:
+  const char *custom_fan_mode_{nullptr};
+  const char *custom_preset_{nullptr};
 };
 
 /// Struct used to save the state of the climate device in restore memory.
@@ -211,6 +220,12 @@ class Climate : public EntityBase {
   void set_visual_min_humidity_override(float visual_min_humidity_override);
   void set_visual_max_humidity_override(float visual_max_humidity_override);
 
+  /// Check if a custom fan mode is currently active.
+  bool has_custom_fan_mode() const { return this->custom_fan_mode_ != nullptr; }
+
+  /// Check if a custom preset is currently active.
+  bool has_custom_preset() const { return this->custom_preset_ != nullptr; }
+
   /// The current temperature of the climate device, as reported from the integration.
   float current_temperature{NAN};
 
@@ -237,12 +252,6 @@ class Climate : public EntityBase {
   /// The active preset of the climate device.
   optional<ClimatePreset> preset;
 
-  /// The active custom fan mode of the climate device.
-  optional<std::string> custom_fan_mode;
-
-  /// The active custom preset mode of the climate device.
-  optional<std::string> custom_preset;
-
   /// The active mode of the climate device.
   ClimateMode mode{CLIMATE_MODE_OFF};
 
@@ -252,20 +261,37 @@ class Climate : public EntityBase {
   /// The active swing mode of the climate device.
   ClimateSwingMode swing_mode{CLIMATE_SWING_OFF};
 
+  /// Get the active custom fan mode (read-only access).
+  const char *get_custom_fan_mode() const { return this->custom_fan_mode_; }
+
+  /// Get the active custom preset (read-only access).
+  const char *get_custom_preset() const { return this->custom_preset_; }
+
  protected:
   friend ClimateCall;
+  friend struct ClimateDeviceRestoreState;
 
   /// Set fan mode. Reset custom fan mode. Return true if fan mode has been changed.
   bool set_fan_mode_(ClimateFanMode mode);
 
   /// Set custom fan mode. Reset primary fan mode. Return true if fan mode has been changed.
-  bool set_custom_fan_mode_(const std::string &mode);
+  bool set_custom_fan_mode_(const char *mode);
+  /// Clear custom fan mode.
+  void clear_custom_fan_mode_();
 
   /// Set preset. Reset custom preset. Return true if preset has been changed.
   bool set_preset_(ClimatePreset preset);
 
   /// Set custom preset. Reset primary preset. Return true if preset has been changed.
-  bool set_custom_preset_(const std::string &preset);
+  bool set_custom_preset_(const char *preset);
+  /// Clear custom preset.
+  void clear_custom_preset_();
+
+  /// Find and return the matching custom fan mode pointer from traits, or nullptr if not found.
+  const char *find_custom_fan_mode_(const char *custom_fan_mode);
+
+  /// Find and return the matching custom preset pointer from traits, or nullptr if not found.
+  const char *find_custom_preset_(const char *custom_preset);
 
   /** Get the default traits of this climate device.
    *
@@ -302,6 +328,21 @@ class Climate : public EntityBase {
   optional<float> visual_current_temperature_step_override_{};
   optional<float> visual_min_humidity_override_{};
   optional<float> visual_max_humidity_override_{};
+
+ private:
+  /** The active custom fan mode (private - enforces use of safe setters).
+   *
+   * Points to an entry in traits.supported_custom_fan_modes_ or nullptr.
+   * Use get_custom_fan_mode() to read, set_custom_fan_mode_() to modify.
+   */
+  const char *custom_fan_mode_{nullptr};
+
+  /** The active custom preset (private - enforces use of safe setters).
+   *
+   * Points to an entry in traits.supported_custom_presets_ or nullptr.
+   * Use get_custom_preset() to read, set_custom_preset_() to modify.
+   */
+  const char *custom_preset_{nullptr};
 };
 
 }  // namespace climate

esphome/components/climate/climate_mode.h

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace climate {
 
 /// Enum for all modes a climate device can be in.
+/// NOTE: If adding values, update ClimateModeMask in climate_traits.h to use the new last value
 enum ClimateMode : uint8_t {
   /// The climate device is off
   CLIMATE_MODE_OFF = 0,
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ enum ClimateMode : uint8_t {
    * For example, the target temperature can be adjusted based on a schedule, or learned behavior.
    * The target temperature can't be adjusted when in this mode.
    */
-  CLIMATE_MODE_AUTO = 6
+  CLIMATE_MODE_AUTO = 6  // Update ClimateModeMask in climate_traits.h if adding values after this
 };
 
 /// Enum for the current action of the climate device. Values match those of ClimateMode.
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ enum ClimateAction : uint8_t {
   CLIMATE_ACTION_FAN = 6,
 };
 
+/// NOTE: If adding values, update ClimateFanModeMask in climate_traits.h to use the new last value
 enum ClimateFanMode : uint8_t {
   /// The fan mode is set to On
   CLIMATE_FAN_ON = 0,
@@ -63,10 +65,11 @@ enum ClimateFanMode : uint8_t {
   /// The fan mode is set to Diffuse
   CLIMATE_FAN_DIFFUSE = 8,
   /// The fan mode is set to Quiet
-  CLIMATE_FAN_QUIET = 9,
+  CLIMATE_FAN_QUIET = 9,  // Update ClimateFanModeMask in climate_traits.h if adding values after this
 };
 
 /// Enum for all modes a climate swing can be in
+/// NOTE: If adding values, update ClimateSwingModeMask in climate_traits.h to use the new last value
 enum ClimateSwingMode : uint8_t {
   /// The swing mode is set to Off
   CLIMATE_SWING_OFF = 0,
@@ -75,10 +78,11 @@ enum ClimateSwingMode : uint8_t {
   /// The fan mode is set to Vertical
   CLIMATE_SWING_VERTICAL = 2,
   /// The fan mode is set to Horizontal
-  CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL = 3,
+  CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL = 3,  // Update ClimateSwingModeMask in climate_traits.h if adding values after this
 };
 
 /// Enum for all preset modes
+/// NOTE: If adding values, update ClimatePresetMask in climate_traits.h to use the new last value
 enum ClimatePreset : uint8_t {
   /// No preset is active
   CLIMATE_PRESET_NONE = 0,
@@ -95,7 +99,7 @@ enum ClimatePreset : uint8_t {
   /// Device is prepared for sleep
   CLIMATE_PRESET_SLEEP = 6,
   /// Device is reacting to activity (e.g., movement sensors)
-  CLIMATE_PRESET_ACTIVITY = 7,
+  CLIMATE_PRESET_ACTIVITY = 7,  // Update ClimatePresetMask in climate_traits.h if adding values after this
 };
 
 enum ClimateFeature : uint32_t {

esphome/components/climate/climate_traits.h

@@ -1,19 +1,43 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <set>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <vector>
 #include "climate_mode.h"
+#include "esphome/core/finite_set_mask.h"
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
-
-#ifdef USE_API
-namespace api {
-class APIConnection;
-}  // namespace api
-#endif
-
 namespace climate {
 
+// Type aliases for climate enum bitmasks
+// These replace std::set<EnumType> to eliminate red-black tree overhead
+// For contiguous enums starting at 0, DefaultBitPolicy provides 1:1 mapping (enum value = bit position)
+// Bitmask size is automatically calculated from the last enum value
+using ClimateModeMask = FiniteSetMask<ClimateMode, DefaultBitPolicy<ClimateMode, CLIMATE_MODE_AUTO + 1>>;
+using ClimateFanModeMask = FiniteSetMask<ClimateFanMode, DefaultBitPolicy<ClimateFanMode, CLIMATE_FAN_QUIET + 1>>;
+using ClimateSwingModeMask =
+    FiniteSetMask<ClimateSwingMode, DefaultBitPolicy<ClimateSwingMode, CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL + 1>>;
+using ClimatePresetMask = FiniteSetMask<ClimatePreset, DefaultBitPolicy<ClimatePreset, CLIMATE_PRESET_ACTIVITY + 1>>;
+
+// Lightweight linear search for small vectors (1-20 items) of const char* pointers
+// Avoids std::find template overhead
+inline bool vector_contains(const std::vector<const char *> &vec, const char *value) {
+  for (const char *item : vec) {
+    if (strcmp(item, value) == 0)
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Find and return matching pointer from vector, or nullptr if not found
+inline const char *vector_find(const std::vector<const char *> &vec, const char *value) {
+  for (const char *item : vec) {
+    if (strcmp(item, value) == 0)
+      return item;
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
 /** This class contains all static data for climate devices.
  *
  * All climate devices must support these features:
@@ -41,7 +65,11 @@ namespace climate {
  *  - temperature step - the step with which to increase/decrease target temperature.
  *     This also affects with how many decimal places the temperature is shown
  */
+class Climate;  // Forward declaration
+
 class ClimateTraits {
+  friend class Climate;  // Allow Climate to access protected find methods
+
  public:
   /// Get/set feature flags (see ClimateFeatures enum in climate_mode.h)
   uint32_t get_feature_flags() const { return this->feature_flags_; }
@@ -107,48 +135,74 @@ class ClimateTraits {
     }
   }
 
-  void set_supported_modes(std::set<ClimateMode> modes) { this->supported_modes_ = std::move(modes); }
+  void set_supported_modes(ClimateModeMask modes) { this->supported_modes_ = modes; }
   void add_supported_mode(ClimateMode mode) { this->supported_modes_.insert(mode); }
   bool supports_mode(ClimateMode mode) const { return this->supported_modes_.count(mode); }
-  const std::set<ClimateMode> &get_supported_modes() const { return this->supported_modes_; }
+  const ClimateModeMask &get_supported_modes() const { return this->supported_modes_; }
 
-  void set_supported_fan_modes(std::set<ClimateFanMode> modes) { this->supported_fan_modes_ = std::move(modes); }
+  void set_supported_fan_modes(ClimateFanModeMask modes) { this->supported_fan_modes_ = modes; }
   void add_supported_fan_mode(ClimateFanMode mode) { this->supported_fan_modes_.insert(mode); }
-  void add_supported_custom_fan_mode(const std::string &mode) { this->supported_custom_fan_modes_.insert(mode); }
   bool supports_fan_mode(ClimateFanMode fan_mode) const { return this->supported_fan_modes_.count(fan_mode); }
   bool get_supports_fan_modes() const {
     return !this->supported_fan_modes_.empty() || !this->supported_custom_fan_modes_.empty();
   }
-  const std::set<ClimateFanMode> &get_supported_fan_modes() const { return this->supported_fan_modes_; }
+  const ClimateFanModeMask &get_supported_fan_modes() const { return this->supported_fan_modes_; }
 
-  void set_supported_custom_fan_modes(std::set<std::string> supported_custom_fan_modes) {
-    this->supported_custom_fan_modes_ = std::move(supported_custom_fan_modes);
+  void set_supported_custom_fan_modes(std::initializer_list<const char *> modes) {
+    this->supported_custom_fan_modes_ = modes;
+  }
+  void set_supported_custom_fan_modes(const std::vector<const char *> &modes) {
+    this->supported_custom_fan_modes_ = modes;
+  }
+  template<size_t N> void set_supported_custom_fan_modes(const char *const (&modes)[N]) {
+    this->supported_custom_fan_modes_.assign(modes, modes + N);
+  }
+
+  // Deleted overloads to catch incorrect std::string usage at compile time with clear error messages
+  void set_supported_custom_fan_modes(const std::vector<std::string> &modes) = delete;
+  void set_supported_custom_fan_modes(std::initializer_list<std::string> modes) = delete;
+
+  const std::vector<const char *> &get_supported_custom_fan_modes() const { return this->supported_custom_fan_modes_; }
+  bool supports_custom_fan_mode(const char *custom_fan_mode) const {
+    return vector_contains(this->supported_custom_fan_modes_, custom_fan_mode);
   }
-  const std::set<std::string> &get_supported_custom_fan_modes() const { return this->supported_custom_fan_modes_; }
   bool supports_custom_fan_mode(const std::string &custom_fan_mode) const {
-    return this->supported_custom_fan_modes_.count(custom_fan_mode);
+    return this->supports_custom_fan_mode(custom_fan_mode.c_str());
   }
 
-  void set_supported_presets(std::set<ClimatePreset> presets) { this->supported_presets_ = std::move(presets); }
+  void set_supported_presets(ClimatePresetMask presets) { this->supported_presets_ = presets; }
   void add_supported_preset(ClimatePreset preset) { this->supported_presets_.insert(preset); }
-  void add_supported_custom_preset(const std::string &preset) { this->supported_custom_presets_.insert(preset); }
   bool supports_preset(ClimatePreset preset) const { return this->supported_presets_.count(preset); }
   bool get_supports_presets() const { return !this->supported_presets_.empty(); }
-  const std::set<climate::ClimatePreset> &get_supported_presets() const { return this->supported_presets_; }
+  const ClimatePresetMask &get_supported_presets() const { return this->supported_presets_; }
 
-  void set_supported_custom_presets(std::set<std::string> supported_custom_presets) {
-    this->supported_custom_presets_ = std::move(supported_custom_presets);
+  void set_supported_custom_presets(std::initializer_list<const char *> presets) {
+    this->supported_custom_presets_ = presets;
+  }
+  void set_supported_custom_presets(const std::vector<const char *> &presets) {
+    this->supported_custom_presets_ = presets;
+  }
+  template<size_t N> void set_supported_custom_presets(const char *const (&presets)[N]) {
+    this->supported_custom_presets_.assign(presets, presets + N);
+  }
+
+  // Deleted overloads to catch incorrect std::string usage at compile time with clear error messages
+  void set_supported_custom_presets(const std::vector<std::string> &presets) = delete;
+  void set_supported_custom_presets(std::initializer_list<std::string> presets) = delete;
+
+  const std::vector<const char *> &get_supported_custom_presets() const { return this->supported_custom_presets_; }
+  bool supports_custom_preset(const char *custom_preset) const {
+    return vector_contains(this->supported_custom_presets_, custom_preset);
   }
-  const std::set<std::string> &get_supported_custom_presets() const { return this->supported_custom_presets_; }
   bool supports_custom_preset(const std::string &custom_preset) const {
-    return this->supported_custom_presets_.count(custom_preset);
+    return this->supports_custom_preset(custom_preset.c_str());
   }
 
-  void set_supported_swing_modes(std::set<ClimateSwingMode> modes) { this->supported_swing_modes_ = std::move(modes); }
+  void set_supported_swing_modes(ClimateSwingModeMask modes) { this->supported_swing_modes_ = modes; }
   void add_supported_swing_mode(ClimateSwingMode mode) { this->supported_swing_modes_.insert(mode); }
   bool supports_swing_mode(ClimateSwingMode swing_mode) const { return this->supported_swing_modes_.count(swing_mode); }
   bool get_supports_swing_modes() const { return !this->supported_swing_modes_.empty(); }
-  const std::set<ClimateSwingMode> &get_supported_swing_modes() const { return this->supported_swing_modes_; }
+  const ClimateSwingModeMask &get_supported_swing_modes() const { return this->supported_swing_modes_; }
 
   float get_visual_min_temperature() const { return this->visual_min_temperature_; }
   void set_visual_min_temperature(float visual_min_temperature) {
@@ -179,23 +233,6 @@ class ClimateTraits {
   void set_visual_max_humidity(float visual_max_humidity) { this->visual_max_humidity_ = visual_max_humidity; }
 
  protected:
-#ifdef USE_API
-  // The API connection is a friend class to access internal methods
-  friend class api::APIConnection;
-  // These methods return references to internal data structures.
-  // They are used by the API to avoid copying data when encoding messages.
-  // Warning: Do not use these methods outside of the API connection code.
-  // They return references to internal data that can be invalidated.
-  const std::set<ClimateMode> &get_supported_modes_for_api_() const { return this->supported_modes_; }
-  const std::set<ClimateFanMode> &get_supported_fan_modes_for_api_() const { return this->supported_fan_modes_; }
-  const std::set<std::string> &get_supported_custom_fan_modes_for_api_() const {
-    return this->supported_custom_fan_modes_;
-  }
-  const std::set<climate::ClimatePreset> &get_supported_presets_for_api_() const { return this->supported_presets_; }
-  const std::set<std::string> &get_supported_custom_presets_for_api_() const { return this->supported_custom_presets_; }
-  const std::set<ClimateSwingMode> &get_supported_swing_modes_for_api_() const { return this->supported_swing_modes_; }
-#endif
-
   void set_mode_support_(climate::ClimateMode mode, bool supported) {
     if (supported) {
       this->supported_modes_.insert(mode);
@@ -218,6 +255,18 @@ class ClimateTraits {
     }
   }
 
+  /// Find and return the matching custom fan mode pointer from supported modes, or nullptr if not found
+  /// This is protected as it's an implementation detail - use Climate::find_custom_fan_mode_() instead
+  const char *find_custom_fan_mode_(const char *custom_fan_mode) const {
+    return vector_find(this->supported_custom_fan_modes_, custom_fan_mode);
+  }
+
+  /// Find and return the matching custom preset pointer from supported presets, or nullptr if not found
+  /// This is protected as it's an implementation detail - use Climate::find_custom_preset_() instead
+  const char *find_custom_preset_(const char *custom_preset) const {
+    return vector_find(this->supported_custom_presets_, custom_preset);
+  }
+
   uint32_t feature_flags_{0};
   float visual_min_temperature_{10};
   float visual_max_temperature_{30};
@@ -226,12 +275,21 @@ class ClimateTraits {
   float visual_min_humidity_{30};
   float visual_max_humidity_{99};
 
-  std::set<climate::ClimateMode> supported_modes_ = {climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF};
-  std::set<climate::ClimateFanMode> supported_fan_modes_;
-  std::set<climate::ClimateSwingMode> supported_swing_modes_;
-  std::set<climate::ClimatePreset> supported_presets_;
-  std::set<std::string> supported_custom_fan_modes_;
-  std::set<std::string> supported_custom_presets_;
+  climate::ClimateModeMask supported_modes_{climate::CLIMATE_MODE_OFF};
+  climate::ClimateFanModeMask supported_fan_modes_;
+  climate::ClimateSwingModeMask supported_swing_modes_;
+  climate::ClimatePresetMask supported_presets_;
+
+  /** Custom mode storage using const char* pointers to eliminate std::string overhead.
+   *
+   * Pointers must remain valid for the ClimateTraits lifetime. Safe patterns:
+   *  - String literals: set_supported_custom_fan_modes({"Turbo", "Silent"})
+   *  - Static const data: static const char* MODE = "Eco";
+   *
+   * Climate class setters validate pointers are from these vectors before storing.
+   */
+  std::vector<const char *> supported_custom_fan_modes_;
+  std::vector<const char *> supported_custom_presets_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace climate

esphome/components/climate_ir/__init__.py

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import logging
 
-from esphome import core
 import esphome.codegen as cg
 from esphome.components import climate, remote_base, sensor
 import esphome.config_validation as cv
-from esphome.const import CONF_ID, CONF_SENSOR, CONF_SUPPORTS_COOL, CONF_SUPPORTS_HEAT
+from esphome.const import CONF_SENSOR, CONF_SUPPORTS_COOL, CONF_SUPPORTS_HEAT
 from esphome.cpp_generator import MockObjClass
 
 _LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -52,26 +51,6 @@ def climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(
     )
 
 
-# Remove before 2025.11.0
-def deprecated_schema_constant(config):
-    type: str = "unknown"
-    if (id := config.get(CONF_ID)) is not None and isinstance(id, core.ID):
-        type = str(id.type).split("::", maxsplit=1)[0]
-    _LOGGER.warning(
-        "Using `climate_ir.CLIMATE_IR_WITH_RECEIVER_SCHEMA` is deprecated and will be removed in ESPHome 2025.11.0. "
-        "Please use `climate_ir.climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(...)` instead. "
-        "If you are seeing this, report an issue to the external_component author and ask them to update it. "
-        "https://developers.esphome.io/blog/2025/05/14/_schema-deprecations/. "
-        "Component using this schema: %s",
-        type,
-    )
-    return config
-
-
-CLIMATE_IR_WITH_RECEIVER_SCHEMA = climate_ir_with_receiver_schema(ClimateIR)
-CLIMATE_IR_WITH_RECEIVER_SCHEMA.add_extra(deprecated_schema_constant)
-
-
 async def register_climate_ir(var, config):
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
     await remote_base.register_transmittable(var, config)

esphome/components/climate_ir/climate_ir.h

@@ -24,16 +24,18 @@ class ClimateIR : public Component,
                   public remote_base::RemoteTransmittable {
  public:
   ClimateIR(float minimum_temperature, float maximum_temperature, float temperature_step = 1.0f,
-            bool supports_dry = false, bool supports_fan_only = false, std::set<climate::ClimateFanMode> fan_modes = {},
-            std::set<climate::ClimateSwingMode> swing_modes = {}, std::set<climate::ClimatePreset> presets = {}) {
+            bool supports_dry = false, bool supports_fan_only = false,
+            climate::ClimateFanModeMask fan_modes = climate::ClimateFanModeMask(),
+            climate::ClimateSwingModeMask swing_modes = climate::ClimateSwingModeMask(),
+            climate::ClimatePresetMask presets = climate::ClimatePresetMask()) {
     this->minimum_temperature_ = minimum_temperature;
     this->maximum_temperature_ = maximum_temperature;
     this->temperature_step_ = temperature_step;
     this->supports_dry_ = supports_dry;
     this->supports_fan_only_ = supports_fan_only;
-    this->fan_modes_ = std::move(fan_modes);
-    this->swing_modes_ = std::move(swing_modes);
-    this->presets_ = std::move(presets);
+    this->fan_modes_ = fan_modes;
+    this->swing_modes_ = swing_modes;
+    this->presets_ = presets;
   }
 
   void setup() override;
@@ -60,9 +62,9 @@ class ClimateIR : public Component,
   bool supports_heat_{true};
   bool supports_dry_{false};
   bool supports_fan_only_{false};
-  std::set<climate::ClimateFanMode> fan_modes_ = {};
-  std::set<climate::ClimateSwingMode> swing_modes_ = {};
-  std::set<climate::ClimatePreset> presets_ = {};
+  climate::ClimateFanModeMask fan_modes_{};
+  climate::ClimateSwingModeMask swing_modes_{};
+  climate::ClimatePresetMask presets_{};
 
   sensor::Sensor *sensor_{nullptr};
 };

esphome/components/cm1106/cm1106.h

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CM1106CalibrateZeroAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   CM1106CalibrateZeroAction(CM1106Component *cm1106) : cm1106_(cm1106) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cm1106_->calibrate_zero(400); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cm1106_->calibrate_zero(400); }
 
  protected:
   CM1106Component *cm1106_;

esphome/components/const/__init__.py

@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ BYTE_ORDER_BIG = "big_endian"
 
 CONF_COLOR_DEPTH = "color_depth"
 CONF_DRAW_ROUNDING = "draw_rounding"
+CONF_ENABLED = "enabled"
+CONF_IGNORE_NOT_FOUND = "ignore_not_found"
 CONF_ON_RECEIVE = "on_receive"
 CONF_ON_STATE_CHANGE = "on_state_change"
 CONF_REQUEST_HEADERS = "request_headers"
+CONF_ROWS = "rows"
 CONF_USE_PSRAM = "use_psram"

esphome/components/copy/fan/copy_fan.cpp

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ void CopyFan::setup() {
     this->oscillating = source_->oscillating;
     this->speed = source_->speed;
     this->direction = source_->direction;
-    this->preset_mode = source_->preset_mode;
+    this->set_preset_mode_(source_->get_preset_mode());
     this->publish_state();
   });
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ void CopyFan::setup() {
   this->oscillating = source_->oscillating;
   this->speed = source_->speed;
   this->direction = source_->direction;
-  this->preset_mode = source_->preset_mode;
+  this->set_preset_mode_(source_->get_preset_mode());
   this->publish_state();
 }
 
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ void CopyFan::control(const fan::FanCall &call) {
     call2.set_speed(*call.get_speed());
   if (call.get_direction().has_value())
     call2.set_direction(*call.get_direction());
-  if (!call.get_preset_mode().empty())
+  if (call.has_preset_mode())
     call2.set_preset_mode(call.get_preset_mode());
   call2.perform();
 }

esphome/components/copy/select/copy_select.cpp

@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@ namespace copy {
 static const char *const TAG = "copy.select";
 
 void CopySelect::setup() {
-  source_->add_on_state_callback([this](const std::string &value, size_t index) { this->publish_state(value); });
+  source_->add_on_state_callback([this](const std::string &value, size_t index) { this->publish_state(index); });
 
   traits.set_options(source_->traits.get_options());
 
   if (source_->has_state())
-    this->publish_state(source_->state);
+    this->publish_state(source_->active_index().value());
 }
 
 void CopySelect::dump_config() { LOG_SELECT("", "Copy Select", this); }
 
-void CopySelect::control(const std::string &value) {
+void CopySelect::control(size_t index) {
   auto call = source_->make_call();
-  call.set_option(value);
+  call.set_index(index);
   call.perform();
 }
 

esphome/components/copy/select/copy_select.h

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class CopySelect : public select::Select, public Component {
   void dump_config() override;
 
  protected:
-  void control(const std::string &value) override;
+  void control(size_t index) override;
 
   select::Select *source_;
 };

esphome/components/cover/__init__.py

@@ -151,11 +151,6 @@ def cover_schema(
     return _COVER_SCHEMA.extend(schema)
 
 
-# Remove before 2025.11.0
-COVER_SCHEMA = cover_schema(Cover)
-COVER_SCHEMA.add_extra(cv.deprecated_schema_constant("cover"))
-
-
 async def setup_cover_core_(var, config):
     await setup_entity(var, config, "cover")
 

esphome/components/cover/automation.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class OpenAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit OpenAction(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_open().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_open().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CloseAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit CloseAction(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_close().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_close().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit StopAction(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_stop().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_stop().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ToggleAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ToggleAction(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_toggle().perform(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->cover_->make_call().set_command_toggle().perform(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ControlAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, position)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, tilt)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->cover_->make_call();
     if (this->stop_.has_value())
       call.set_stop(this->stop_.value(x...));
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CoverPublishAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, tilt)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(CoverOperation, current_operation)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->position_.has_value())
       this->cover_->position = this->position_.value(x...);
     if (this->tilt_.has_value())
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CoverPublishAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class CoverIsOpenCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   CoverIsOpenCondition(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->cover_->is_fully_open(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->cover_->is_fully_open(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CoverIsOpenCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class CoverIsClosedCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   CoverIsClosedCondition(Cover *cover) : cover_(cover) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->cover_->is_fully_closed(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->cover_->is_fully_closed(); }
 
  protected:
   Cover *cover_;

esphome/components/cover/cover.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 #include "cover.h"
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
+
 #include <strings.h>
+
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -169,6 +173,9 @@ void Cover::publish_state(bool save) {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "  Current Operation: %s", cover_operation_to_str(this->current_operation));
 
   this->state_callback_.call();
+#if defined(USE_COVER) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+  ControllerRegistry::notify_cover_update(this);
+#endif
 
   if (save) {
     CoverRestoreState restore{};

esphome/components/cs5460a/cs5460a.h

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class CS5460ARestartAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   CS5460ARestartAction(CS5460AComponent *cs5460a) : cs5460a_(cs5460a) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { cs5460a_->restart(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { cs5460a_->restart(); }
 
  protected:
   CS5460AComponent *cs5460a_;

esphome/components/dallas_temp/dallas_temp.cpp

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ bool DallasTemperatureSensor::read_scratch_pad_() {
 }
 
 void DallasTemperatureSensor::setup() {
-  if (!this->check_address_())
+  if (!this->check_address_or_index_())
     return;
   if (!this->read_scratch_pad_())
     return;

esphome/components/datetime/date_entity.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "date_entity.h"
-
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATE
 
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
@@ -32,6 +33,9 @@ void DateEntity::publish_state() {
   this->set_has_state(true);
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending date %d-%d-%d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->year_, this->month_, this->day_);
   this->state_callback_.call();
+#if defined(USE_DATETIME_DATE) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+  ControllerRegistry::notify_date_update(this);
+#endif
 }
 
 DateCall DateEntity::make_call() { return DateCall(this); }

esphome/components/datetime/date_entity.h

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DateSetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(ESPTime, date)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->parent_->make_call();
 
     if (this->date_.has_value()) {

esphome/components/datetime/datetime_entity.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "datetime_entity.h"
-
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_DATETIME
 
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
@@ -48,6 +49,9 @@ void DateTimeEntity::publish_state() {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending datetime %04u-%02u-%02u %02d:%02d:%02d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->year_,
            this->month_, this->day_, this->hour_, this->minute_, this->second_);
   this->state_callback_.call();
+#if defined(USE_DATETIME_DATETIME) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+  ControllerRegistry::notify_datetime_update(this);
+#endif
 }
 
 DateTimeCall DateTimeEntity::make_call() { return DateTimeCall(this); }

esphome/components/datetime/datetime_entity.h

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DateTimeSetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(ESPTime, datetime)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->parent_->make_call();
 
     if (this->datetime_.has_value()) {

esphome/components/datetime/time_entity.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "time_entity.h"
-
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/controller_registry.h"
 #ifdef USE_DATETIME_TIME
 
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
@@ -29,6 +30,9 @@ void TimeEntity::publish_state() {
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "'%s': Sending time %02d:%02d:%02d", this->get_name().c_str(), this->hour_, this->minute_,
            this->second_);
   this->state_callback_.call();
+#if defined(USE_DATETIME_TIME) && defined(USE_CONTROLLER_REGISTRY)
+  ControllerRegistry::notify_time_update(this);
+#endif
 }
 
 TimeCall TimeEntity::make_call() { return TimeCall(this); }

esphome/components/datetime/time_entity.h

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class TimeSetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(ESPTime, time)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto call = this->parent_->make_call();
 
     if (this->time_.has_value()) {

esphome/components/debug/__init__.py

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
         zephyr_add_prj_conf("SEGGER_RTT_MODE_BLOCK_IF_FIFO_FULL", True)
     var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
     await cg.register_component(var, config)
+    cg.add_define("USE_DEBUG")
 
 
 FILTER_SOURCE_FILES = filter_source_files_from_platform(

esphome/components/debug/debug_zephyr.cpp

@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@
 
 #define BOOTLOADER_VERSION_REGISTER NRF_TIMER2->CC[0]
 
-namespace esphome {
-namespace debug {
+namespace esphome::debug {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "debug";
 constexpr std::uintptr_t MBR_PARAM_PAGE_ADDR = 0xFFC;
@@ -281,14 +280,18 @@ void DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::string &device_info) {
            NRF_FICR->INFO.VARIANT & 0xFF, package(NRF_FICR->INFO.PACKAGE));
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "RAM: %ukB, Flash: %ukB, production test: %sdone", NRF_FICR->INFO.RAM, NRF_FICR->INFO.FLASH,
            (NRF_FICR->PRODTEST[0] == 0xBB42319F ? "" : "not "));
+  bool n_reset_enabled = NRF_UICR->PSELRESET[0] == NRF_UICR->PSELRESET[1] &&
+                         (NRF_UICR->PSELRESET[0] & UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Msk) == UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Connected
+                                                                                      << UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Pos;
   ESP_LOGD(
       TAG, "GPIO as NFC pins: %s, GPIO as nRESET pin: %s",
       YESNO((NRF_UICR->NFCPINS & UICR_NFCPINS_PROTECT_Msk) == (UICR_NFCPINS_PROTECT_NFC << UICR_NFCPINS_PROTECT_Pos)),
-      YESNO(((NRF_UICR->PSELRESET[0] & UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Msk) !=
-             (UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Connected << UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Pos)) ||
-            ((NRF_UICR->PSELRESET[1] & UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Msk) !=
-             (UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Connected << UICR_PSELRESET_CONNECT_Pos))));
-
+      YESNO(n_reset_enabled));
+  if (n_reset_enabled) {
+    uint8_t port = (NRF_UICR->PSELRESET[0] & UICR_PSELRESET_PORT_Msk) >> UICR_PSELRESET_PORT_Pos;
+    uint8_t pin = (NRF_UICR->PSELRESET[0] & UICR_PSELRESET_PIN_Msk) >> UICR_PSELRESET_PIN_Pos;
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "nRESET port P%u.%02u", port, pin);
+  }
 #ifdef USE_BOOTLOADER_MCUBOOT
   ESP_LOGD(TAG, "bootloader: mcuboot");
 #else
@@ -322,10 +325,22 @@ void DebugComponent::get_device_info_(std::string &device_info) {
 #endif
   }
 #endif
+  auto uicr = [](volatile uint32_t *data, uint8_t size) {
+    std::string res;
+    char buf[sizeof(uint32_t) * 2 + 1];
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+      if (i > 0) {
+        res += ' ';
+      }
+      res += format_hex_pretty<uint32_t>(data[i], '\0', false);
+    }
+    return res;
+  };
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "NRFFW %s", uicr(NRF_UICR->NRFFW, 13).c_str());
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "NRFHW %s", uicr(NRF_UICR->NRFHW, 12).c_str());
 }
 
 void DebugComponent::update_platform_() {}
 
-}  // namespace debug
-}  // namespace esphome
+}  // namespace esphome::debug
 #endif

esphome/components/deep_sleep/deep_sleep_component.h

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnterDeepSleepAction : public Action<Ts...> {
   void set_time(time::RealTimeClock *time) { this->time_ = time; }
 #endif
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     if (this->sleep_duration_.has_value()) {
       this->deep_sleep_->set_sleep_duration(this->sleep_duration_.value(x...));
     }
@@ -207,12 +207,12 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnterDeepSleepAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class PreventDeepSleepAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DeepSleepComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->prevent_deep_sleep(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->prevent_deep_sleep(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class AllowDeepSleepAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DeepSleepComponent> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->allow_deep_sleep(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->allow_deep_sleep(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace deep_sleep

esphome/components/demo/demo_climate.h

@@ -28,16 +28,16 @@ class DemoClimate : public climate::Climate, public Component {
         this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_AUTO;
         this->action = climate::CLIMATE_ACTION_COOLING;
         this->fan_mode = climate::CLIMATE_FAN_HIGH;
-        this->custom_preset = {"My Preset"};
+        this->set_custom_preset_("My Preset");
         break;
       case DemoClimateType::TYPE_3:
         this->current_temperature = 21.5;
         this->target_temperature_low = 21.0;
         this->target_temperature_high = 22.5;
         this->mode = climate::CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL;
-        this->custom_fan_mode = {"Auto Low"};
+        this->set_custom_fan_mode_("Auto Low");
         this->swing_mode = climate::CLIMATE_SWING_HORIZONTAL;
-        this->preset = climate::CLIMATE_PRESET_AWAY;
+        this->set_preset_(climate::CLIMATE_PRESET_AWAY);
         break;
     }
     this->publish_state();
@@ -58,23 +58,19 @@ class DemoClimate : public climate::Climate, public Component {
       this->target_temperature_high = *call.get_target_temperature_high();
     }
     if (call.get_fan_mode().has_value()) {
-      this->fan_mode = *call.get_fan_mode();
-      this->custom_fan_mode.reset();
+      this->set_fan_mode_(*call.get_fan_mode());
     }
     if (call.get_swing_mode().has_value()) {
       this->swing_mode = *call.get_swing_mode();
     }
-    if (call.get_custom_fan_mode().has_value()) {
-      this->custom_fan_mode = *call.get_custom_fan_mode();
-      this->fan_mode.reset();
+    if (call.has_custom_fan_mode()) {
+      this->set_custom_fan_mode_(call.get_custom_fan_mode());
     }
     if (call.get_preset().has_value()) {
-      this->preset = *call.get_preset();
-      this->custom_preset.reset();
+      this->set_preset_(*call.get_preset());
     }
-    if (call.get_custom_preset().has_value()) {
-      this->custom_preset = *call.get_custom_preset();
-      this->preset.reset();
+    if (call.has_custom_preset()) {
+      this->set_custom_preset_(call.get_custom_preset());
     }
     this->publish_state();
   }

esphome/components/demo/demo_select.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace demo {
 
 class DemoSelect : public select::Select, public Component {
  protected:
-  void control(const std::string &value) override { this->publish_state(value); }
+  void control(size_t index) override { this->publish_state(index); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace demo

esphome/components/dfplayer/dfplayer.h

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class DFPlayer : public uart::UARTDevice, public Component {
   class ACTION_CLASS : /* NOLINT */ \
                        public Action<Ts...>, \
                        public Parented<DFPlayer> { \
-    void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->ACTION_METHOD(); } \
+    void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->ACTION_METHOD(); } \
   };
 
 DFPLAYER_SIMPLE_ACTION(NextAction, next)
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayMp3Action : public Action<Ts...>, public Pare
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, file)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto file = this->file_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->play_mp3(file);
   }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayFileAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Par
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, file)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, loop)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto file = this->file_.value(x...);
     auto loop = this->loop_.value(x...);
     if (loop) {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class PlayFolderAction : public Action<Ts...>, public P
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint16_t, file)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(bool, loop)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto folder = this->folder_.value(x...);
     auto file = this->file_.value(x...);
     auto loop = this->loop_.value(x...);
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetDeviceAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pa
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(Device, device)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto device = this->device_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_device(device);
   }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetVolumeAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Pa
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(uint8_t, volume)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto volume = this->volume_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_volume(volume);
   }
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class SetEqAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parent
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(EqPreset, eq)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto eq = this->eq_.value(x...);
     this->parent_->set_eq(eq);
   }
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ DFPLAYER_SIMPLE_ACTION(VolumeDownAction, volume_down)
 
 template<typename... Ts> class DFPlayerIsPlayingCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<DFPlayer> {
  public:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_playing(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_playing(); }
 };
 
 class DFPlayerFinishedPlaybackTrigger : public Trigger<> {

esphome/components/dfrobot_sen0395/automation.h

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace dfrobot_sen0395 {
 template<typename... Ts>
 class DfrobotSen0395ResetAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DfrobotSen0395Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) { this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<ResetSystemCommand>()); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) { this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<ResetSystemCommand>()); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class DfrobotSen0395SettingsAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<Dfrob
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, det_min4)
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(float, det_max4)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) {
     this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<PowerCommand>(0));
     if (this->factory_reset_.has_value() && this->factory_reset_.value(x...) == true) {
       this->parent_->enqueue(make_unique<FactoryResetCommand>());

esphome/components/display/display.h

@@ -176,7 +176,117 @@ class Display;
 class DisplayPage;
 class DisplayOnPageChangeTrigger;
 
-using display_writer_t = std::function<void(Display &)>;
+/** Optimized display writer that uses function pointers for stateless lambdas.
+ *
+ * Similar to TemplatableValue but specialized for display writer callbacks.
+ * Saves ~8 bytes per stateless lambda on 32-bit platforms (16 bytes std::function → ~8 bytes discriminator+pointer).
+ *
+ * Supports both:
+ * - Stateless lambdas (from YAML) → function pointer (4 bytes)
+ * - Stateful lambdas/std::function (from C++ code) → std::function* (heap allocated)
+ *
+ * @tparam T The display type (e.g., Display, Nextion, GPIOLCDDisplay)
+ */
+template<typename T> class DisplayWriter {
+ public:
+  DisplayWriter() : type_(NONE) {}
+
+  // For stateless lambdas (convertible to function pointer): use function pointer (4 bytes)
+  template<typename F>
+  DisplayWriter(F f) requires std::invocable<F, T &> && std::convertible_to<F, void (*)(T &)>
+      : type_(STATELESS_LAMBDA) {
+    this->stateless_f_ = f;  // Implicit conversion to function pointer
+  }
+
+  // For stateful lambdas and std::function (not convertible to function pointer): use std::function* (heap allocated)
+  // This handles backwards compatibility with external components
+  template<typename F>
+  DisplayWriter(F f) requires std::invocable<F, T &> &&(!std::convertible_to<F, void (*)(T &)>) : type_(LAMBDA) {
+    this->f_ = new std::function<void(T &)>(std::move(f));
+  }
+
+  // Copy constructor
+  DisplayWriter(const DisplayWriter &other) : type_(other.type_) {
+    if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      this->f_ = new std::function<void(T &)>(*other.f_);
+    } else if (type_ == STATELESS_LAMBDA) {
+      this->stateless_f_ = other.stateless_f_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Move constructor
+  DisplayWriter(DisplayWriter &&other) noexcept : type_(other.type_) {
+    if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      this->f_ = other.f_;
+      other.f_ = nullptr;
+    } else if (type_ == STATELESS_LAMBDA) {
+      this->stateless_f_ = other.stateless_f_;
+    }
+    other.type_ = NONE;
+  }
+
+  // Assignment operators
+  DisplayWriter &operator=(const DisplayWriter &other) {
+    if (this != &other) {
+      this->~DisplayWriter();
+      new (this) DisplayWriter(other);
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  DisplayWriter &operator=(DisplayWriter &&other) noexcept {
+    if (this != &other) {
+      this->~DisplayWriter();
+      new (this) DisplayWriter(std::move(other));
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ~DisplayWriter() {
+    if (type_ == LAMBDA) {
+      delete this->f_;
+    }
+    // STATELESS_LAMBDA/NONE: no cleanup needed (function pointer or empty)
+  }
+
+  bool has_value() const { return this->type_ != NONE; }
+
+  void call(T &display) const {
+    switch (this->type_) {
+      case STATELESS_LAMBDA:
+        this->stateless_f_(display);  // Direct function pointer call
+        break;
+      case LAMBDA:
+        (*this->f_)(display);  // std::function call
+        break;
+      case NONE:
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Operator() for convenience
+  void operator()(T &display) const { this->call(display); }
+
+  // Operator* for backwards compatibility with (*writer_)(*this) pattern
+  DisplayWriter &operator*() { return *this; }
+  const DisplayWriter &operator*() const { return *this; }
+
+ protected:
+  enum : uint8_t {
+    NONE,
+    LAMBDA,
+    STATELESS_LAMBDA,
+  } type_;
+
+  union {
+    std::function<void(T &)> *f_;
+    void (*stateless_f_)(T &);
+  };
+};
+
+// Type alias for Display writer - uses optimized DisplayWriter instead of std::function
+using display_writer_t = DisplayWriter<Display>;
 
 #define LOG_DISPLAY(prefix, type, obj) \
   if ((obj) != nullptr) { \
@@ -210,7 +320,7 @@ class Display : public PollingComponent {
   /// Fill the entire screen with the given color.
   virtual void fill(Color color);
   /// Clear the entire screen by filling it with OFF pixels.
-  void clear();
+  virtual void clear();
 
   /// Get the calculated width of the display in pixels with rotation applied.
   virtual int get_width() { return this->get_width_internal(); }
@@ -678,7 +788,7 @@ class Display : public PollingComponent {
   void sort_triangle_points_by_y_(int *x1, int *y1, int *x2, int *y2, int *x3, int *y3);
 
   DisplayRotation rotation_{DISPLAY_ROTATION_0_DEGREES};
-  optional<display_writer_t> writer_{};
+  display_writer_t writer_{};
   DisplayPage *page_{nullptr};
   DisplayPage *previous_page_{nullptr};
   std::vector<DisplayOnPageChangeTrigger *> on_page_change_triggers_;
@@ -709,7 +819,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayPageShowAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   TEMPLATABLE_VALUE(DisplayPage *, page)
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override {
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override {
     auto *page = this->page_.value(x...);
     if (page != nullptr) {
       page->show();
@@ -721,7 +831,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayPageShowNextAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   DisplayPageShowNextAction(Display *buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->buffer_->show_next_page(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->buffer_->show_next_page(); }
 
   Display *buffer_;
 };
@@ -730,7 +840,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayPageShowPrevAction : public Action<Ts...>
  public:
   DisplayPageShowPrevAction(Display *buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->buffer_->show_prev_page(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->buffer_->show_prev_page(); }
 
   Display *buffer_;
 };
@@ -740,7 +850,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DisplayIsDisplayingPageCondition : public Conditi
   DisplayIsDisplayingPageCondition(Display *parent) : parent_(parent) {}
 
   void set_page(DisplayPage *page) { this->page_ = page; }
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->get_active_page() == this->page_; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->get_active_page() == this->page_; }
 
  protected:
   Display *parent_;

esphome/components/display_menu_base/automation.h

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class UpAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit UpAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->up(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->up(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class DownAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit DownAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->down(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->down(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class LeftAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit LeftAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->left(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->left(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RightAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit RightAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->right(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->right(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class EnterAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit EnterAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->enter(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->enter(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ShowAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ShowAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->show(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->show(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class HideAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit HideAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->hide(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->hide(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ShowMainAction : public Action<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit ShowMainAction(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
 
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->menu_->show_main(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->menu_->show_main(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class ShowMainAction : public Action<Ts...> {
 template<typename... Ts> class IsActiveCondition : public Condition<Ts...> {
  public:
   explicit IsActiveCondition(DisplayMenuComponent *menu) : menu_(menu) {}
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->menu_->is_active(); }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->menu_->is_active(); }
 
  protected:
   DisplayMenuComponent *menu_;

esphome/components/display_menu_base/menu_item.cpp

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ std::string MenuItemSelect::get_value_text() const {
     result = this->value_getter_.value()(this);
   } else {
     if (this->select_var_ != nullptr) {
-      result = this->select_var_->state;
+      result = this->select_var_->current_option();
     }
   }
 

esphome/components/ds1307/ds1307.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ void DS1307Component::dump_config() {
   if (this->is_failed()) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, ESP_LOG_MSG_COMM_FAIL);
   }
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Timezone: '%s'", this->timezone_.c_str());
+  RealTimeClock::dump_config();
 }
 
 float DS1307Component::get_setup_priority() const { return setup_priority::DATA; }

esphome/components/ds1307/ds1307.h

@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ class DS1307Component : public time::RealTimeClock, public i2c::I2CDevice {
 
 template<typename... Ts> class WriteAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DS1307Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->write_time(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->write_time(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ReadAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DS1307Component> {
  public:
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->read_time(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->read_time(); }
 };
 }  // namespace ds1307
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/duty_time/duty_time_sensor.h

@@ -51,15 +51,15 @@ class DutyTimeSensor : public sensor::Sensor, public PollingComponent {
 template<typename... Ts> class BaseAction : public Action<Ts...>, public Parented<DutyTimeSensor> {};
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StartAction : public BaseAction<Ts...> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->start(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class StopAction : public BaseAction<Ts...> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->stop(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class ResetAction : public BaseAction<Ts...> {
-  void play(Ts... x) override { this->parent_->reset(); }
+  void play(const Ts &...x) override { this->parent_->reset(); }
 };
 
 template<typename... Ts> class RunningCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, public Parented<DutyTimeSensor> {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ template<typename... Ts> class RunningCondition : public Condition<Ts...>, publi
   explicit RunningCondition(DutyTimeSensor *parent, bool state) : Parented(parent), state_(state) {}
 
  protected:
-  bool check(Ts... x) override { return this->parent_->is_running() == this->state_; }
+  bool check(const Ts &...x) override { return this->parent_->is_running() == this->state_; }
   bool state_;
 };
 

esphome/components/e131/e131.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include "e131_addressable_light_effect.h"
 #include "esphome/core/log.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
+
 namespace esphome {
 namespace e131 {
 
@@ -76,14 +78,14 @@ void E131Component::loop() {
 }
 
 void E131Component::add_effect(E131AddressableLightEffect *light_effect) {
-  if (light_effects_.count(light_effect)) {
+  if (std::find(light_effects_.begin(), light_effects_.end(), light_effect) != light_effects_.end()) {
     return;
   }
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Registering '%s' for universes %d-%d.", light_effect->get_name().c_str(),
-           light_effect->get_first_universe(), light_effect->get_last_universe());
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Registering '%s' for universes %d-%d.", light_effect->get_name(), light_effect->get_first_universe(),
+           light_effect->get_last_universe());
 
-  light_effects_.insert(light_effect);
+  light_effects_.push_back(light_effect);
 
   for (auto universe = light_effect->get_first_universe(); universe <= light_effect->get_last_universe(); ++universe) {
     join_(universe);
@@ -91,14 +93,17 @@ void E131Component::add_effect(E131AddressableLightEffect *light_effect) {
 }
 
 void E131Component::remove_effect(E131AddressableLightEffect *light_effect) {
-  if (!light_effects_.count(light_effect)) {
+  auto it = std::find(light_effects_.begin(), light_effects_.end(), light_effect);
+  if (it == light_effects_.end()) {
     return;
   }
 
-  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Unregistering '%s' for universes %d-%d.", light_effect->get_name().c_str(),
-           light_effect->get_first_universe(), light_effect->get_last_universe());
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Unregistering '%s' for universes %d-%d.", light_effect->get_name(), light_effect->get_first_universe(),
+           light_effect->get_last_universe());
 
-  light_effects_.erase(light_effect);
+  // Swap with last element and pop for O(1) removal (order doesn't matter)
+  *it = light_effects_.back();
+  light_effects_.pop_back();
 
   for (auto universe = light_effect->get_first_universe(); universe <= light_effect->get_last_universe(); ++universe) {
     leave_(universe);

esphome/components/e131/e131.h

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
-#include <set>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace esphome {
@@ -47,9 +46,8 @@ class E131Component : public esphome::Component {
 
   E131ListenMethod listen_method_{E131_MULTICAST};
   std::unique_ptr<socket::Socket> socket_;
-  std::set<E131AddressableLightEffect *> light_effects_;
+  std::vector<E131AddressableLightEffect *> light_effects_;
   std::map<int, int> universe_consumers_;
-  std::map<int, E131Packet> universe_packets_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace e131