Merge branch 'dev' into voice_get_config

Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci-lite[bot] <117423508+pre-commit-ci-lite[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

CODEOWNERS

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ esphome/components/bl0939/* @ziceva
 esphome/components/bl0940/* @dan-s-github @tobias-
 esphome/components/bl0942/* @dbuezas @dwmw2
 esphome/components/ble_client/* @buxtronix @clydebarrow
+esphome/components/ble_nus/* @tomaszduda23
 esphome/components/bluetooth_proxy/* @bdraco @jesserockz
 esphome/components/bme280_base/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/bme280_spi/* @apbodrov

esphome/__main__.py

@@ -185,7 +185,9 @@ def choose_upload_log_host(
             else:
                 resolved.append(device)
         if not resolved:
-            _LOGGER.error("All specified devices: %s could not be resolved.", defaults)
+            raise EsphomeError(
+                f"All specified devices {defaults} could not be resolved. Is the device connected to the network?"
+            )
         return resolved
 
     # No devices specified, show interactive chooser

esphome/components/api/api.proto

@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ message ListEntitiesLightResponse {
   string name = 3;
   reserved 4; // Deprecated: was string unique_id
 
-  repeated ColorMode supported_color_modes = 12 [(container_pointer) = "std::set<light::ColorMode>"];
+  repeated ColorMode supported_color_modes = 12 [(container_pointer_no_template) = "light::ColorModeMask"];
   // next four supports_* are for legacy clients, newer clients should use color modes
   // Deprecated in API version 1.6
   bool legacy_supports_brightness = 5 [deprecated=true];

esphome/components/api/api_connection.cpp

@@ -453,7 +453,6 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_light_state(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *
                                              bool is_single) {
   auto *light = static_cast<light::LightState *>(entity);
   LightStateResponse resp;
-  auto traits = light->get_traits();
   auto values = light->remote_values;
   auto color_mode = values.get_color_mode();
   resp.state = values.is_on();
@@ -477,7 +476,8 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_light_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection *c
   auto *light = static_cast<light::LightState *>(entity);
   ListEntitiesLightResponse msg;
   auto traits = light->get_traits();
-  msg.supported_color_modes = &traits.get_supported_color_modes_for_api_();
+  // Pass pointer to ColorModeMask so the iterator can encode actual ColorMode enum values
+  msg.supported_color_modes = &traits.get_supported_color_modes();
   if (traits.supports_color_capability(light::ColorCapability::COLOR_TEMPERATURE) ||
       traits.supports_color_capability(light::ColorCapability::COLD_WARM_WHITE)) {
     msg.min_mireds = traits.get_min_mireds();
@@ -661,11 +661,12 @@ uint16_t APIConnection::try_send_climate_info(EntityBase *entity, APIConnection
   ListEntitiesClimateResponse msg;
   auto traits = climate->get_traits();
   // Flags set for backward compatibility, deprecated in 2025.11.0
-  msg.supports_current_temperature = traits.get_supports_current_temperature();
-  msg.supports_current_humidity = traits.get_supports_current_humidity();
-  msg.supports_two_point_target_temperature = traits.get_supports_two_point_target_temperature();
-  msg.supports_target_humidity = traits.get_supports_target_humidity();
-  msg.supports_action = traits.get_supports_action();
+  msg.supports_current_temperature = traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_TEMPERATURE);
+  msg.supports_current_humidity = traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_HUMIDITY);
+  msg.supports_two_point_target_temperature = traits.has_feature_flags(
+      climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE | climate::CLIMATE_REQUIRES_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE);
+  msg.supports_target_humidity = traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TARGET_HUMIDITY);
+  msg.supports_action = traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_ACTION);
   // Current feature flags and other supported parameters
   msg.feature_flags = traits.get_feature_flags();
   msg.supported_modes = &traits.get_supported_modes_for_api_();
@@ -1081,13 +1082,8 @@ void APIConnection::on_get_time_response(const GetTimeResponse &value) {
     homeassistant::global_homeassistant_time->set_epoch_time(value.epoch_seconds);
 #ifdef USE_TIME_TIMEZONE
     if (value.timezone_len > 0) {
-      const std::string &current_tz = homeassistant::global_homeassistant_time->get_timezone();
-      // Compare without allocating a string
-      if (current_tz.length() != value.timezone_len ||
-          memcmp(current_tz.c_str(), value.timezone, value.timezone_len) != 0) {
-        homeassistant::global_homeassistant_time->set_timezone(
-            std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(value.timezone), value.timezone_len));
-      }
+      homeassistant::global_homeassistant_time->set_timezone(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(value.timezone),
+                                                             value.timezone_len);
     }
 #endif
   }

esphome/components/api/api_options.proto

@@ -70,4 +70,14 @@ extend google.protobuf.FieldOptions {
     // init(size) before adding elements. This eliminates std::vector template overhead
     // and is ideal when the exact size is known before populating the array.
     optional bool fixed_vector = 50013 [default=false];
+
+    // container_pointer_no_template: Use a non-template container type for repeated fields
+    // Similar to container_pointer, but for containers that don't take template parameters.
+    // The container type is used as-is without appending element type.
+    // The container must have:
+    // - begin() and end() methods returning iterators
+    // - empty() method
+    // Example: [(container_pointer_no_template) = "light::ColorModeMask"]
+    //   generates: const light::ColorModeMask *supported_color_modes{};
+    optional string container_pointer_no_template = 50014;
 }

esphome/components/api/api_pb2.h

@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ class ListEntitiesLightResponse final : public InfoResponseProtoMessage {
 #ifdef HAS_PROTO_MESSAGE_DUMP
   const char *message_name() const override { return "list_entities_light_response"; }
 #endif
-  const std::set<light::ColorMode> *supported_color_modes{};
+  const light::ColorModeMask *supported_color_modes{};
   float min_mireds{0.0f};
   float max_mireds{0.0f};
   std::vector<std::string> effects{};

esphome/components/ble_nus/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+from esphome.components.zephyr import zephyr_add_prj_conf
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID, CONF_LOGS, CONF_TYPE
+
+AUTO_LOAD = ["zephyr_ble_server"]
+CODEOWNERS = ["@tomaszduda23"]
+
+ble_nus_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("ble_nus")
+BLENUS = ble_nus_ns.class_("BLENUS", cg.Component)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(BLENUS),
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TYPE, default=CONF_LOGS): cv.one_of(
+                *[CONF_LOGS], lower=True
+            ),
+        }
+    ).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA),
+    cv.only_with_framework("zephyr"),
+)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    zephyr_add_prj_conf("BT_NUS", True)
+    cg.add(var.set_expose_log(config[CONF_TYPE] == CONF_LOGS))
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

esphome/components/ble_nus/ble_nus.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#ifdef USE_ZEPHYR
+#include "ble_nus.h"
+#include <zephyr/kernel.h>
+#include <bluetooth/services/nus.h>
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#ifdef USE_LOGGER
+#include "esphome/components/logger/logger.h"
+#include "esphome/core/application.h"
+#endif
+#include <zephyr/sys/ring_buffer.h>
+
+namespace esphome::ble_nus {
+
+constexpr size_t BLE_TX_BUF_SIZE = 2048;
+
+// NOLINTBEGIN(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+BLENUS *global_ble_nus;
+RING_BUF_DECLARE(global_ble_tx_ring_buf, BLE_TX_BUF_SIZE);
+// NOLINTEND(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+
+static const char *const TAG = "ble_nus";
+
+size_t BLENUS::write_array(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+  if (atomic_get(&this->tx_status_) == TX_DISABLED) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return ring_buf_put(&global_ble_tx_ring_buf, data, len);
+}
+
+void BLENUS::connected(bt_conn *conn, uint8_t err) {
+  if (err == 0) {
+    global_ble_nus->conn_.store(bt_conn_ref(conn));
+  }
+}
+
+void BLENUS::disconnected(bt_conn *conn, uint8_t reason) {
+  if (global_ble_nus->conn_) {
+    bt_conn_unref(global_ble_nus->conn_.load());
+    // Connection array is global static.
+    // Reference can be kept even if disconnected.
+  }
+}
+
+void BLENUS::tx_callback(bt_conn *conn) {
+  atomic_cas(&global_ble_nus->tx_status_, TX_BUSY, TX_ENABLED);
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Sent operation completed");
+}
+
+void BLENUS::send_enabled_callback(bt_nus_send_status status) {
+  switch (status) {
+    case BT_NUS_SEND_STATUS_ENABLED:
+      atomic_set(&global_ble_nus->tx_status_, TX_ENABLED);
+#ifdef USE_LOGGER
+      if (global_ble_nus->expose_log_) {
+        App.schedule_dump_config();
+      }
+#endif
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "NUS notification has been enabled");
+      break;
+    case BT_NUS_SEND_STATUS_DISABLED:
+      atomic_set(&global_ble_nus->tx_status_, TX_DISABLED);
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "NUS notification has been disabled");
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+void BLENUS::rx_callback(bt_conn *conn, const uint8_t *const data, uint16_t len) {
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Received %d bytes.", len);
+}
+
+void BLENUS::setup() {
+  bt_nus_cb callbacks = {
+      .received = rx_callback,
+      .sent = tx_callback,
+      .send_enabled = send_enabled_callback,
+  };
+
+  bt_nus_init(&callbacks);
+
+  static bt_conn_cb conn_callbacks = {
+      .connected = BLENUS::connected,
+      .disconnected = BLENUS::disconnected,
+  };
+
+  bt_conn_cb_register(&conn_callbacks);
+
+  global_ble_nus = this;
+#ifdef USE_LOGGER
+  if (logger::global_logger != nullptr && this->expose_log_) {
+    logger::global_logger->add_on_log_callback(
+        [this](int level, const char *tag, const char *message, size_t message_len) {
+          this->write_array(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(message), message_len);
+          const char c = '\n';
+          this->write_array(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(&c), 1);
+        });
+  }
+
+#endif
+}
+
+void BLENUS::dump_config() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "ble nus:");
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  log: %s", YESNO(this->expose_log_));
+  uint32_t mtu = 0;
+  bt_conn *conn = this->conn_.load();
+  if (conn) {
+    mtu = bt_nus_get_mtu(conn);
+  }
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  MTU: %u", mtu);
+}
+
+void BLENUS::loop() {
+  if (ring_buf_is_empty(&global_ble_tx_ring_buf)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (!atomic_cas(&this->tx_status_, TX_ENABLED, TX_BUSY)) {
+    if (atomic_get(&this->tx_status_) == TX_DISABLED) {
+      ring_buf_reset(&global_ble_tx_ring_buf);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  bt_conn *conn = this->conn_.load();
+  if (conn) {
+    conn = bt_conn_ref(conn);
+  }
+
+  if (nullptr == conn) {
+    atomic_cas(&this->tx_status_, TX_BUSY, TX_ENABLED);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t req_len = bt_nus_get_mtu(conn);
+
+  uint8_t *buf;
+  uint32_t size = ring_buf_get_claim(&global_ble_tx_ring_buf, &buf, req_len);
+
+  int err, err2;
+
+  err = bt_nus_send(conn, buf, size);
+  err2 = ring_buf_get_finish(&global_ble_tx_ring_buf, size);
+  if (err2) {
+    // It should no happen.
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Size %u exceeds valid bytes in the ring buffer (%d error)", size, err2);
+  }
+  if (err == 0) {
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "Sent %d bytes", size);
+  } else {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to send %d bytes (%d error)", size, err);
+    atomic_cas(&this->tx_status_, TX_BUSY, TX_ENABLED);
+  }
+  bt_conn_unref(conn);
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_nus
+#endif

esphome/components/ble_nus/ble_nus.h

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifdef USE_ZEPHYR
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include <shell/shell_bt_nus.h>
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace esphome::ble_nus {
+
+class BLENUS : public Component {
+  enum TxStatus {
+    TX_DISABLED,
+    TX_ENABLED,
+    TX_BUSY,
+  };
+
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  void dump_config() override;
+  void loop() override;
+  size_t write_array(const uint8_t *data, size_t len);
+  void set_expose_log(bool expose_log) { this->expose_log_ = expose_log; }
+
+ protected:
+  static void send_enabled_callback(bt_nus_send_status status);
+  static void tx_callback(bt_conn *conn);
+  static void rx_callback(bt_conn *conn, const uint8_t *data, uint16_t len);
+  static void connected(bt_conn *conn, uint8_t err);
+  static void disconnected(bt_conn *conn, uint8_t reason);
+
+  std::atomic<bt_conn *> conn_ = nullptr;
+  bool expose_log_ = false;
+  atomic_t tx_status_ = ATOMIC_INIT(TX_DISABLED);
+};
+
+}  // namespace esphome::ble_nus
+#endif

esphome/components/bluetooth_proxy/bluetooth_proxy.cpp

@@ -155,16 +155,12 @@ esp32_ble_tracker::AdvertisementParserType BluetoothProxy::get_advertisement_par
 BluetoothConnection *BluetoothProxy::get_connection_(uint64_t address, bool reserve) {
   for (uint8_t i = 0; i < this->connection_count_; i++) {
     auto *connection = this->connections_[i];
-    if (connection->get_address() == address)
+    uint64_t conn_addr = connection->get_address();
+
+    if (conn_addr == address)
       return connection;
-  }
 
-  if (!reserve)
-    return nullptr;
-
-  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < this->connection_count_; i++) {
-    auto *connection = this->connections_[i];
-    if (connection->get_address() == 0) {
+    if (reserve && conn_addr == 0) {
       connection->send_service_ = INIT_SENDING_SERVICES;
       connection->set_address(address);
       // All connections must start at INIT
@@ -175,7 +171,6 @@ BluetoothConnection *BluetoothProxy::get_connection_(uint64_t address, bool rese
       return connection;
     }
   }
-
   return nullptr;
 }
 

esphome/components/bme680_bsec/__init__.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
     cv.Schema(
         {
             cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(BME680BSECComponent),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET, default=0): cv.temperature,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET, default=0): cv.temperature_delta,
             cv.Optional(CONF_IAQ_MODE, default="STATIC"): cv.enum(
                 IAQ_MODE_OPTIONS, upper=True
             ),

esphome/components/bme68x_bsec2/__init__.py

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA_BASE = (
             cv.Optional(CONF_SUPPLY_VOLTAGE, default="3.3V"): cv.enum(
                 VOLTAGE_OPTIONS, upper=True
             ),
-            cv.Optional(CONF_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET, default=0): cv.temperature,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET, default=0): cv.temperature_delta,
             cv.Optional(
                 CONF_STATE_SAVE_INTERVAL, default="6hours"
             ): cv.positive_time_period_minutes,

esphome/components/esp32_ble_client/ble_client_base.h

@@ -61,12 +61,7 @@ class BLEClientBase : public espbt::ESPBTClient, public Component {
       this->address_str_ = "";
     } else {
       char buf[18];
-      uint8_t mac[6] = {
-          (uint8_t) ((this->address_ >> 40) & 0xff), (uint8_t) ((this->address_ >> 32) & 0xff),
-          (uint8_t) ((this->address_ >> 24) & 0xff), (uint8_t) ((this->address_ >> 16) & 0xff),
-          (uint8_t) ((this->address_ >> 8) & 0xff),  (uint8_t) ((this->address_ >> 0) & 0xff),
-      };
-      format_mac_addr_upper(mac, buf);
+      format_mac_addr_upper(this->remote_bda_, buf);
       this->address_str_ = buf;
     }
   }

esphome/components/light/color_mode.h

@@ -104,5 +104,200 @@ constexpr ColorModeHelper operator|(ColorModeHelper lhs, ColorMode rhs) {
   return static_cast<ColorMode>(static_cast<uint8_t>(lhs) | static_cast<uint8_t>(rhs));
 }
 
+// Type alias for raw color mode bitmask values
+using color_mode_bitmask_t = uint16_t;
+
+// Constants for ColorMode count and bit range
+static constexpr int COLOR_MODE_COUNT = 10;                             // UNKNOWN through RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE
+static constexpr int MAX_BIT_INDEX = sizeof(color_mode_bitmask_t) * 8;  // Number of bits in bitmask type
+
+// Compile-time array of all ColorMode values in declaration order
+// Bit positions (0-9) map directly to enum declaration order
+static constexpr ColorMode COLOR_MODES[COLOR_MODE_COUNT] = {
+    ColorMode::UNKNOWN,                // bit 0
+    ColorMode::ON_OFF,                 // bit 1
+    ColorMode::BRIGHTNESS,             // bit 2
+    ColorMode::WHITE,                  // bit 3
+    ColorMode::COLOR_TEMPERATURE,      // bit 4
+    ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE,        // bit 5
+    ColorMode::RGB,                    // bit 6
+    ColorMode::RGB_WHITE,              // bit 7
+    ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE,  // bit 8
+    ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE,    // bit 9
+};
+
+/// Map ColorMode enum values to bit positions (0-9)
+/// Bit positions follow the enum declaration order
+static constexpr int mode_to_bit(ColorMode mode) {
+  // Linear search through COLOR_MODES array
+  // Compiler optimizes this to efficient code since array is constexpr
+  for (int i = 0; i < COLOR_MODE_COUNT; ++i) {
+    if (COLOR_MODES[i] == mode)
+      return i;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/// Map bit positions (0-9) to ColorMode enum values
+/// Bit positions follow the enum declaration order
+static constexpr ColorMode bit_to_mode(int bit) {
+  // Direct lookup in COLOR_MODES array
+  return (bit >= 0 && bit < COLOR_MODE_COUNT) ? COLOR_MODES[bit] : ColorMode::UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+/// Helper to compute capability bitmask at compile time
+static constexpr color_mode_bitmask_t compute_capability_bitmask(ColorCapability capability) {
+  color_mode_bitmask_t mask = 0;
+  uint8_t cap_bit = static_cast<uint8_t>(capability);
+
+  // Check each ColorMode to see if it has this capability
+  for (int bit = 0; bit < COLOR_MODE_COUNT; ++bit) {
+    uint8_t mode_val = static_cast<uint8_t>(bit_to_mode(bit));
+    if ((mode_val & cap_bit) != 0) {
+      mask |= (1 << bit);
+    }
+  }
+  return mask;
+}
+
+// Number of ColorCapability enum values
+static constexpr int COLOR_CAPABILITY_COUNT = 6;
+
+/// Compile-time lookup table mapping ColorCapability to bitmask
+/// This array is computed at compile time using constexpr
+static constexpr color_mode_bitmask_t CAPABILITY_BITMASKS[] = {
+    compute_capability_bitmask(ColorCapability::ON_OFF),             // 1 << 0
+    compute_capability_bitmask(ColorCapability::BRIGHTNESS),         // 1 << 1
+    compute_capability_bitmask(ColorCapability::WHITE),              // 1 << 2
+    compute_capability_bitmask(ColorCapability::COLOR_TEMPERATURE),  // 1 << 3
+    compute_capability_bitmask(ColorCapability::COLD_WARM_WHITE),    // 1 << 4
+    compute_capability_bitmask(ColorCapability::RGB),                // 1 << 5
+};
+
+/// Bitmask for storing a set of ColorMode values efficiently.
+/// Replaces std::set<ColorMode> to eliminate red-black tree overhead (~586 bytes).
+class ColorModeMask {
+ public:
+  constexpr ColorModeMask() = default;
+
+  /// Support initializer list syntax: {ColorMode::RGB, ColorMode::WHITE}
+  constexpr ColorModeMask(std::initializer_list<ColorMode> modes) {
+    for (auto mode : modes) {
+      this->add(mode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  constexpr void add(ColorMode mode) { this->mask_ |= (1 << mode_to_bit(mode)); }
+
+  /// Add multiple modes at once using initializer list
+  constexpr void add(std::initializer_list<ColorMode> modes) {
+    for (auto mode : modes) {
+      this->add(mode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  constexpr bool contains(ColorMode mode) const { return (this->mask_ & (1 << mode_to_bit(mode))) != 0; }
+
+  constexpr size_t size() const {
+    // Count set bits using Brian Kernighan's algorithm
+    // More efficient for sparse bitmasks (typical case: 2-4 modes out of 10)
+    uint16_t n = this->mask_;
+    size_t count = 0;
+    while (n) {
+      n &= n - 1;  // Clear the least significant set bit
+      count++;
+    }
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  constexpr bool empty() const { return this->mask_ == 0; }
+
+  /// Iterator support for API encoding
+  class Iterator {
+   public:
+    using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
+    using value_type = ColorMode;
+    using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using pointer = const ColorMode *;
+    using reference = ColorMode;
+
+    constexpr Iterator(color_mode_bitmask_t mask, int bit) : mask_(mask), bit_(bit) { advance_to_next_set_bit_(); }
+
+    constexpr ColorMode operator*() const { return bit_to_mode(bit_); }
+
+    constexpr Iterator &operator++() {
+      ++bit_;
+      advance_to_next_set_bit_();
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    constexpr bool operator==(const Iterator &other) const { return bit_ == other.bit_; }
+
+    constexpr bool operator!=(const Iterator &other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
+   private:
+    constexpr void advance_to_next_set_bit_() { bit_ = ColorModeMask::find_next_set_bit(mask_, bit_); }
+
+    color_mode_bitmask_t mask_;
+    int bit_;
+  };
+
+  constexpr Iterator begin() const { return Iterator(mask_, 0); }
+  constexpr Iterator end() const { return Iterator(mask_, MAX_BIT_INDEX); }
+
+  /// Get the raw bitmask value for API encoding
+  constexpr color_mode_bitmask_t get_mask() const { return this->mask_; }
+
+  /// Find the next set bit in a bitmask starting from a given position
+  /// Returns the bit position, or MAX_BIT_INDEX if no more bits are set
+  static constexpr int find_next_set_bit(color_mode_bitmask_t mask, int start_bit) {
+    int bit = start_bit;
+    while (bit < MAX_BIT_INDEX && !(mask & (1 << bit))) {
+      ++bit;
+    }
+    return bit;
+  }
+
+  /// Find the first set bit in a bitmask and return the corresponding ColorMode
+  /// Used for optimizing compute_color_mode_() intersection logic
+  static constexpr ColorMode first_mode_from_mask(color_mode_bitmask_t mask) {
+    return bit_to_mode(find_next_set_bit(mask, 0));
+  }
+
+  /// Check if a ColorMode is present in a raw bitmask value
+  /// Useful for checking intersection results without creating a temporary ColorModeMask
+  static constexpr bool mask_contains(color_mode_bitmask_t mask, ColorMode mode) {
+    return (mask & (1 << mode_to_bit(mode))) != 0;
+  }
+
+  /// Check if any mode in the bitmask has a specific capability
+  /// Used for checking if a light supports a capability (e.g., BRIGHTNESS, RGB)
+  bool has_capability(ColorCapability capability) const {
+    // Lookup the pre-computed bitmask for this capability and check intersection with our mask
+    // ColorCapability values: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 -> array indices: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
+    // We need to convert the power-of-2 value to an index
+    uint8_t cap_val = static_cast<uint8_t>(capability);
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+    // Use compiler intrinsic for efficient bit position lookup (O(1) vs O(log n))
+    int index = __builtin_ctz(cap_val);
+#else
+    // Fallback for compilers without __builtin_ctz
+    int index = 0;
+    while (cap_val > 1) {
+      cap_val >>= 1;
+      ++index;
+    }
+#endif
+    return (this->mask_ & CAPABILITY_BITMASKS[index]) != 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Using uint16_t instead of uint32_t for more efficient iteration (fewer bits to scan).
+  // Currently only 10 ColorMode values exist, so 16 bits is sufficient.
+  // Can be changed to uint32_t if more than 16 color modes are needed in the future.
+  // Note: Due to struct padding, uint16_t and uint32_t result in same LightTraits size (12 bytes).
+  color_mode_bitmask_t mask_{0};
+};
+
 }  // namespace light
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/light/light_call.cpp

@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ void LightCall::transform_parameters_() {
   }
 }
 ColorMode LightCall::compute_color_mode_() {
-  auto supported_modes = this->parent_->get_traits().get_supported_color_modes();
+  const auto &supported_modes = this->parent_->get_traits().get_supported_color_modes();
   int supported_count = supported_modes.size();
 
   // Some lights don't support any color modes (e.g. monochromatic light), leave it at unknown.
@@ -425,20 +425,19 @@ ColorMode LightCall::compute_color_mode_() {
   // If no color mode is specified, we try to guess the color mode. This is needed for backward compatibility to
   // pre-colormode clients and automations, but also for the MQTT API, where HA doesn't let us know which color mode
   // was used for some reason.
-  std::set<ColorMode> suitable_modes = this->get_suitable_color_modes_();
+  // Compute intersection of suitable and supported modes using bitwise AND
+  color_mode_bitmask_t intersection = this->get_suitable_color_modes_mask_() & supported_modes.get_mask();
 
-  // Don't change if the current mode is suitable.
-  if (suitable_modes.count(current_mode) > 0) {
+  // Don't change if the current mode is in the intersection (suitable AND supported)
+  if (ColorModeMask::mask_contains(intersection, current_mode)) {
     ESP_LOGI(TAG, "'%s': color mode not specified; retaining %s", this->parent_->get_name().c_str(),
              LOG_STR_ARG(color_mode_to_human(current_mode)));
     return current_mode;
   }
 
   // Use the preferred suitable mode.
-  for (auto mode : suitable_modes) {
-    if (supported_modes.count(mode) == 0)
-      continue;
-
+  if (intersection != 0) {
+    ColorMode mode = ColorModeMask::first_mode_from_mask(intersection);
     ESP_LOGI(TAG, "'%s': color mode not specified; using %s", this->parent_->get_name().c_str(),
              LOG_STR_ARG(color_mode_to_human(mode)));
     return mode;
@@ -451,7 +450,7 @@ ColorMode LightCall::compute_color_mode_() {
            LOG_STR_ARG(color_mode_to_human(color_mode)));
   return color_mode;
 }
-std::set<ColorMode> LightCall::get_suitable_color_modes_() {
+color_mode_bitmask_t LightCall::get_suitable_color_modes_mask_() {
   bool has_white = this->has_white() && this->white_ > 0.0f;
   bool has_ct = this->has_color_temperature();
   bool has_cwww =
@@ -466,29 +465,37 @@ std::set<ColorMode> LightCall::get_suitable_color_modes_() {
 
   switch (key) {
     case KEY(true, false, false, false):  // white only
-      return {ColorMode::WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE,
-              ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask({ColorMode::WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE,
+                            ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE})
+          .get_mask();
     case KEY(false, true, false, false):  // ct only
-      return {ColorMode::COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE,
-              ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask({ColorMode::COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE,
+                            ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE})
+          .get_mask();
     case KEY(true, true, false, false):  // white + ct
-      return {ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask(
+                 {ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE})
+          .get_mask();
     case KEY(false, false, true, false):  // cwww only
-      return {ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask({ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE}).get_mask();
     case KEY(false, false, false, false):  // none
-      return {ColorMode::RGB_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB,
-              ColorMode::WHITE,     ColorMode::COLOR_TEMPERATURE,     ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask({ColorMode::RGB_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE,
+                            ColorMode::RGB, ColorMode::WHITE, ColorMode::COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::COLD_WARM_WHITE})
+          .get_mask();
     case KEY(true, false, false, true):  // rgb + white
-      return {ColorMode::RGB_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask({ColorMode::RGB_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE})
+          .get_mask();
     case KEY(false, true, false, true):  // rgb + ct
     case KEY(true, true, false, true):   // rgb + white + ct
-      return {ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask({ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE}).get_mask();
     case KEY(false, false, true, true):  // rgb + cwww
-      return {ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask({ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE}).get_mask();
     case KEY(false, false, false, true):  // rgb only
-      return {ColorMode::RGB, ColorMode::RGB_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE, ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE};
+      return ColorModeMask({ColorMode::RGB, ColorMode::RGB_WHITE, ColorMode::RGB_COLOR_TEMPERATURE,
+                            ColorMode::RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE})
+          .get_mask();
     default:
-      return {};  // conflicting flags
+      return 0;  // conflicting flags
   }
 
 #undef KEY

esphome/components/light/light_call.h

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "light_color_values.h"
-#include <set>
 
 namespace esphome {
 
@@ -186,8 +185,8 @@ class LightCall {
 
   //// Compute the color mode that should be used for this call.
   ColorMode compute_color_mode_();
-  /// Get potential color modes for this light call.
-  std::set<ColorMode> get_suitable_color_modes_();
+  /// Get potential color modes bitmask for this light call.
+  color_mode_bitmask_t get_suitable_color_modes_mask_();
   /// Some color modes also can be set using non-native parameters, transform those calls.
   void transform_parameters_();
 

esphome/components/light/light_json_schema.cpp

@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ void LightJSONSchema::dump_json(LightState &state, JsonObject root) {
   }
 
   auto values = state.remote_values;
-  auto traits = state.get_output()->get_traits();
 
   const auto color_mode = values.get_color_mode();
   const char *mode_str = get_color_mode_json_str(color_mode);

esphome/components/light/light_state.cpp

@@ -191,11 +191,9 @@ void LightState::current_values_as_brightness(float *brightness) {
   this->current_values.as_brightness(brightness, this->gamma_correct_);
 }
 void LightState::current_values_as_rgb(float *red, float *green, float *blue, bool color_interlock) {
-  auto traits = this->get_traits();
   this->current_values.as_rgb(red, green, blue, this->gamma_correct_, false);
 }
 void LightState::current_values_as_rgbw(float *red, float *green, float *blue, float *white, bool color_interlock) {
-  auto traits = this->get_traits();
   this->current_values.as_rgbw(red, green, blue, white, this->gamma_correct_, false);
 }
 void LightState::current_values_as_rgbww(float *red, float *green, float *blue, float *cold_white, float *warm_white,
@@ -209,7 +207,6 @@ void LightState::current_values_as_rgbct(float *red, float *green, float *blue,
                                 white_brightness, this->gamma_correct_);
 }
 void LightState::current_values_as_cwww(float *cold_white, float *warm_white, bool constant_brightness) {
-  auto traits = this->get_traits();
   this->current_values.as_cwww(cold_white, warm_white, this->gamma_correct_, constant_brightness);
 }
 void LightState::current_values_as_ct(float *color_temperature, float *white_brightness) {

esphome/components/light/light_traits.h

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "color_mode.h"
-#include <set>
 
 namespace esphome {
 
@@ -19,18 +18,17 @@ class LightTraits {
  public:
   LightTraits() = default;
 
-  const std::set<ColorMode> &get_supported_color_modes() const { return this->supported_color_modes_; }
-  void set_supported_color_modes(std::set<ColorMode> supported_color_modes) {
-    this->supported_color_modes_ = std::move(supported_color_modes);
+  const ColorModeMask &get_supported_color_modes() const { return this->supported_color_modes_; }
+  void set_supported_color_modes(ColorModeMask supported_color_modes) {
+    this->supported_color_modes_ = supported_color_modes;
+  }
+  void set_supported_color_modes(std::initializer_list<ColorMode> modes) {
+    this->supported_color_modes_ = ColorModeMask(modes);
   }
 
-  bool supports_color_mode(ColorMode color_mode) const { return this->supported_color_modes_.count(color_mode); }
+  bool supports_color_mode(ColorMode color_mode) const { return this->supported_color_modes_.contains(color_mode); }
   bool supports_color_capability(ColorCapability color_capability) const {
-    for (auto mode : this->supported_color_modes_) {
-      if (mode & color_capability)
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
+    return this->supported_color_modes_.has_capability(color_capability);
   }
 
   ESPDEPRECATED("get_supports_brightness() is deprecated, use color modes instead.", "v1.21")
@@ -59,19 +57,9 @@ class LightTraits {
   void set_max_mireds(float max_mireds) { this->max_mireds_ = max_mireds; }
 
  protected:
-#ifdef USE_API
-  // The API connection is a friend class to access internal methods
-  friend class api::APIConnection;
-  // This method returns a reference to the internal color modes set.
-  // It is used by the API to avoid copying data when encoding messages.
-  // Warning: Do not use this method outside of the API connection code.
-  // It returns a reference to internal data that can be invalidated.
-  const std::set<ColorMode> &get_supported_color_modes_for_api_() const { return this->supported_color_modes_; }
-#endif
-
-  std::set<ColorMode> supported_color_modes_{};
   float min_mireds_{0};
   float max_mireds_{0};
+  ColorModeMask supported_color_modes_{};
 };
 
 }  // namespace light

esphome/components/logger/logger.h

@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ static constexpr char LOG_LEVEL_LETTER_CHARS[] = {
 // Maximum header size: 35 bytes fixed + 32 bytes tag + 16 bytes thread name = 83 bytes (45 byte safety margin)
 static constexpr uint16_t MAX_HEADER_SIZE = 128;
 
+// "0x" + 2 hex digits per byte + '\0'
+static constexpr size_t MAX_POINTER_REPRESENTATION = 2 + sizeof(void *) * 2 + 1;
+
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_ESP8266) || defined(USE_RP2040) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY) || defined(USE_ZEPHYR)
 /** Enum for logging UART selection
  *
@@ -177,8 +180,11 @@ class Logger : public Component {
   inline void HOT format_log_to_buffer_with_terminator_(uint8_t level, const char *tag, int line, const char *format,
                                                         va_list args, char *buffer, uint16_t *buffer_at,
                                                         uint16_t buffer_size) {
-#if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY) || defined(USE_ZEPHYR)
+#if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
     this->write_header_to_buffer_(level, tag, line, this->get_thread_name_(), buffer, buffer_at, buffer_size);
+#elif defined(USE_ZEPHYR)
+    char buff[MAX_POINTER_REPRESENTATION];
+    this->write_header_to_buffer_(level, tag, line, this->get_thread_name_(buff), buffer, buffer_at, buffer_size);
 #else
     this->write_header_to_buffer_(level, tag, line, nullptr, buffer, buffer_at, buffer_size);
 #endif
@@ -277,7 +283,11 @@ class Logger : public Component {
 #endif
 
 #if defined(USE_ESP32) || defined(USE_LIBRETINY) || defined(USE_ZEPHYR)
-  const char *HOT get_thread_name_() {
+  const char *HOT get_thread_name_(
+#ifdef USE_ZEPHYR
+      char *buff
+#endif
+  ) {
 #ifdef USE_ZEPHYR
     k_tid_t current_task = k_current_get();
 #else
@@ -291,7 +301,13 @@ class Logger : public Component {
 #elif defined(USE_LIBRETINY)
       return pcTaskGetTaskName(current_task);
 #elif defined(USE_ZEPHYR)
-      return k_thread_name_get(current_task);
+      const char *name = k_thread_name_get(current_task);
+      if (name) {
+        // zephyr print task names only if debug component is present
+        return name;
+      }
+      std::snprintf(buff, MAX_POINTER_REPRESENTATION, "%p", current_task);
+      return buff;
 #endif
     }
   }

esphome/components/mdns/mdns_esp32.cpp

@@ -31,18 +31,17 @@ void MDNSComponent::setup() {
   mdns_instance_name_set(this->hostname_.c_str());
 
   for (const auto &service : services) {
-    std::vector<mdns_txt_item_t> txt_records;
-    for (const auto &record : service.txt_records) {
-      mdns_txt_item_t it{};
+    auto txt_records = std::make_unique<mdns_txt_item_t[]>(service.txt_records.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < service.txt_records.size(); i++) {
+      const auto &record = service.txt_records[i];
       // key and value are either compile-time string literals in flash or pointers to dynamic_txt_values_
       // Both remain valid for the lifetime of this function, and ESP-IDF makes internal copies
-      it.key = MDNS_STR_ARG(record.key);
-      it.value = MDNS_STR_ARG(record.value);
-      txt_records.push_back(it);
+      txt_records[i].key = MDNS_STR_ARG(record.key);
+      txt_records[i].value = MDNS_STR_ARG(record.value);
     }
     uint16_t port = const_cast<TemplatableValue<uint16_t> &>(service.port).value();
     err = mdns_service_add(nullptr, MDNS_STR_ARG(service.service_type), MDNS_STR_ARG(service.proto), port,
-                           txt_records.data(), txt_records.size());
+                           txt_records.get(), service.txt_records.size());
 
     if (err != ESP_OK) {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Failed to register service %s: %s", MDNS_STR_ARG(service.service_type), esp_err_to_name(err));

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_client.cpp

@@ -140,11 +140,8 @@ void MQTTClientComponent::send_device_info_() {
 #endif
 
 #ifdef USE_API_NOISE
-        if (api::global_api_server->get_noise_ctx()->has_psk()) {
-          root["api_encryption"] = "Noise_NNpsk0_25519_ChaChaPoly_SHA256";
-        } else {
-          root["api_encryption_supported"] = "Noise_NNpsk0_25519_ChaChaPoly_SHA256";
-        }
+        root[api::global_api_server->get_noise_ctx()->has_psk() ? "api_encryption" : "api_encryption_supported"] =
+            "Noise_NNpsk0_25519_ChaChaPoly_SHA256";
 #endif
       },
       2, this->discovery_info_.retain);

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_climate.cpp

@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@ void MQTTClimateComponent::send_discovery(JsonObject root, mqtt::SendDiscoveryCo
   // NOLINTBEGIN(clang-analyzer-cplusplus.NewDeleteLeaks) false positive with ArduinoJson
   auto traits = this->device_->get_traits();
   // current_temperature_topic
-  if (traits.get_supports_current_temperature()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_TEMPERATURE)) {
     root[MQTT_CURRENT_TEMPERATURE_TOPIC] = this->get_current_temperature_state_topic();
   }
   // current_humidity_topic
-  if (traits.get_supports_current_humidity()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_HUMIDITY)) {
     root[MQTT_CURRENT_HUMIDITY_TOPIC] = this->get_current_humidity_state_topic();
   }
   // mode_command_topic
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ void MQTTClimateComponent::send_discovery(JsonObject root, mqtt::SendDiscoveryCo
   if (traits.supports_mode(CLIMATE_MODE_HEAT_COOL))
     modes.add("heat_cool");
 
-  if (traits.get_supports_two_point_target_temperature()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE |
+                               climate::CLIMATE_REQUIRES_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE)) {
     // temperature_low_command_topic
     root[MQTT_TEMPERATURE_LOW_COMMAND_TOPIC] = this->get_target_temperature_low_command_topic();
     // temperature_low_state_topic
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ void MQTTClimateComponent::send_discovery(JsonObject root, mqtt::SendDiscoveryCo
     root[MQTT_TEMPERATURE_STATE_TOPIC] = this->get_target_temperature_state_topic();
   }
 
-  if (traits.get_supports_target_humidity()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TARGET_HUMIDITY)) {
     // target_humidity_command_topic
     root[MQTT_TARGET_HUMIDITY_COMMAND_TOPIC] = this->get_target_humidity_command_topic();
     // target_humidity_state_topic
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ void MQTTClimateComponent::send_discovery(JsonObject root, mqtt::SendDiscoveryCo
       presets.add(preset);
   }
 
-  if (traits.get_supports_action()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_ACTION)) {
     // action_topic
     root[MQTT_ACTION_TOPIC] = this->get_action_state_topic();
   }
@@ -174,7 +175,8 @@ void MQTTClimateComponent::setup() {
     call.perform();
   });
 
-  if (traits.get_supports_two_point_target_temperature()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE |
+                               climate::CLIMATE_REQUIRES_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE)) {
     this->subscribe(this->get_target_temperature_low_command_topic(),
                     [this](const std::string &topic, const std::string &payload) {
                       auto val = parse_number<float>(payload);
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ void MQTTClimateComponent::setup() {
                     });
   }
 
-  if (traits.get_supports_target_humidity()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TARGET_HUMIDITY)) {
     this->subscribe(this->get_target_humidity_command_topic(),
                     [this](const std::string &topic, const std::string &payload) {
                       auto val = parse_number<float>(payload);
@@ -290,12 +292,14 @@ bool MQTTClimateComponent::publish_state_() {
     success = false;
   int8_t target_accuracy = traits.get_target_temperature_accuracy_decimals();
   int8_t current_accuracy = traits.get_current_temperature_accuracy_decimals();
-  if (traits.get_supports_current_temperature() && !std::isnan(this->device_->current_temperature)) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_TEMPERATURE) &&
+      !std::isnan(this->device_->current_temperature)) {
     std::string payload = value_accuracy_to_string(this->device_->current_temperature, current_accuracy);
     if (!this->publish(this->get_current_temperature_state_topic(), payload))
       success = false;
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_two_point_target_temperature()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE |
+                               climate::CLIMATE_REQUIRES_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE)) {
     std::string payload = value_accuracy_to_string(this->device_->target_temperature_low, target_accuracy);
     if (!this->publish(this->get_target_temperature_low_state_topic(), payload))
       success = false;
@@ -308,12 +312,14 @@ bool MQTTClimateComponent::publish_state_() {
       success = false;
   }
 
-  if (traits.get_supports_current_humidity() && !std::isnan(this->device_->current_humidity)) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_HUMIDITY) &&
+      !std::isnan(this->device_->current_humidity)) {
     std::string payload = value_accuracy_to_string(this->device_->current_humidity, 0);
     if (!this->publish(this->get_current_humidity_state_topic(), payload))
       success = false;
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_target_humidity() && !std::isnan(this->device_->target_humidity)) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TARGET_HUMIDITY) &&
+      !std::isnan(this->device_->target_humidity)) {
     std::string payload = value_accuracy_to_string(this->device_->target_humidity, 0);
     if (!this->publish(this->get_target_humidity_state_topic(), payload))
       success = false;
@@ -357,7 +363,7 @@ bool MQTTClimateComponent::publish_state_() {
       success = false;
   }
 
-  if (traits.get_supports_action()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_ACTION)) {
     const char *payload;
     switch (this->device_->action) {
       case CLIMATE_ACTION_OFF:

esphome/components/mqtt/mqtt_component.cpp

@@ -85,24 +85,20 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
         }
 
         // Fields from EntityBase
-        if (this->get_entity()->has_own_name()) {
-          root[MQTT_NAME] = this->friendly_name();
-        } else {
-          root[MQTT_NAME] = "";
-        }
+        root[MQTT_NAME] = this->get_entity()->has_own_name() ? this->friendly_name() : "";
+
         if (this->is_disabled_by_default())
           root[MQTT_ENABLED_BY_DEFAULT] = false;
         if (!this->get_icon().empty())
           root[MQTT_ICON] = this->get_icon();
 
-        switch (this->get_entity()->get_entity_category()) {
+        const auto entity_category = this->get_entity()->get_entity_category();
+        switch (entity_category) {
           case ENTITY_CATEGORY_NONE:
             break;
           case ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG:
-            root[MQTT_ENTITY_CATEGORY] = "config";
-            break;
           case ENTITY_CATEGORY_DIAGNOSTIC:
-            root[MQTT_ENTITY_CATEGORY] = "diagnostic";
+            root[MQTT_ENTITY_CATEGORY] = entity_category == ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG ? "config" : "diagnostic";
             break;
         }
 
@@ -113,20 +109,14 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
         if (this->command_retain_)
           root[MQTT_COMMAND_RETAIN] = true;
 
-        if (this->availability_ == nullptr) {
-          if (!global_mqtt_client->get_availability().topic.empty()) {
-            root[MQTT_AVAILABILITY_TOPIC] = global_mqtt_client->get_availability().topic;
-            if (global_mqtt_client->get_availability().payload_available != "online")
-              root[MQTT_PAYLOAD_AVAILABLE] = global_mqtt_client->get_availability().payload_available;
-            if (global_mqtt_client->get_availability().payload_not_available != "offline")
-              root[MQTT_PAYLOAD_NOT_AVAILABLE] = global_mqtt_client->get_availability().payload_not_available;
-          }
-        } else if (!this->availability_->topic.empty()) {
-          root[MQTT_AVAILABILITY_TOPIC] = this->availability_->topic;
-          if (this->availability_->payload_available != "online")
-            root[MQTT_PAYLOAD_AVAILABLE] = this->availability_->payload_available;
-          if (this->availability_->payload_not_available != "offline")
-            root[MQTT_PAYLOAD_NOT_AVAILABLE] = this->availability_->payload_not_available;
+        const Availability &avail =
+            this->availability_ == nullptr ? global_mqtt_client->get_availability() : *this->availability_;
+        if (!avail.topic.empty()) {
+          root[MQTT_AVAILABILITY_TOPIC] = avail.topic;
+          if (avail.payload_available != "online")
+            root[MQTT_PAYLOAD_AVAILABLE] = avail.payload_available;
+          if (avail.payload_not_available != "offline")
+            root[MQTT_PAYLOAD_NOT_AVAILABLE] = avail.payload_not_available;
         }
 
         const MQTTDiscoveryInfo &discovery_info = global_mqtt_client->get_discovery_info();
@@ -145,10 +135,8 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
         if (discovery_info.object_id_generator == MQTT_DEVICE_NAME_OBJECT_ID_GENERATOR)
           root[MQTT_OBJECT_ID] = node_name + "_" + this->get_default_object_id_();
 
-        std::string node_friendly_name = App.get_friendly_name();
-        if (node_friendly_name.empty()) {
-          node_friendly_name = node_name;
-        }
+        const std::string &friendly_name_ref = App.get_friendly_name();
+        const std::string &node_friendly_name = friendly_name_ref.empty() ? node_name : friendly_name_ref;
         std::string node_area = App.get_area();
 
         JsonObject device_info = root[MQTT_DEVICE].to<JsonObject>();
@@ -158,13 +146,9 @@ bool MQTTComponent::send_discovery_() {
 #ifdef ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME
         device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_SW_VERSION] = ESPHOME_PROJECT_VERSION " (ESPHome " ESPHOME_VERSION ")";
         const char *model = std::strchr(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME, '.');
-        if (model == nullptr) {  // must never happen but check anyway
-          device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MODEL] = ESPHOME_BOARD;
-          device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MANUFACTURER] = ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME;
-        } else {
-          device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MODEL] = model + 1;
-          device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MANUFACTURER] = std::string(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME, model - ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME);
-        }
+        device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MODEL] = model == nullptr ? ESPHOME_BOARD : model + 1;
+        device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MANUFACTURER] =
+            model == nullptr ? ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME : std::string(ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME, model - ESPHOME_PROJECT_NAME);
 #else
         device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_SW_VERSION] = ESPHOME_VERSION " (" + App.get_compilation_time() + ")";
         device_info[MQTT_DEVICE_MODEL] = ESPHOME_BOARD;

esphome/components/prometheus/prometheus_handler.cpp

@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ void PrometheusHandler::climate_row_(AsyncResponseStream *stream, climate::Clima
   auto min_temp_value = value_accuracy_to_string(traits.get_visual_min_temperature(), target_accuracy);
   climate_value_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, min_temp, min_temp_value);
   // now check optional traits
-  if (traits.get_supports_current_temperature()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_TEMPERATURE)) {
     std::string current_temp = "current_temperature";
     if (std::isnan(obj->current_temperature)) {
       climate_failed_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, current_temp, true);
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ void PrometheusHandler::climate_row_(AsyncResponseStream *stream, climate::Clima
       climate_failed_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, current_temp, false);
     }
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_current_humidity()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_HUMIDITY)) {
     std::string current_humidity = "current_humidity";
     if (std::isnan(obj->current_humidity)) {
       climate_failed_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, current_humidity, true);
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ void PrometheusHandler::climate_row_(AsyncResponseStream *stream, climate::Clima
       climate_failed_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, current_humidity, false);
     }
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_target_humidity()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TARGET_HUMIDITY)) {
     std::string target_humidity = "target_humidity";
     if (std::isnan(obj->target_humidity)) {
       climate_failed_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, target_humidity, true);
@@ -949,7 +949,8 @@ void PrometheusHandler::climate_row_(AsyncResponseStream *stream, climate::Clima
       climate_failed_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, target_humidity, false);
     }
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_two_point_target_temperature()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE |
+                               climate::CLIMATE_REQUIRES_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE)) {
     std::string target_temp_low = "target_temperature_low";
     auto target_temp_low_value = value_accuracy_to_string(obj->target_temperature_low, target_accuracy);
     climate_value_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, target_temp_low, target_temp_low_value);
@@ -961,7 +962,7 @@ void PrometheusHandler::climate_row_(AsyncResponseStream *stream, climate::Clima
     auto target_temp_value = value_accuracy_to_string(obj->target_temperature, target_accuracy);
     climate_value_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, target_temp, target_temp_value);
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_action()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_ACTION)) {
     std::string climate_trait_category = "action";
     const auto *climate_trait_value = climate::climate_action_to_string(obj->action);
     climate_setting_row_(stream, obj, area, node, friendly_name, climate_trait_category, climate_trait_value);

esphome/components/scd4x/sensor.py

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ CONFIG_SCHEMA = (
                 cv.int_range(min=0, max=0xFFFF, max_included=False),
             ),
             cv.Optional(CONF_AMBIENT_PRESSURE_COMPENSATION): cv.pressure,
-            cv.Optional(CONF_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET, default="4°C"): cv.temperature,
+            cv.Optional(CONF_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET, default="4°C"): cv.temperature_delta,
             cv.Optional(CONF_AMBIENT_PRESSURE_COMPENSATION_SOURCE): cv.use_id(
                 sensor.Sensor
             ),

esphome/components/sensor/__init__.py

@@ -251,6 +251,9 @@ MaxFilter = sensor_ns.class_("MaxFilter", Filter)
 SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter = sensor_ns.class_(
     "SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter", Filter
 )
+StreamingMinFilter = sensor_ns.class_("StreamingMinFilter", Filter)
+StreamingMaxFilter = sensor_ns.class_("StreamingMaxFilter", Filter)
+StreamingMovingAverageFilter = sensor_ns.class_("StreamingMovingAverageFilter", Filter)
 ExponentialMovingAverageFilter = sensor_ns.class_(
     "ExponentialMovingAverageFilter", Filter
 )
@@ -452,14 +455,21 @@ async def skip_initial_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
     return cg.new_Pvariable(filter_id, config)
 
 
-@FILTER_REGISTRY.register("min", MinFilter, MIN_SCHEMA)
+@FILTER_REGISTRY.register("min", Filter, MIN_SCHEMA)
 async def min_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(
-        filter_id,
-        config[CONF_WINDOW_SIZE],
-        config[CONF_SEND_EVERY],
-        config[CONF_SEND_FIRST_AT],
-    )
+    window_size: int = config[CONF_WINDOW_SIZE]
+    send_every: int = config[CONF_SEND_EVERY]
+    send_first_at: int = config[CONF_SEND_FIRST_AT]
+
+    # Optimization: Use streaming filter for batch windows (window_size == send_every)
+    # Saves 99.98% memory for large windows (e.g., 20KB → 4 bytes for window_size=5000)
+    if window_size == send_every:
+        # Use streaming filter - O(1) memory instead of O(n)
+        rhs = StreamingMinFilter.new(window_size, send_first_at)
+        return cg.Pvariable(filter_id, rhs, StreamingMinFilter)
+    # Use sliding window filter - maintains ring buffer
+    rhs = MinFilter.new(window_size, send_every, send_first_at)
+    return cg.Pvariable(filter_id, rhs, MinFilter)
 
 
 MAX_SCHEMA = cv.All(
@@ -474,14 +484,18 @@ MAX_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 )
 
 
-@FILTER_REGISTRY.register("max", MaxFilter, MAX_SCHEMA)
+@FILTER_REGISTRY.register("max", Filter, MAX_SCHEMA)
 async def max_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(
-        filter_id,
-        config[CONF_WINDOW_SIZE],
-        config[CONF_SEND_EVERY],
-        config[CONF_SEND_FIRST_AT],
-    )
+    window_size: int = config[CONF_WINDOW_SIZE]
+    send_every: int = config[CONF_SEND_EVERY]
+    send_first_at: int = config[CONF_SEND_FIRST_AT]
+
+    # Optimization: Use streaming filter for batch windows (window_size == send_every)
+    if window_size == send_every:
+        rhs = StreamingMaxFilter.new(window_size, send_first_at)
+        return cg.Pvariable(filter_id, rhs, StreamingMaxFilter)
+    rhs = MaxFilter.new(window_size, send_every, send_first_at)
+    return cg.Pvariable(filter_id, rhs, MaxFilter)
 
 
 SLIDING_AVERAGE_SCHEMA = cv.All(
@@ -498,16 +512,20 @@ SLIDING_AVERAGE_SCHEMA = cv.All(
 
 @FILTER_REGISTRY.register(
     "sliding_window_moving_average",
-    SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter,
+    Filter,
     SLIDING_AVERAGE_SCHEMA,
 )
 async def sliding_window_moving_average_filter_to_code(config, filter_id):
-    return cg.new_Pvariable(
-        filter_id,
-        config[CONF_WINDOW_SIZE],
-        config[CONF_SEND_EVERY],
-        config[CONF_SEND_FIRST_AT],
-    )
+    window_size: int = config[CONF_WINDOW_SIZE]
+    send_every: int = config[CONF_SEND_EVERY]
+    send_first_at: int = config[CONF_SEND_FIRST_AT]
+
+    # Optimization: Use streaming filter for batch windows (window_size == send_every)
+    if window_size == send_every:
+        rhs = StreamingMovingAverageFilter.new(window_size, send_first_at)
+        return cg.Pvariable(filter_id, rhs, StreamingMovingAverageFilter)
+    rhs = SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter.new(window_size, send_every, send_first_at)
+    return cg.Pvariable(filter_id, rhs, SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter)
 
 
 EXPONENTIAL_AVERAGE_SCHEMA = cv.All(

esphome/components/sensor/filter.cpp

@@ -32,50 +32,76 @@ void Filter::initialize(Sensor *parent, Filter *next) {
   this->next_ = next;
 }
 
-// MedianFilter
-MedianFilter::MedianFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at)
-    : send_every_(send_every), send_at_(send_every - send_first_at), window_size_(window_size) {}
-void MedianFilter::set_send_every(size_t send_every) { this->send_every_ = send_every; }
-void MedianFilter::set_window_size(size_t window_size) { this->window_size_ = window_size; }
-optional<float> MedianFilter::new_value(float value) {
-  while (this->queue_.size() >= this->window_size_) {
-    this->queue_.pop_front();
+// SlidingWindowFilter
+SlidingWindowFilter::SlidingWindowFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at)
+    : window_size_(window_size), send_every_(send_every), send_at_(send_every - send_first_at) {
+  // Allocate ring buffer once at initialization
+  this->window_.init(window_size);
 }
-  this->queue_.push_back(value);
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "MedianFilter(%p)::new_value(%f)", this, value);
 
+optional<float> SlidingWindowFilter::new_value(float value) {
+  // Add value to ring buffer
+  if (this->window_count_ < this->window_size_) {
+    // Buffer not yet full - just append
+    this->window_.push_back(value);
+    this->window_count_++;
+  } else {
+    // Buffer full - overwrite oldest value (ring buffer)
+    this->window_[this->window_head_] = value;
+    this->window_head_++;
+    if (this->window_head_ >= this->window_size_) {
+      this->window_head_ = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check if we should send a result
   if (++this->send_at_ >= this->send_every_) {
     this->send_at_ = 0;
-
-    float median = NAN;
-    if (!this->queue_.empty()) {
-      // Copy queue without NaN values
-      std::vector<float> median_queue;
-      median_queue.reserve(this->queue_.size());
-      for (auto v : this->queue_) {
-        if (!std::isnan(v)) {
-          median_queue.push_back(v);
-        }
-      }
-
-      sort(median_queue.begin(), median_queue.end());
-
-      size_t queue_size = median_queue.size();
-      if (queue_size) {
-        if (queue_size % 2) {
-          median = median_queue[queue_size / 2];
-        } else {
-          median = (median_queue[queue_size / 2] + median_queue[(queue_size / 2) - 1]) / 2.0f;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "MedianFilter(%p)::new_value(%f) SENDING %f", this, value, median);
-    return median;
+    float result = this->compute_result();
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "SlidingWindowFilter(%p)::new_value(%f) SENDING %f", this, value, result);
+    return result;
   }
   return {};
 }
 
+// SortedWindowFilter
+FixedVector<float> SortedWindowFilter::get_window_values_() {
+  // Copy window without NaN values using FixedVector (no heap allocation)
+  // Returns unsorted values - caller will use std::nth_element for partial sorting as needed
+  FixedVector<float> values;
+  values.init(this->window_count_);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->window_count_; i++) {
+    float v = this->window_[i];
+    if (!std::isnan(v)) {
+      values.push_back(v);
+    }
+  }
+  return values;
+}
+
+// MedianFilter
+float MedianFilter::compute_result() {
+  FixedVector<float> values = this->get_window_values_();
+  if (values.empty())
+    return NAN;
+
+  size_t size = values.size();
+  size_t mid = size / 2;
+
+  if (size % 2) {
+    // Odd number of elements - use nth_element to find middle element
+    std::nth_element(values.begin(), values.begin() + mid, values.end());
+    return values[mid];
+  }
+  // Even number of elements - need both middle elements
+  // Use nth_element to find upper middle element
+  std::nth_element(values.begin(), values.begin() + mid, values.end());
+  float upper = values[mid];
+  // Find the maximum of the lower half (which is now everything before mid)
+  float lower = *std::max_element(values.begin(), values.begin() + mid);
+  return (lower + upper) / 2.0f;
+}
+
 // SkipInitialFilter
 SkipInitialFilter::SkipInitialFilter(size_t num_to_ignore) : num_to_ignore_(num_to_ignore) {}
 optional<float> SkipInitialFilter::new_value(float value) {
@@ -91,136 +117,39 @@ optional<float> SkipInitialFilter::new_value(float value) {
 
 // QuantileFilter
 QuantileFilter::QuantileFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at, float quantile)
-    : send_every_(send_every), send_at_(send_every - send_first_at), window_size_(window_size), quantile_(quantile) {}
-void QuantileFilter::set_send_every(size_t send_every) { this->send_every_ = send_every; }
-void QuantileFilter::set_window_size(size_t window_size) { this->window_size_ = window_size; }
-void QuantileFilter::set_quantile(float quantile) { this->quantile_ = quantile; }
-optional<float> QuantileFilter::new_value(float value) {
-  while (this->queue_.size() >= this->window_size_) {
-    this->queue_.pop_front();
-  }
-  this->queue_.push_back(value);
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "QuantileFilter(%p)::new_value(%f), quantile:%f", this, value, this->quantile_);
+    : SortedWindowFilter(window_size, send_every, send_first_at), quantile_(quantile) {}
 
-  if (++this->send_at_ >= this->send_every_) {
-    this->send_at_ = 0;
+float QuantileFilter::compute_result() {
+  FixedVector<float> values = this->get_window_values_();
+  if (values.empty())
+    return NAN;
 
-    float result = NAN;
-    if (!this->queue_.empty()) {
-      // Copy queue without NaN values
-      std::vector<float> quantile_queue;
-      for (auto v : this->queue_) {
-        if (!std::isnan(v)) {
-          quantile_queue.push_back(v);
-        }
-      }
+  size_t position = ceilf(values.size() * this->quantile_) - 1;
+  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "QuantileFilter(%p)::position: %zu/%zu", this, position + 1, values.size());
 
-      sort(quantile_queue.begin(), quantile_queue.end());
-
-      size_t queue_size = quantile_queue.size();
-      if (queue_size) {
-        size_t position = ceilf(queue_size * this->quantile_) - 1;
-        ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "QuantileFilter(%p)::position: %zu/%zu", this, position + 1, queue_size);
-        result = quantile_queue[position];
-      }
-    }
-
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "QuantileFilter(%p)::new_value(%f) SENDING %f", this, value, result);
-    return result;
-  }
-  return {};
+  // Use nth_element to find the quantile element (O(n) instead of O(n log n))
+  std::nth_element(values.begin(), values.begin() + position, values.end());
+  return values[position];
 }
 
 // MinFilter
-MinFilter::MinFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at)
-    : send_every_(send_every), send_at_(send_every - send_first_at), window_size_(window_size) {}
-void MinFilter::set_send_every(size_t send_every) { this->send_every_ = send_every; }
-void MinFilter::set_window_size(size_t window_size) { this->window_size_ = window_size; }
-optional<float> MinFilter::new_value(float value) {
-  while (this->queue_.size() >= this->window_size_) {
-    this->queue_.pop_front();
-  }
-  this->queue_.push_back(value);
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "MinFilter(%p)::new_value(%f)", this, value);
-
-  if (++this->send_at_ >= this->send_every_) {
-    this->send_at_ = 0;
-
-    float min = NAN;
-    for (auto v : this->queue_) {
-      if (!std::isnan(v)) {
-        min = std::isnan(min) ? v : std::min(min, v);
-      }
-    }
-
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "MinFilter(%p)::new_value(%f) SENDING %f", this, value, min);
-    return min;
-  }
-  return {};
-}
+float MinFilter::compute_result() { return this->find_extremum_<std::less<float>>(); }
 
 // MaxFilter
-MaxFilter::MaxFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at)
-    : send_every_(send_every), send_at_(send_every - send_first_at), window_size_(window_size) {}
-void MaxFilter::set_send_every(size_t send_every) { this->send_every_ = send_every; }
-void MaxFilter::set_window_size(size_t window_size) { this->window_size_ = window_size; }
-optional<float> MaxFilter::new_value(float value) {
-  while (this->queue_.size() >= this->window_size_) {
-    this->queue_.pop_front();
-  }
-  this->queue_.push_back(value);
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "MaxFilter(%p)::new_value(%f)", this, value);
-
-  if (++this->send_at_ >= this->send_every_) {
-    this->send_at_ = 0;
-
-    float max = NAN;
-    for (auto v : this->queue_) {
-      if (!std::isnan(v)) {
-        max = std::isnan(max) ? v : std::max(max, v);
-      }
-    }
-
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "MaxFilter(%p)::new_value(%f) SENDING %f", this, value, max);
-    return max;
-  }
-  return {};
-}
+float MaxFilter::compute_result() { return this->find_extremum_<std::greater<float>>(); }
 
 // SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter
-SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter::SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every,
-                                                                   size_t send_first_at)
-    : send_every_(send_every), send_at_(send_every - send_first_at), window_size_(window_size) {}
-void SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter::set_send_every(size_t send_every) { this->send_every_ = send_every; }
-void SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter::set_window_size(size_t window_size) { this->window_size_ = window_size; }
-optional<float> SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter::new_value(float value) {
-  while (this->queue_.size() >= this->window_size_) {
-    this->queue_.pop_front();
-  }
-  this->queue_.push_back(value);
-  ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter(%p)::new_value(%f)", this, value);
-
-  if (++this->send_at_ >= this->send_every_) {
-    this->send_at_ = 0;
-
+float SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter::compute_result() {
   float sum = 0;
   size_t valid_count = 0;
-    for (auto v : this->queue_) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < this->window_count_; i++) {
+    float v = this->window_[i];
     if (!std::isnan(v)) {
       sum += v;
       valid_count++;
     }
   }
-
-    float average = NAN;
-    if (valid_count) {
-      average = sum / valid_count;
-    }
-
-    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter(%p)::new_value(%f) SENDING %f", this, value, average);
-    return average;
-  }
-  return {};
+  return valid_count ? sum / valid_count : NAN;
 }
 
 // ExponentialMovingAverageFilter
@@ -543,5 +472,78 @@ optional<float> ToNTCTemperatureFilter::new_value(float value) {
   return temp;
 }
 
+// StreamingFilter (base class)
+StreamingFilter::StreamingFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_first_at)
+    : window_size_(window_size), send_first_at_(send_first_at) {}
+
+optional<float> StreamingFilter::new_value(float value) {
+  // Process the value (child class tracks min/max/sum/etc)
+  this->process_value(value);
+
+  this->count_++;
+
+  // Check if we should send (handle send_first_at for first value)
+  bool should_send = false;
+  if (this->first_send_ && this->count_ >= this->send_first_at_) {
+    should_send = true;
+    this->first_send_ = false;
+  } else if (!this->first_send_ && this->count_ >= this->window_size_) {
+    should_send = true;
+  }
+
+  if (should_send) {
+    float result = this->compute_batch_result();
+    // Reset for next batch
+    this->count_ = 0;
+    this->reset_batch();
+    ESP_LOGVV(TAG, "StreamingFilter(%p)::new_value(%f) SENDING %f", this, value, result);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  return {};
+}
+
+// StreamingMinFilter
+void StreamingMinFilter::process_value(float value) {
+  // Update running minimum (ignore NaN values)
+  if (!std::isnan(value)) {
+    this->current_min_ = std::isnan(this->current_min_) ? value : std::min(this->current_min_, value);
+  }
+}
+
+float StreamingMinFilter::compute_batch_result() { return this->current_min_; }
+
+void StreamingMinFilter::reset_batch() { this->current_min_ = NAN; }
+
+// StreamingMaxFilter
+void StreamingMaxFilter::process_value(float value) {
+  // Update running maximum (ignore NaN values)
+  if (!std::isnan(value)) {
+    this->current_max_ = std::isnan(this->current_max_) ? value : std::max(this->current_max_, value);
+  }
+}
+
+float StreamingMaxFilter::compute_batch_result() { return this->current_max_; }
+
+void StreamingMaxFilter::reset_batch() { this->current_max_ = NAN; }
+
+// StreamingMovingAverageFilter
+void StreamingMovingAverageFilter::process_value(float value) {
+  // Accumulate sum (ignore NaN values)
+  if (!std::isnan(value)) {
+    this->sum_ += value;
+    this->valid_count_++;
+  }
+}
+
+float StreamingMovingAverageFilter::compute_batch_result() {
+  return this->valid_count_ > 0 ? this->sum_ / this->valid_count_ : NAN;
+}
+
+void StreamingMovingAverageFilter::reset_batch() {
+  this->sum_ = 0.0f;
+  this->valid_count_ = 0;
+}
+
 }  // namespace sensor
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/sensor/filter.h

@@ -44,11 +44,75 @@ class Filter {
   Sensor *parent_{nullptr};
 };
 
+/** Base class for filters that use a sliding window of values.
+ *
+ * Uses a ring buffer to efficiently maintain a fixed-size sliding window without
+ * reallocations or pop_front() overhead. Eliminates deque fragmentation issues.
+ */
+class SlidingWindowFilter : public Filter {
+ public:
+  SlidingWindowFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at);
+
+  optional<float> new_value(float value) final;
+
+ protected:
+  /// Called by new_value() to compute the filtered result from the current window
+  virtual float compute_result() = 0;
+
+  /// Access the sliding window values (ring buffer implementation)
+  /// Use: for (size_t i = 0; i < window_count_; i++) { float val = window_[i]; }
+  FixedVector<float> window_;
+  size_t window_head_{0};   ///< Index where next value will be written
+  size_t window_count_{0};  ///< Number of valid values in window (0 to window_size_)
+  size_t window_size_;      ///< Maximum window size
+  size_t send_every_;       ///< Send result every N values
+  size_t send_at_;          ///< Counter for send_every
+};
+
+/** Base class for Min/Max filters.
+ *
+ * Provides a templated helper to find extremum values efficiently.
+ */
+class MinMaxFilter : public SlidingWindowFilter {
+ public:
+  using SlidingWindowFilter::SlidingWindowFilter;
+
+ protected:
+  /// Helper to find min or max value in window, skipping NaN values
+  /// Usage: find_extremum_<std::less<float>>() for min, find_extremum_<std::greater<float>>() for max
+  template<typename Compare> float find_extremum_() {
+    float result = NAN;
+    Compare comp;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < this->window_count_; i++) {
+      float v = this->window_[i];
+      if (!std::isnan(v)) {
+        result = std::isnan(result) ? v : (comp(v, result) ? v : result);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+};
+
+/** Base class for filters that need a sorted window (Median, Quantile).
+ *
+ * Extends SlidingWindowFilter to provide a helper that filters out NaN values.
+ * Derived classes use std::nth_element for efficient partial sorting.
+ */
+class SortedWindowFilter : public SlidingWindowFilter {
+ public:
+  using SlidingWindowFilter::SlidingWindowFilter;
+
+ protected:
+  /// Helper to get non-NaN values from the window (not sorted - caller will use nth_element)
+  /// Returns empty FixedVector if all values are NaN
+  FixedVector<float> get_window_values_();
+};
+
 /** Simple quantile filter.
  *
- * Takes the quantile of the last <send_every> values and pushes it out every <send_every>.
+ * Takes the quantile of the last <window_size> values and pushes it out every <send_every>.
  */
-class QuantileFilter : public Filter {
+class QuantileFilter : public SortedWindowFilter {
  public:
   /** Construct a QuantileFilter.
    *
@@ -61,25 +125,18 @@ class QuantileFilter : public Filter {
    */
   explicit QuantileFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at, float quantile);
 
-  optional<float> new_value(float value) override;
-
-  void set_send_every(size_t send_every);
-  void set_window_size(size_t window_size);
-  void set_quantile(float quantile);
+  void set_quantile(float quantile) { this->quantile_ = quantile; }
 
  protected:
-  std::deque<float> queue_;
-  size_t send_every_;
-  size_t send_at_;
-  size_t window_size_;
+  float compute_result() override;
   float quantile_;
 };
 
 /** Simple median filter.
  *
- * Takes the median of the last <send_every> values and pushes it out every <send_every>.
+ * Takes the median of the last <window_size> values and pushes it out every <send_every>.
  */
-class MedianFilter : public Filter {
+class MedianFilter : public SortedWindowFilter {
  public:
   /** Construct a MedianFilter.
    *
@@ -89,18 +146,10 @@ class MedianFilter : public Filter {
    *   on startup being published on the first *raw* value, so with no filter applied. Must be less than or equal to
    *   send_every.
    */
-  explicit MedianFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at);
-
-  optional<float> new_value(float value) override;
-
-  void set_send_every(size_t send_every);
-  void set_window_size(size_t window_size);
+  using SortedWindowFilter::SortedWindowFilter;
 
  protected:
-  std::deque<float> queue_;
-  size_t send_every_;
-  size_t send_at_;
-  size_t window_size_;
+  float compute_result() override;
 };
 
 /** Simple skip filter.
@@ -123,9 +172,9 @@ class SkipInitialFilter : public Filter {
 
 /** Simple min filter.
  *
- * Takes the min of the last <send_every> values and pushes it out every <send_every>.
+ * Takes the min of the last <window_size> values and pushes it out every <send_every>.
  */
-class MinFilter : public Filter {
+class MinFilter : public MinMaxFilter {
  public:
   /** Construct a MinFilter.
    *
@@ -135,25 +184,17 @@ class MinFilter : public Filter {
    *   on startup being published on the first *raw* value, so with no filter applied. Must be less than or equal to
    *   send_every.
    */
-  explicit MinFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at);
-
-  optional<float> new_value(float value) override;
-
-  void set_send_every(size_t send_every);
-  void set_window_size(size_t window_size);
+  using MinMaxFilter::MinMaxFilter;
 
  protected:
-  std::deque<float> queue_;
-  size_t send_every_;
-  size_t send_at_;
-  size_t window_size_;
+  float compute_result() override;
 };
 
 /** Simple max filter.
  *
- * Takes the max of the last <send_every> values and pushes it out every <send_every>.
+ * Takes the max of the last <window_size> values and pushes it out every <send_every>.
  */
-class MaxFilter : public Filter {
+class MaxFilter : public MinMaxFilter {
  public:
   /** Construct a MaxFilter.
    *
@@ -163,18 +204,10 @@ class MaxFilter : public Filter {
    *   on startup being published on the first *raw* value, so with no filter applied. Must be less than or equal to
    *   send_every.
    */
-  explicit MaxFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at);
-
-  optional<float> new_value(float value) override;
-
-  void set_send_every(size_t send_every);
-  void set_window_size(size_t window_size);
+  using MinMaxFilter::MinMaxFilter;
 
  protected:
-  std::deque<float> queue_;
-  size_t send_every_;
-  size_t send_at_;
-  size_t window_size_;
+  float compute_result() override;
 };
 
 /** Simple sliding window moving average filter.
@@ -182,7 +215,7 @@ class MaxFilter : public Filter {
  * Essentially just takes takes the average of the last window_size values and pushes them out
  * every send_every.
  */
-class SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter : public Filter {
+class SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter : public SlidingWindowFilter {
  public:
   /** Construct a SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter.
    *
@@ -192,18 +225,10 @@ class SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter : public Filter {
    *   on startup being published on the first *raw* value, so with no filter applied. Must be less than or equal to
    *   send_every.
    */
-  explicit SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_every, size_t send_first_at);
-
-  optional<float> new_value(float value) override;
-
-  void set_send_every(size_t send_every);
-  void set_window_size(size_t window_size);
+  using SlidingWindowFilter::SlidingWindowFilter;
 
  protected:
-  std::deque<float> queue_;
-  size_t send_every_;
-  size_t send_at_;
-  size_t window_size_;
+  float compute_result() override;
 };
 
 /** Simple exponential moving average filter.
@@ -476,5 +501,81 @@ class ToNTCTemperatureFilter : public Filter {
   double c_;
 };
 
+/** Base class for streaming filters (batch windows where window_size == send_every).
+ *
+ * When window_size equals send_every, we don't need a sliding window.
+ * This base class handles the common batching logic.
+ */
+class StreamingFilter : public Filter {
+ public:
+  StreamingFilter(size_t window_size, size_t send_first_at);
+
+  optional<float> new_value(float value) final;
+
+ protected:
+  /// Called by new_value() to process each value in the batch
+  virtual void process_value(float value) = 0;
+
+  /// Called by new_value() to compute the result after collecting window_size values
+  virtual float compute_batch_result() = 0;
+
+  /// Called by new_value() to reset internal state after sending a result
+  virtual void reset_batch() = 0;
+
+  size_t window_size_;
+  size_t count_{0};
+  size_t send_first_at_;
+  bool first_send_{true};
+};
+
+/** Streaming min filter for batch windows (window_size == send_every).
+ *
+ * Uses O(1) memory instead of O(n) by tracking only the minimum value.
+ */
+class StreamingMinFilter : public StreamingFilter {
+ public:
+  using StreamingFilter::StreamingFilter;
+
+ protected:
+  void process_value(float value) override;
+  float compute_batch_result() override;
+  void reset_batch() override;
+
+  float current_min_{NAN};
+};
+
+/** Streaming max filter for batch windows (window_size == send_every).
+ *
+ * Uses O(1) memory instead of O(n) by tracking only the maximum value.
+ */
+class StreamingMaxFilter : public StreamingFilter {
+ public:
+  using StreamingFilter::StreamingFilter;
+
+ protected:
+  void process_value(float value) override;
+  float compute_batch_result() override;
+  void reset_batch() override;
+
+  float current_max_{NAN};
+};
+
+/** Streaming moving average filter for batch windows (window_size == send_every).
+ *
+ * Uses O(1) memory instead of O(n) by tracking only sum and count.
+ */
+class StreamingMovingAverageFilter : public StreamingFilter {
+ public:
+  using StreamingFilter::StreamingFilter;
+
+ protected:
+  void process_value(float value) override;
+  float compute_batch_result() override;
+  void reset_batch() override;
+
+  float sum_{0.0f};
+  size_t valid_count_{0};
+};
+
 }  // namespace sensor
 }  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/statsd/statsd.h

@@ -28,21 +28,6 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace statsd {
 
-using sensor_type_t = enum { TYPE_SENSOR, TYPE_BINARY_SENSOR };
-
-using sensors_t = struct {
-  const char *name;
-  sensor_type_t type;
-  union {
-#ifdef USE_SENSOR
-    esphome::sensor::Sensor *sensor;
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-    esphome::binary_sensor::BinarySensor *binary_sensor;
-#endif
-  };
-};
-
 class StatsdComponent : public PollingComponent {
  public:
   ~StatsdComponent();
@@ -71,6 +56,20 @@ class StatsdComponent : public PollingComponent {
   const char *prefix_;
   uint16_t port_;
 
+  using sensor_type_t = enum { TYPE_SENSOR, TYPE_BINARY_SENSOR };
+  using sensors_t = struct {
+    const char *name;
+    sensor_type_t type;
+    union {
+#ifdef USE_SENSOR
+      esphome::sensor::Sensor *sensor;
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
+      esphome::binary_sensor::BinarySensor *binary_sensor;
+#endif
+    };
+  };
+
   std::vector<sensors_t> sensors_;
 
 #ifdef USE_ESP8266

esphome/components/time/real_time_clock.h

@@ -27,6 +27,14 @@ class RealTimeClock : public PollingComponent {
     this->apply_timezone_();
   }
 
+  /// Set the time zone from raw buffer, only if it differs from the current one.
+  void set_timezone(const char *tz, size_t len) {
+    if (this->timezone_.length() != len || memcmp(this->timezone_.c_str(), tz, len) != 0) {
+      this->timezone_.assign(tz, len);
+      this->apply_timezone_();
+    }
+  }
+
   /// Get the time zone currently in use.
   std::string get_timezone() { return this->timezone_; }
 #endif

esphome/components/voice_assistant/voice_assistant.cpp

@@ -953,11 +953,21 @@ void VoiceAssistant::on_set_configuration(const std::vector<std::string> &active
         }
       }
     }
+
+    // Mark configuration dirty to trigger rebuild on next get_configuration() call.
+    this->config_needs_rebuild_ = true;
   }
 #endif
 };
 
 const Configuration &VoiceAssistant::get_configuration() {
+  // Return cached configuration if it hasn't changed. This prevents a use-after-free
+  // race condition when API message serialization creates StringRef pointers to strings
+  // in config_.available_wake_words, and avoids wastefully rebuilding on every call.
+  if (!this->config_needs_rebuild_) {
+    return this->config_;
+  }
+
   this->config_.available_wake_words.clear();
   this->config_.active_wake_words.clear();
 
@@ -986,6 +996,8 @@ const Configuration &VoiceAssistant::get_configuration() {
   }
 #endif
 
+  // Mark configuration as clean now that we've rebuilt it
+  this->config_needs_rebuild_ = false;
   return this->config_;
 };
 

esphome/components/voice_assistant/voice_assistant.h

@@ -112,7 +112,10 @@ class VoiceAssistant : public Component {
 
   void set_microphone_source(microphone::MicrophoneSource *mic_source) { this->mic_source_ = mic_source; }
 #ifdef USE_MICRO_WAKE_WORD
-  void set_micro_wake_word(micro_wake_word::MicroWakeWord *mww) { this->micro_wake_word_ = mww; }
+  void set_micro_wake_word(micro_wake_word::MicroWakeWord *mww) {
+    this->micro_wake_word_ = mww;
+    this->config_needs_rebuild_ = true;
+  }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SPEAKER
   void set_speaker(speaker::Speaker *speaker) {
@@ -313,7 +316,11 @@ class VoiceAssistant : public Component {
   bool udp_socket_running_{false};
   bool start_udp_socket_();
 
+  // Configuration caching for safety and performance. Only rebuild when config_needs_rebuild_
+  // is true to prevent use-after-free race condition when StringRef pointers reference
+  // wake word strings during API message serialization, and to avoid wasteful rebuilding.
   Configuration config_{};
+  bool config_needs_rebuild_{true};
 
 #ifdef USE_MICRO_WAKE_WORD
   micro_wake_word::MicroWakeWord *micro_wake_word_{nullptr};

esphome/components/web_server/web_server.cpp

@@ -1325,7 +1325,7 @@ std::string WebServer::climate_json(climate::Climate *obj, JsonDetail start_conf
   root["max_temp"] = value_accuracy_to_string(traits.get_visual_max_temperature(), target_accuracy);
   root["min_temp"] = value_accuracy_to_string(traits.get_visual_min_temperature(), target_accuracy);
   root["step"] = traits.get_visual_target_temperature_step();
-  if (traits.get_supports_action()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_ACTION)) {
     root["action"] = PSTR_LOCAL(climate_action_to_string(obj->action));
     root["state"] = root["action"];
     has_state = true;
@@ -1345,14 +1345,15 @@ std::string WebServer::climate_json(climate::Climate *obj, JsonDetail start_conf
   if (traits.get_supports_swing_modes()) {
     root["swing_mode"] = PSTR_LOCAL(climate_swing_mode_to_string(obj->swing_mode));
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_current_temperature()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_CURRENT_TEMPERATURE)) {
     if (!std::isnan(obj->current_temperature)) {
       root["current_temperature"] = value_accuracy_to_string(obj->current_temperature, current_accuracy);
     } else {
       root["current_temperature"] = "NA";
     }
   }
-  if (traits.get_supports_two_point_target_temperature()) {
+  if (traits.has_feature_flags(climate::CLIMATE_SUPPORTS_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE |
+                               climate::CLIMATE_REQUIRES_TWO_POINT_TARGET_TEMPERATURE)) {
     root["target_temperature_low"] = value_accuracy_to_string(obj->target_temperature_low, target_accuracy);
     root["target_temperature_high"] = value_accuracy_to_string(obj->target_temperature_high, target_accuracy);
     if (!has_state) {

esphome/components/wifi/wifi_component_esp_idf.cpp

@@ -776,13 +776,12 @@ void WiFiComponent::wifi_process_event_(IDFWiFiEvent *data) {
     }
 
     uint16_t number = it.number;
-    std::vector<wifi_ap_record_t> records(number);
-    err = esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records(&number, records.data());
+    auto records = std::make_unique<wifi_ap_record_t[]>(number);
+    err = esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records(&number, records.get());
     if (err != ESP_OK) {
       ESP_LOGW(TAG, "esp_wifi_scan_get_ap_records failed: %s", esp_err_to_name(err));
       return;
     }
-    records.resize(number);
 
     scan_result_.init(number);
     for (int i = 0; i < number; i++) {

esphome/components/zephyr_ble_server/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+from esphome.components.zephyr import zephyr_add_prj_conf
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ESPHOME, CONF_ID, CONF_NAME, Framework
+import esphome.final_validate as fv
+
+zephyr_ble_server_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace("zephyr_ble_server")
+BLEServer = zephyr_ble_server_ns.class_("BLEServer", cg.Component)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.All(
+    cv.Schema(
+        {
+            cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(BLEServer),
+        }
+    ).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA),
+    cv.only_with_framework(Framework.ZEPHYR),
+)
+
+
+def _final_validate(_):
+    full_config = fv.full_config.get()
+    zephyr_add_prj_conf("BT_DEVICE_NAME", full_config[CONF_ESPHOME][CONF_NAME])
+
+
+FINAL_VALIDATE_SCHEMA = _final_validate
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    zephyr_add_prj_conf("BT", True)
+    zephyr_add_prj_conf("BT_PERIPHERAL", True)
+    zephyr_add_prj_conf("BT_RX_STACK_SIZE", 1536)
+    # zephyr_add_prj_conf("BT_LL_SW_SPLIT", True)
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

esphome/components/zephyr_ble_server/ble_server.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#ifdef USE_ZEPHYR
+#include "ble_server.h"
+#include "esphome/core/defines.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include <zephyr/bluetooth/bluetooth.h>
+#include <zephyr/bluetooth/conn.h>
+
+namespace esphome::zephyr_ble_server {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "zephyr_ble_server";
+
+static struct k_work advertise_work;  // NOLINT(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
+
+#define DEVICE_NAME CONFIG_BT_DEVICE_NAME
+#define DEVICE_NAME_LEN (sizeof(DEVICE_NAME) - 1)
+
+static const struct bt_data AD[] = {
+    BT_DATA_BYTES(BT_DATA_FLAGS, (BT_LE_AD_GENERAL | BT_LE_AD_NO_BREDR)),
+    BT_DATA(BT_DATA_NAME_COMPLETE, DEVICE_NAME, DEVICE_NAME_LEN),
+};
+
+static const struct bt_data SD[] = {
+#ifdef USE_OTA
+    BT_DATA_BYTES(BT_DATA_UUID128_ALL, 0x84, 0xaa, 0x60, 0x74, 0x52, 0x8a, 0x8b, 0x86, 0xd3, 0x4c, 0xb7, 0x1d, 0x1d,
+                  0xdc, 0x53, 0x8d),
+#endif
+};
+
+const struct bt_le_adv_param *const ADV_PARAM = BT_LE_ADV_CONN;
+
+static void advertise(struct k_work *work) {
+  int rc = bt_le_adv_stop();
+  if (rc) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Advertising failed to stop (rc %d)", rc);
+  }
+
+  rc = bt_le_adv_start(ADV_PARAM, AD, ARRAY_SIZE(AD), SD, ARRAY_SIZE(SD));
+  if (rc) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Advertising failed to start (rc %d)", rc);
+    return;
+  }
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Advertising successfully started");
+}
+
+static void connected(struct bt_conn *conn, uint8_t err) {
+  if (err) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Connection failed (err 0x%02x)", err);
+  } else {
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Connected");
+  }
+}
+
+static void disconnected(struct bt_conn *conn, uint8_t reason) {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Disconnected (reason 0x%02x)", reason);
+  k_work_submit(&advertise_work);
+}
+
+static void bt_ready(int err) {
+  if (err != 0) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Bluetooth failed to initialise: %d", err);
+  } else {
+    k_work_submit(&advertise_work);
+  }
+}
+
+BT_CONN_CB_DEFINE(conn_callbacks) = {
+    .connected = connected,
+    .disconnected = disconnected,
+};
+
+void BLEServer::setup() {
+  k_work_init(&advertise_work, advertise);
+  resume_();
+}
+
+void BLEServer::loop() {
+  if (this->suspended_) {
+    resume_();
+    this->suspended_ = false;
+  }
+}
+
+void BLEServer::resume_() {
+  int rc = bt_enable(bt_ready);
+  if (rc != 0) {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Bluetooth enable failed: %d", rc);
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+void BLEServer::on_shutdown() {
+  struct k_work_sync sync;
+  k_work_cancel_sync(&advertise_work, &sync);
+  bt_disable();
+  this->suspended_ = true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace esphome::zephyr_ble_server
+
+#endif

esphome/components/zephyr_ble_server/ble_server.h

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#pragma once
+#ifdef USE_ZEPHYR
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+
+namespace esphome::zephyr_ble_server {
+
+class BLEServer : public Component {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  void loop() override;
+  void on_shutdown() override;
+
+ protected:
+  void resume_();
+  bool suspended_ = false;
+};
+
+}  // namespace esphome::zephyr_ble_server
+#endif

esphome/core/scheduler.cpp

@@ -328,17 +328,30 @@ void HOT Scheduler::call(uint32_t now) {
   // Single-core platforms don't use this queue and fall back to the heap-based approach.
   //
   // Note: Items cancelled via cancel_item_locked_() are marked with remove=true but still
-  // processed here. They are removed from the queue normally via pop_front() but skipped
-  // during execution by should_skip_item_(). This is intentional - no memory leak occurs.
-  while (!this->defer_queue_.empty()) {
-    // The outer check is done without a lock for performance. If the queue
-    // appears non-empty, we lock and process an item. We don't need to check
-    // empty() again inside the lock because only this thread can remove items.
+  // processed here. They are skipped during execution by should_skip_item_().
+  // This is intentional - no memory leak occurs.
+  //
+  // We use an index (defer_queue_front_) to track the read position instead of calling
+  // erase() on every pop, which would be O(n). The queue is processed once per loop -
+  // any items added during processing are left for the next loop iteration.
+
+  // Snapshot the queue end point - only process items that existed at loop start
+  // Items added during processing (by callbacks or other threads) run next loop
+  // No lock needed: single consumer (main loop), stale read just means we process less this iteration
+  size_t defer_queue_end = this->defer_queue_.size();
+
+  while (this->defer_queue_front_ < defer_queue_end) {
     std::unique_ptr<SchedulerItem> item;
     {
       LockGuard lock(this->lock_);
-      item = std::move(this->defer_queue_.front());
-      this->defer_queue_.pop_front();
+      // SAFETY: Moving out the unique_ptr leaves a nullptr in the vector at defer_queue_front_.
+      // This is intentional and safe because:
+      // 1. The vector is only cleaned up by cleanup_defer_queue_locked_() at the end of this function
+      // 2. Any code iterating defer_queue_ MUST check for nullptr items (see mark_matching_items_removed_
+      //    and has_cancelled_timeout_in_container_ in scheduler.h)
+      // 3. The lock protects concurrent access, but the nullptr remains until cleanup
+      item = std::move(this->defer_queue_[this->defer_queue_front_]);
+      this->defer_queue_front_++;
     }
 
     // Execute callback without holding lock to prevent deadlocks
@@ -349,6 +362,13 @@ void HOT Scheduler::call(uint32_t now) {
     // Recycle the defer item after execution
     this->recycle_item_(std::move(item));
   }
+
+  // If we've consumed all items up to the snapshot point, clean up the dead space
+  // Single consumer (main loop), so no lock needed for this check
+  if (this->defer_queue_front_ >= defer_queue_end) {
+    LockGuard lock(this->lock_);
+    this->cleanup_defer_queue_locked_();
+  }
 #endif /* not ESPHOME_THREAD_SINGLE */
 
   // Convert the fresh timestamp from main loop to 64-bit for scheduler operations

esphome/core/scheduler.h

@@ -264,6 +264,36 @@ class Scheduler {
   // Helper to recycle a SchedulerItem
   void recycle_item_(std::unique_ptr<SchedulerItem> item);
 
+#ifndef ESPHOME_THREAD_SINGLE
+  // Helper to cleanup defer_queue_ after processing
+  // IMPORTANT: Caller must hold the scheduler lock before calling this function.
+  inline void cleanup_defer_queue_locked_() {
+    // Check if new items were added by producers during processing
+    if (this->defer_queue_front_ >= this->defer_queue_.size()) {
+      // Common case: no new items - clear everything
+      this->defer_queue_.clear();
+    } else {
+      // Rare case: new items were added during processing - compact the vector
+      // This only happens when:
+      // 1. A deferred callback calls defer() again, or
+      // 2. Another thread calls defer() while we're processing
+      //
+      // Move unprocessed items (added during this loop) to the front for next iteration
+      //
+      // SAFETY: Compacted items may include cancelled items (marked for removal via
+      // cancel_item_locked_() during execution). This is safe because should_skip_item_()
+      // checks is_item_removed_() before executing, so cancelled items will be skipped
+      // and recycled on the next loop iteration.
+      size_t remaining = this->defer_queue_.size() - this->defer_queue_front_;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < remaining; i++) {
+        this->defer_queue_[i] = std::move(this->defer_queue_[this->defer_queue_front_ + i]);
+      }
+      this->defer_queue_.resize(remaining);
+    }
+    this->defer_queue_front_ = 0;
+  }
+#endif /* not ESPHOME_THREAD_SINGLE */
+
   // Helper to check if item is marked for removal (platform-specific)
   // Returns true if item should be skipped, handles platform-specific synchronization
   // For ESPHOME_THREAD_MULTI_NO_ATOMICS platforms, the caller must hold the scheduler lock before calling this
@@ -282,13 +312,18 @@ class Scheduler {
 
   // Helper to mark matching items in a container as removed
   // Returns the number of items marked for removal
-  // For ESPHOME_THREAD_MULTI_NO_ATOMICS platforms, the caller must hold the scheduler lock before calling this
-  // function.
+  // IMPORTANT: Caller must hold the scheduler lock before calling this function.
   template<typename Container>
   size_t mark_matching_items_removed_(Container &container, Component *component, const char *name_cstr,
                                       SchedulerItem::Type type, bool match_retry) {
     size_t count = 0;
     for (auto &item : container) {
+      // Skip nullptr items (can happen in defer_queue_ when items are being processed)
+      // The defer_queue_ uses index-based processing: items are std::moved out but left in the
+      // vector as nullptr until cleanup. Even though this function is called with lock held,
+      // the vector can still contain nullptr items from the processing loop. This check prevents crashes.
+      if (!item)
+        continue;
       if (this->matches_item_(item, component, name_cstr, type, match_retry)) {
         // Mark item for removal (platform-specific)
 #ifdef ESPHOME_THREAD_MULTI_ATOMICS
@@ -311,6 +346,12 @@ class Scheduler {
   bool has_cancelled_timeout_in_container_(const Container &container, Component *component, const char *name_cstr,
                                            bool match_retry) const {
     for (const auto &item : container) {
+      // Skip nullptr items (can happen in defer_queue_ when items are being processed)
+      // The defer_queue_ uses index-based processing: items are std::moved out but left in the
+      // vector as nullptr until cleanup. If this function is called during defer queue processing,
+      // it will iterate over these nullptr items. This check prevents crashes.
+      if (!item)
+        continue;
       if (is_item_removed_(item.get()) &&
           this->matches_item_(item, component, name_cstr, SchedulerItem::TIMEOUT, match_retry,
                               /* skip_removed= */ false)) {
@@ -324,8 +365,11 @@ class Scheduler {
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<SchedulerItem>> items_;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<SchedulerItem>> to_add_;
 #ifndef ESPHOME_THREAD_SINGLE
-  // Single-core platforms don't need the defer queue and save 40 bytes of RAM
-  std::deque<std::unique_ptr<SchedulerItem>> defer_queue_;  // FIFO queue for defer() calls
+  // Single-core platforms don't need the defer queue and save ~32 bytes of RAM
+  // Using std::vector instead of std::deque avoids 512-byte chunked allocations
+  // Index tracking avoids O(n) erase() calls when draining the queue each loop
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<SchedulerItem>> defer_queue_;  // FIFO queue for defer() calls
+  size_t defer_queue_front_{0};  // Index of first valid item in defer_queue_ (tracks consumed items)
 #endif                           /* ESPHOME_THREAD_SINGLE */
   uint32_t to_remove_{0};
 

script/api_protobuf/api_protobuf.py

@@ -1415,7 +1415,13 @@ class RepeatedTypeInfo(TypeInfo):
         super().__init__(field)
         # Check if this is a pointer field by looking for container_pointer option
         self._container_type = get_field_opt(field, pb.container_pointer, "")
-        self._use_pointer = bool(self._container_type)
+        # Check for non-template container pointer
+        self._container_no_template = get_field_opt(
+            field, pb.container_pointer_no_template, ""
+        )
+        self._use_pointer = bool(self._container_type) or bool(
+            self._container_no_template
+        )
         # Check if this should use FixedVector instead of std::vector
         self._use_fixed_vector = get_field_opt(field, pb.fixed_vector, False)
 
@@ -1434,12 +1440,18 @@ class RepeatedTypeInfo(TypeInfo):
 
     @property
     def cpp_type(self) -> str:
+        if self._container_no_template:
+            # Non-template container: use type as-is without appending template parameters
+            return f"const {self._container_no_template}*"
         if self._use_pointer and self._container_type:
             # For pointer fields, use the specified container type
-            # If the container type already includes the element type (e.g., std::set<climate::ClimateMode>)
-            # use it as-is, otherwise append the element type
+            # Two cases:
+            # 1. "std::set<climate::ClimateMode>" - Full type with template params, use as-is
+            # 2. "std::set" - No <>, append the element type
             if "<" in self._container_type and ">" in self._container_type:
+                # Has template parameters specified, use as-is
                 return f"const {self._container_type}*"
+            # No <> at all, append element type
             return f"const {self._container_type}<{self._ti.cpp_type}>*"
         if self._use_fixed_vector:
             return f"FixedVector<{self._ti.cpp_type}>"

script/helpers_zephyr.py

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ int main() { return 0;}
     Path(zephyr_dir / "prj.conf").write_text(
         """
 CONFIG_NEWLIB_LIBC=y
+CONFIG_BT=y
 CONFIG_ADC=y
 """,
         encoding="utf-8",

tests/components/ble_nus/test.nrf52-adafruit.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ble_nus:
+  type: logs

tests/components/ble_nus/test.nrf52-mcumgr.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ble_nus:
+  type: logs

tests/components/sensor/common.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+sensor:
+  # Source sensor for testing filters
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Sensor"
+    id: source_sensor
+    lambda: return 42.0;
+    update_interval: 1s
+
+  # Streaming filters (window_size == send_every) - uses StreamingFilter base class
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Streaming Min Filter"
+    filters:
+      - min:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 10  # Batch window → StreamingMinFilter
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Streaming Max Filter"
+    filters:
+      - max:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 10  # Batch window → StreamingMaxFilter
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Streaming Moving Average Filter"
+    filters:
+      - sliding_window_moving_average:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 10  # Batch window → StreamingMovingAverageFilter
+
+  # Sliding window filters (window_size != send_every) - uses SlidingWindowFilter base class with ring buffer
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Min Filter"
+    filters:
+      - min:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 5  # Sliding window → MinFilter with ring buffer
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Max Filter"
+    filters:
+      - max:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 5  # Sliding window → MaxFilter with ring buffer
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Median Filter"
+    filters:
+      - median:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 5  # Sliding window → MedianFilter with ring buffer
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Quantile Filter"
+    filters:
+      - quantile:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 5
+          quantile: 0.9  # Sliding window → QuantileFilter with ring buffer
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Moving Average Filter"
+    filters:
+      - sliding_window_moving_average:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 5  # Sliding window → SlidingWindowMovingAverageFilter with ring buffer
+
+  # Edge cases
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Large Batch Window Min"
+    filters:
+      - min:
+          window_size: 1000
+          send_every: 1000  # Large batch → StreamingMinFilter (4 bytes, not 4KB)
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Small Sliding Window"
+    filters:
+      - median:
+          window_size: 3
+          send_every: 1  # Frequent output → MedianFilter with 3-element ring buffer
+
+  # send_first_at parameter test
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Early Send Filter"
+    filters:
+      - max:
+          window_size: 10
+          send_every: 10
+          send_first_at: 1  # Send after first value

tests/components/sensor/test.esp8266-ard.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<<: !include common.yaml

tests/integration/README.md

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ This directory contains end-to-end integration tests for ESPHome, focusing on te
 - `conftest.py` - Common fixtures and utilities
 - `const.py` - Constants used throughout the integration tests
 - `types.py` - Type definitions for fixtures and functions
+- `state_utils.py` - State handling utilities (e.g., `InitialStateHelper`, `build_key_to_entity_mapping`)
 - `fixtures/` - YAML configuration files for tests
 - `test_*.py` - Individual test files
 
@@ -26,6 +27,32 @@ The `yaml_config` fixture automatically loads YAML configurations based on the t
 - `reserved_tcp_port` - Reserves a TCP port by holding the socket open until ESPHome needs it
 - `unused_tcp_port` - Provides the reserved port number for each test
 
+### Helper Utilities
+
+#### InitialStateHelper (`state_utils.py`)
+
+The `InitialStateHelper` class solves a common problem in integration tests: when an API client connects, ESPHome automatically broadcasts the current state of all entities. This can interfere with tests that want to track only new state changes triggered by test actions.
+
+**What it does:**
+- Tracks all entities (except stateless ones like buttons)
+- Swallows the first state broadcast for each entity
+- Forwards all subsequent state changes to your test callback
+- Provides `wait_for_initial_states()` to synchronize before test actions
+
+**When to use it:**
+- Any test that triggers entity state changes and needs to verify them
+- Tests that would otherwise see duplicate or unexpected states
+- Tests that need clean separation between initial state and test-triggered changes
+
+**Implementation details:**
+- Uses `(device_id, key)` tuples to uniquely identify entities across devices
+- Automatically excludes `ButtonInfo` entities (stateless)
+- Provides debug logging to track state reception (use `--log-cli-level=DEBUG`)
+- Safe for concurrent use with multiple entity types
+
+**Future work:**
+Consider converting existing integration tests to use `InitialStateHelper` for more reliable state tracking and to eliminate race conditions related to initial state broadcasts.
+
 ### Writing Tests
 
 The simplest way to write a test is to use the `run_compiled` and `api_client_connected` fixtures:
@@ -125,6 +152,54 @@ async def test_my_sensor(
 ```
 
 ##### State Subscription Pattern
+
+**Recommended: Using InitialStateHelper**
+
+When an API client connects, ESPHome automatically sends the current state of all entities. The `InitialStateHelper` (from `state_utils.py`) handles this by swallowing these initial states and only forwarding subsequent state changes to your test callback:
+
+```python
+from .state_utils import InitialStateHelper
+
+# Track state changes with futures
+loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+states: dict[int, EntityState] = {}
+state_future: asyncio.Future[EntityState] = loop.create_future()
+
+def on_state(state: EntityState) -> None:
+    """This callback only receives NEW state changes, not initial states."""
+    states[state.key] = state
+    # Check for specific condition using isinstance
+    if isinstance(state, SensorState) and state.state == expected_value:
+        if not state_future.done():
+            state_future.set_result(state)
+
+# Get entities and set up state synchronization
+entities, services = await client.list_entities_services()
+initial_state_helper = InitialStateHelper(entities)
+
+# Subscribe with the wrapper that filters initial states
+client.subscribe_states(initial_state_helper.on_state_wrapper(on_state))
+
+# Wait for all initial states to be broadcast
+try:
+    await initial_state_helper.wait_for_initial_states()
+except TimeoutError:
+    pytest.fail("Timeout waiting for initial states")
+
+# Now perform your test actions - on_state will only receive new changes
+# ... trigger state changes ...
+
+# Wait for expected state
+try:
+    result = await asyncio.wait_for(state_future, timeout=5.0)
+except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+    pytest.fail(f"Expected state not received. Got: {list(states.values())}")
+```
+
+**Legacy: Manual State Tracking**
+
+If you need to handle initial states manually (not recommended for new tests):
+
 ```python
 # Track state changes with futures
 loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

tests/integration/fixtures/sensor_filters_batch_window.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+esphome:
+  name: test-batch-window-filters
+
+host:
+api:
+  batch_delay: 0ms  # Disable batching to receive all state updates
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG
+
+# Template sensor that we'll use to publish values
+sensor:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Sensor"
+    id: source_sensor
+    accuracy_decimals: 2
+
+  # Batch window filters (window_size == send_every) - use streaming filters
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Min Sensor"
+    id: min_sensor
+    filters:
+      - min:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Max Sensor"
+    id: max_sensor
+    filters:
+      - max:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Moving Avg Sensor"
+    id: moving_avg_sensor
+    filters:
+      - sliding_window_moving_average:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+# Button to trigger publishing test values
+button:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Publish Values Button"
+    id: publish_button
+    on_press:
+      - lambda: |-
+          // Publish 10 values: 1.0, 2.0, ..., 10.0
+          for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
+            id(source_sensor).publish_state(float(i));
+          }

tests/integration/fixtures/sensor_filters_nan_handling.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+esphome:
+  name: test-nan-handling
+
+host:
+api:
+  batch_delay: 0ms  # Disable batching to receive all state updates
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG
+
+sensor:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source NaN Sensor"
+    id: source_nan_sensor
+    accuracy_decimals: 2
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_nan_sensor
+    name: "Min NaN Sensor"
+    id: min_nan_sensor
+    filters:
+      - min:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_nan_sensor
+    name: "Max NaN Sensor"
+    id: max_nan_sensor
+    filters:
+      - max:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+script:
+  - id: publish_nan_values_script
+    then:
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: 10.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: !lambda 'return NAN;'
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: 5.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: !lambda 'return NAN;'
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: 15.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: 8.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: !lambda 'return NAN;'
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: 12.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: 3.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_nan_sensor
+          state: !lambda 'return NAN;'
+
+button:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Publish NaN Values Button"
+    id: publish_nan_button
+    on_press:
+      - script.execute: publish_nan_values_script

tests/integration/fixtures/sensor_filters_ring_buffer.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+esphome:
+  name: test-sliding-window-filters
+
+host:
+api:
+  batch_delay: 0ms  # Disable batching to receive all state updates
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG
+
+# Template sensor that we'll use to publish values
+sensor:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Sensor"
+    id: source_sensor
+    accuracy_decimals: 2
+
+  # ACTUAL sliding window filters (window_size != send_every) - use ring buffers
+  # Window of 5, send every 2 values
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Min Sensor"
+    id: sliding_min_sensor
+    filters:
+      - min:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 2
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Max Sensor"
+    id: sliding_max_sensor
+    filters:
+      - max:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 2
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Median Sensor"
+    id: sliding_median_sensor
+    filters:
+      - median:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 2
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Sliding Moving Avg Sensor"
+    id: sliding_moving_avg_sensor
+    filters:
+      - sliding_window_moving_average:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 2
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+# Button to trigger publishing test values
+script:
+  - id: publish_values_script
+    then:
+      # Publish 10 values: 1.0, 2.0, ..., 10.0
+      # With window_size=5, send_every=2, send_first_at=1:
+      # - Output at position 1: window=[1], min=1, max=1, median=1, avg=1
+      # - Output at position 3: window=[1,2,3], min=1, max=3, median=2, avg=2
+      # - Output at position 5: window=[1,2,3,4,5], min=1, max=5, median=3, avg=3
+      # - Output at position 7: window=[3,4,5,6,7], min=3, max=7, median=5, avg=5
+      # - Output at position 9: window=[5,6,7,8,9], min=5, max=9, median=7, avg=7
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 1.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 2.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 3.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 4.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 5.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 6.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 7.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 8.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 9.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 10.0
+
+button:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Publish Values Button"
+    id: publish_button
+    on_press:
+      - script.execute: publish_values_script

tests/integration/fixtures/sensor_filters_ring_buffer_wraparound.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+esphome:
+  name: test-ring-buffer-wraparound
+
+host:
+api:
+  batch_delay: 0ms  # Disable batching to receive all state updates
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG
+
+sensor:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Wraparound Sensor"
+    id: source_wraparound
+    accuracy_decimals: 2
+
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_wraparound
+    name: "Wraparound Min Sensor"
+    id: wraparound_min_sensor
+    filters:
+      - min:
+          window_size: 3
+          send_every: 3
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+script:
+  - id: publish_wraparound_script
+    then:
+      # Publish 9 values to test ring buffer wraparound
+      # Values: 10, 20, 30, 5, 25, 15, 40, 35, 20
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 10.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 20.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 30.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 5.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 25.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 15.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 40.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 35.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_wraparound
+          state: 20.0
+
+button:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Publish Wraparound Button"
+    id: publish_wraparound_button
+    on_press:
+      - script.execute: publish_wraparound_script

tests/integration/fixtures/sensor_filters_sliding_window.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+esphome:
+  name: test-sliding-window-filters
+
+host:
+api:
+  batch_delay: 0ms  # Disable batching to receive all state updates
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG
+
+# Template sensor that we'll use to publish values
+sensor:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Source Sensor"
+    id: source_sensor
+    accuracy_decimals: 2
+
+  # Min filter sensor
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Min Sensor"
+    id: min_sensor
+    filters:
+      - min:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  # Max filter sensor
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Max Sensor"
+    id: max_sensor
+    filters:
+      - max:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  # Median filter sensor
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Median Sensor"
+    id: median_sensor
+    filters:
+      - median:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+  # Quantile filter sensor (90th percentile)
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Quantile Sensor"
+    id: quantile_sensor
+    filters:
+      - quantile:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+          quantile: 0.9
+
+  # Moving average filter sensor
+  - platform: copy
+    source_id: source_sensor
+    name: "Moving Avg Sensor"
+    id: moving_avg_sensor
+    filters:
+      - sliding_window_moving_average:
+          window_size: 5
+          send_every: 5
+          send_first_at: 1
+
+# Script to publish values with delays
+script:
+  - id: publish_values_script
+    then:
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 1.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 2.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 3.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 4.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 5.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 6.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 7.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 8.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 9.0
+      - delay: 20ms
+      - sensor.template.publish:
+          id: source_sensor
+          state: 10.0
+
+# Button to trigger publishing test values
+button:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Publish Values Button"
+    id: publish_button
+    on_press:
+      - script.execute: publish_values_script

tests/integration/state_utils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+"""Shared utilities for ESPHome integration tests - state handling."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+
+from aioesphomeapi import ButtonInfo, EntityInfo, EntityState
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def build_key_to_entity_mapping(
+    entities: list[EntityInfo], entity_names: list[str]
+) -> dict[int, str]:
+    """Build a mapping from entity keys to entity names.
+
+    Args:
+        entities: List of entity info objects from the API
+        entity_names: List of entity names to search for in object_ids
+
+    Returns:
+        Dictionary mapping entity keys to entity names
+    """
+    key_to_entity: dict[int, str] = {}
+    for entity in entities:
+        obj_id = entity.object_id.lower()
+        for entity_name in entity_names:
+            if entity_name in obj_id:
+                key_to_entity[entity.key] = entity_name
+                break
+    return key_to_entity
+
+
+class InitialStateHelper:
+    """Helper to wait for initial states before processing test states.
+
+    When an API client connects, ESPHome sends the current state of all entities.
+    This helper wraps the user's state callback and swallows the first state for
+    each entity, then forwards all subsequent states to the user callback.
+
+    Usage:
+        entities, services = await client.list_entities_services()
+        helper = InitialStateHelper(entities)
+        client.subscribe_states(helper.on_state_wrapper(user_callback))
+        await helper.wait_for_initial_states()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, entities: list[EntityInfo]) -> None:
+        """Initialize the helper.
+
+        Args:
+            entities: All entities from list_entities_services()
+        """
+        # Set of (device_id, key) tuples waiting for initial state
+        # Buttons are stateless, so exclude them
+        self._wait_initial_states = {
+            (entity.device_id, entity.key)
+            for entity in entities
+            if not isinstance(entity, ButtonInfo)
+        }
+        # Keep entity info for debugging - use (device_id, key) tuple
+        self._entities_by_id = {
+            (entity.device_id, entity.key): entity for entity in entities
+        }
+
+        # Log all entities
+        _LOGGER.debug(
+            "InitialStateHelper: Found %d total entities: %s",
+            len(entities),
+            [(type(e).__name__, e.object_id) for e in entities],
+        )
+
+        # Log which ones we're waiting for
+        _LOGGER.debug(
+            "InitialStateHelper: Waiting for %d entities (excluding ButtonInfo): %s",
+            len(self._wait_initial_states),
+            [self._entities_by_id[k].object_id for k in self._wait_initial_states],
+        )
+
+        # Log which ones we're NOT waiting for
+        not_waiting = {
+            (e.device_id, e.key) for e in entities
+        } - self._wait_initial_states
+        if not_waiting:
+            not_waiting_info = [
+                f"{type(self._entities_by_id[k]).__name__}:{self._entities_by_id[k].object_id}"
+                for k in not_waiting
+            ]
+            _LOGGER.debug(
+                "InitialStateHelper: NOT waiting for %d entities: %s",
+                len(not_waiting),
+                not_waiting_info,
+            )
+
+        # Create future in the running event loop
+        self._initial_states_received = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
+        # If no entities to wait for, mark complete immediately
+        if not self._wait_initial_states:
+            self._initial_states_received.set_result(True)
+
+    def on_state_wrapper(self, user_callback):
+        """Wrap a user callback to track initial states.
+
+        Args:
+            user_callback: The user's state callback function
+
+        Returns:
+            Wrapped callback that swallows first state per entity, forwards rest
+        """
+
+        def wrapper(state: EntityState) -> None:
+            """Swallow initial state per entity, forward subsequent states."""
+            # Create entity identifier tuple
+            entity_id = (state.device_id, state.key)
+
+            # Log which entity is sending state
+            if entity_id in self._entities_by_id:
+                entity = self._entities_by_id[entity_id]
+                _LOGGER.debug(
+                    "Received state for %s (type: %s, device_id: %s, key: %d)",
+                    entity.object_id,
+                    type(entity).__name__,
+                    state.device_id,
+                    state.key,
+                )
+
+            # If this entity is waiting for initial state
+            if entity_id in self._wait_initial_states:
+                # Remove from waiting set
+                self._wait_initial_states.discard(entity_id)
+
+                _LOGGER.debug(
+                    "Swallowed initial state for %s, %d entities remaining",
+                    self._entities_by_id[entity_id].object_id
+                    if entity_id in self._entities_by_id
+                    else entity_id,
+                    len(self._wait_initial_states),
+                )
+
+                # Check if we've now seen all entities
+                if (
+                    not self._wait_initial_states
+                    and not self._initial_states_received.done()
+                ):
+                    _LOGGER.debug("All initial states received")
+                    self._initial_states_received.set_result(True)
+
+                # Don't forward initial state to user
+                return
+
+            # Forward subsequent states to user callback
+            _LOGGER.debug("Forwarding state to user callback")
+            user_callback(state)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    async def wait_for_initial_states(self, timeout: float = 5.0) -> None:
+        """Wait for all initial states to be received.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: Maximum time to wait in seconds
+
+        Raises:
+            asyncio.TimeoutError: If initial states aren't received within timeout
+        """
+        await asyncio.wait_for(self._initial_states_received, timeout=timeout)

tests/integration/test_light_calls.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import asyncio
 from typing import Any
 
 from aioesphomeapi import LightState
+from aioesphomeapi.model import ColorMode
 import pytest
 
 from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
@@ -35,10 +36,51 @@ async def test_light_calls(
         # Get the light entities
         entities = await client.list_entities_services()
         lights = [e for e in entities[0] if e.object_id.startswith("test_")]
-        assert len(lights) >= 2  # Should have RGBCW and RGB lights
+        assert len(lights) >= 3  # Should have RGBCW, RGB, and Binary lights
 
         rgbcw_light = next(light for light in lights if "RGBCW" in light.name)
         rgb_light = next(light for light in lights if "RGB Light" in light.name)
+        binary_light = next(light for light in lights if "Binary" in light.name)
+
+        # Test color mode encoding: Verify supported_color_modes contains actual ColorMode enum values
+        # not bit positions. This is critical - the iterator must convert bit positions to actual
+        # ColorMode enum values for API encoding.
+
+        # RGBCW light (rgbww platform) should support RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE mode
+        assert ColorMode.RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE in rgbcw_light.supported_color_modes, (
+            f"RGBCW light missing RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE mode. Got: {rgbcw_light.supported_color_modes}"
+        )
+        # Verify it's the actual enum value, not bit position
+        assert ColorMode.RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE.value in [
+            mode.value for mode in rgbcw_light.supported_color_modes
+        ], (
+            f"RGBCW light has wrong color mode values. Expected {ColorMode.RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE.value} "
+            f"(RGB_COLD_WARM_WHITE), got: {[mode.value for mode in rgbcw_light.supported_color_modes]}"
+        )
+
+        # RGB light should support RGB mode
+        assert ColorMode.RGB in rgb_light.supported_color_modes, (
+            f"RGB light missing RGB color mode. Got: {rgb_light.supported_color_modes}"
+        )
+        # Verify it's the actual enum value, not bit position
+        assert ColorMode.RGB.value in [
+            mode.value for mode in rgb_light.supported_color_modes
+        ], (
+            f"RGB light has wrong color mode values. Expected {ColorMode.RGB.value} (RGB), got: "
+            f"{[mode.value for mode in rgb_light.supported_color_modes]}"
+        )
+
+        # Binary light (on/off only) should support ON_OFF mode
+        assert ColorMode.ON_OFF in binary_light.supported_color_modes, (
+            f"Binary light missing ON_OFF color mode. Got: {binary_light.supported_color_modes}"
+        )
+        # Verify it's the actual enum value, not bit position
+        assert ColorMode.ON_OFF.value in [
+            mode.value for mode in binary_light.supported_color_modes
+        ], (
+            f"Binary light has wrong color mode values. Expected {ColorMode.ON_OFF.value} (ON_OFF), got: "
+            f"{[mode.value for mode in binary_light.supported_color_modes]}"
+        )
 
         async def wait_for_state_change(key: int, timeout: float = 1.0) -> Any:
             """Wait for a state change for the given entity key."""

tests/integration/test_sensor_filters_ring_buffer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+"""Test sensor ring buffer filter functionality (window_size != send_every)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+
+from aioesphomeapi import EntityState, SensorState
+import pytest
+
+from .state_utils import InitialStateHelper, build_key_to_entity_mapping
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sensor_filters_ring_buffer(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that ring buffer filters (window_size != send_every) work correctly."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+
+    # Track state changes for each sensor
+    sensor_states: dict[str, list[float]] = {
+        "sliding_min": [],
+        "sliding_max": [],
+        "sliding_median": [],
+        "sliding_moving_avg": [],
+    }
+
+    # Futures to track when we receive expected values
+    all_updates_received = loop.create_future()
+
+    def on_state(state: EntityState) -> None:
+        """Track sensor state updates."""
+        if not isinstance(state, SensorState):
+            return
+
+        # Skip NaN values
+        if state.missing_state:
+            return
+
+        # Get the sensor name from the key mapping
+        sensor_name = key_to_sensor.get(state.key)
+        if not sensor_name or sensor_name not in sensor_states:
+            return
+
+        sensor_states[sensor_name].append(state.state)
+
+        # Check if we've received enough updates from all sensors
+        # With send_every=2, send_first_at=1, we expect 5 outputs per sensor
+        if (
+            len(sensor_states["sliding_min"]) >= 5
+            and len(sensor_states["sliding_max"]) >= 5
+            and len(sensor_states["sliding_median"]) >= 5
+            and len(sensor_states["sliding_moving_avg"]) >= 5
+            and not all_updates_received.done()
+        ):
+            all_updates_received.set_result(True)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Get entities first to build key mapping
+        entities, services = await client.list_entities_services()
+
+        # Build key-to-sensor mapping
+        key_to_sensor = build_key_to_entity_mapping(
+            entities,
+            [
+                "sliding_min",
+                "sliding_max",
+                "sliding_median",
+                "sliding_moving_avg",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # Set up initial state helper with all entities
+        initial_state_helper = InitialStateHelper(entities)
+
+        # Subscribe to state changes with wrapper
+        client.subscribe_states(initial_state_helper.on_state_wrapper(on_state))
+
+        # Wait for initial states to be sent before pressing button
+        try:
+            await initial_state_helper.wait_for_initial_states()
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail("Timeout waiting for initial states")
+
+        # Find the publish button
+        publish_button = next(
+            (e for e in entities if "publish_values_button" in e.object_id.lower()),
+            None,
+        )
+        assert publish_button is not None, "Publish Values Button not found"
+
+        # Press the button to publish test values
+        client.button_command(publish_button.key)
+
+        # Wait for all sensors to receive their values
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(all_updates_received, timeout=10.0)
+        except TimeoutError:
+            # Provide detailed failure info
+            pytest.fail(
+                f"Timeout waiting for updates. Received states:\n"
+                f"  min: {sensor_states['sliding_min']}\n"
+                f"  max: {sensor_states['sliding_max']}\n"
+                f"  median: {sensor_states['sliding_median']}\n"
+                f"  moving_avg: {sensor_states['sliding_moving_avg']}"
+            )
+
+        # Verify we got 5 outputs per sensor (positions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
+        assert len(sensor_states["sliding_min"]) == 5, (
+            f"Min sensor should have 5 values, got {len(sensor_states['sliding_min'])}: {sensor_states['sliding_min']}"
+        )
+        assert len(sensor_states["sliding_max"]) == 5
+        assert len(sensor_states["sliding_median"]) == 5
+        assert len(sensor_states["sliding_moving_avg"]) == 5
+
+        # Verify the values at each output position
+        # Position 1: window=[1]
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_min"][0] == pytest.approx(1.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_max"][0] == pytest.approx(1.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_median"][0] == pytest.approx(1.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_moving_avg"][0] == pytest.approx(1.0)
+
+        # Position 3: window=[1,2,3]
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_min"][1] == pytest.approx(1.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_max"][1] == pytest.approx(3.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_median"][1] == pytest.approx(2.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_moving_avg"][1] == pytest.approx(2.0)
+
+        # Position 5: window=[1,2,3,4,5]
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_min"][2] == pytest.approx(1.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_max"][2] == pytest.approx(5.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_median"][2] == pytest.approx(3.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_moving_avg"][2] == pytest.approx(3.0)
+
+        # Position 7: window=[3,4,5,6,7] (ring buffer wrapped)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_min"][3] == pytest.approx(3.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_max"][3] == pytest.approx(7.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_median"][3] == pytest.approx(5.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_moving_avg"][3] == pytest.approx(5.0)
+
+        # Position 9: window=[5,6,7,8,9] (ring buffer wrapped)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_min"][4] == pytest.approx(5.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_max"][4] == pytest.approx(9.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_median"][4] == pytest.approx(7.0)
+        assert sensor_states["sliding_moving_avg"][4] == pytest.approx(7.0)

tests/integration/test_sensor_filters_sliding_window.py

@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+"""Test sensor sliding window filter functionality."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+
+from aioesphomeapi import EntityState, SensorState
+import pytest
+
+from .state_utils import InitialStateHelper, build_key_to_entity_mapping
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sensor_filters_sliding_window(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that sliding window filters (min, max, median, quantile, moving_average) work correctly."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+
+    # Track state changes for each sensor
+    sensor_states: dict[str, list[float]] = {
+        "min_sensor": [],
+        "max_sensor": [],
+        "median_sensor": [],
+        "quantile_sensor": [],
+        "moving_avg_sensor": [],
+    }
+
+    # Futures to track when we receive expected values
+    min_received = loop.create_future()
+    max_received = loop.create_future()
+    median_received = loop.create_future()
+    quantile_received = loop.create_future()
+    moving_avg_received = loop.create_future()
+
+    def on_state(state: EntityState) -> None:
+        """Track sensor state updates."""
+        if not isinstance(state, SensorState):
+            return
+
+        # Skip NaN values
+        if state.missing_state:
+            return
+
+        # Get the sensor name from the key mapping
+        sensor_name = key_to_sensor.get(state.key)
+        if not sensor_name or sensor_name not in sensor_states:
+            return
+
+        sensor_states[sensor_name].append(state.state)
+
+        # Check if we received the expected final value
+        # After publishing 10 values [1.0, 2.0, ..., 10.0], the window has the last 5: [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+        # Filters send at position 1 and position 6 (send_every=5 means every 5th value after first)
+        if (
+            sensor_name == "min_sensor"
+            and state.state == pytest.approx(2.0)
+            and not min_received.done()
+        ):
+            min_received.set_result(True)
+        elif (
+            sensor_name == "max_sensor"
+            and state.state == pytest.approx(6.0)
+            and not max_received.done()
+        ):
+            max_received.set_result(True)
+        elif (
+            sensor_name == "median_sensor"
+            and state.state == pytest.approx(4.0)
+            and not median_received.done()
+        ):
+            # Median of [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] = 4
+            median_received.set_result(True)
+        elif (
+            sensor_name == "quantile_sensor"
+            and state.state == pytest.approx(6.0)
+            and not quantile_received.done()
+        ):
+            # 90th percentile of [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] = 6
+            quantile_received.set_result(True)
+        elif (
+            sensor_name == "moving_avg_sensor"
+            and state.state == pytest.approx(4.0)
+            and not moving_avg_received.done()
+        ):
+            # Average of [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] = 4
+            moving_avg_received.set_result(True)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Get entities first to build key mapping
+        entities, services = await client.list_entities_services()
+
+        # Build key-to-sensor mapping
+        key_to_sensor = build_key_to_entity_mapping(
+            entities,
+            [
+                "min_sensor",
+                "max_sensor",
+                "median_sensor",
+                "quantile_sensor",
+                "moving_avg_sensor",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # Set up initial state helper with all entities
+        initial_state_helper = InitialStateHelper(entities)
+
+        # Subscribe to state changes with wrapper
+        client.subscribe_states(initial_state_helper.on_state_wrapper(on_state))
+
+        # Wait for initial states to be sent before pressing button
+        try:
+            await initial_state_helper.wait_for_initial_states()
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail("Timeout waiting for initial states")
+
+        # Find the publish button
+        publish_button = next(
+            (e for e in entities if "publish_values_button" in e.object_id.lower()),
+            None,
+        )
+        assert publish_button is not None, "Publish Values Button not found"
+
+        # Press the button to publish test values
+        client.button_command(publish_button.key)
+
+        # Wait for all sensors to receive their final values
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(
+                asyncio.gather(
+                    min_received,
+                    max_received,
+                    median_received,
+                    quantile_received,
+                    moving_avg_received,
+                ),
+                timeout=10.0,
+            )
+        except TimeoutError:
+            # Provide detailed failure info
+            pytest.fail(
+                f"Timeout waiting for expected values. Received states:\n"
+                f"  min: {sensor_states['min_sensor']}\n"
+                f"  max: {sensor_states['max_sensor']}\n"
+                f"  median: {sensor_states['median_sensor']}\n"
+                f"  quantile: {sensor_states['quantile_sensor']}\n"
+                f"  moving_avg: {sensor_states['moving_avg_sensor']}"
+            )
+
+        # Verify we got the expected values
+        # With batch_delay: 0ms, we should receive all outputs
+        # Filters output at positions 1 and 6 (send_every: 5)
+        assert len(sensor_states["min_sensor"]) == 2, (
+            f"Min sensor should have 2 values, got {len(sensor_states['min_sensor'])}: {sensor_states['min_sensor']}"
+        )
+        assert len(sensor_states["max_sensor"]) == 2, (
+            f"Max sensor should have 2 values, got {len(sensor_states['max_sensor'])}: {sensor_states['max_sensor']}"
+        )
+        assert len(sensor_states["median_sensor"]) == 2
+        assert len(sensor_states["quantile_sensor"]) == 2
+        assert len(sensor_states["moving_avg_sensor"]) == 2
+
+        # Verify the first output (after 1 value: [1])
+        assert sensor_states["min_sensor"][0] == pytest.approx(1.0), (
+            f"First min should be 1.0, got {sensor_states['min_sensor'][0]}"
+        )
+        assert sensor_states["max_sensor"][0] == pytest.approx(1.0), (
+            f"First max should be 1.0, got {sensor_states['max_sensor'][0]}"
+        )
+        assert sensor_states["median_sensor"][0] == pytest.approx(1.0), (
+            f"First median should be 1.0, got {sensor_states['median_sensor'][0]}"
+        )
+        assert sensor_states["moving_avg_sensor"][0] == pytest.approx(1.0), (
+            f"First moving avg should be 1.0, got {sensor_states['moving_avg_sensor'][0]}"
+        )
+
+        # Verify the second output (after 6 values, window has [2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+        assert sensor_states["min_sensor"][1] == pytest.approx(2.0), (
+            f"Second min should be 2.0, got {sensor_states['min_sensor'][1]}"
+        )
+        assert sensor_states["max_sensor"][1] == pytest.approx(6.0), (
+            f"Second max should be 6.0, got {sensor_states['max_sensor'][1]}"
+        )
+        assert sensor_states["median_sensor"][1] == pytest.approx(4.0), (
+            f"Second median should be 4.0, got {sensor_states['median_sensor'][1]}"
+        )
+        assert sensor_states["moving_avg_sensor"][1] == pytest.approx(4.0), (
+            f"Second moving avg should be 4.0, got {sensor_states['moving_avg_sensor'][1]}"
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sensor_filters_nan_handling(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that sliding window filters handle NaN values correctly."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+
+    # Track states
+    min_states: list[float] = []
+    max_states: list[float] = []
+
+    # Future to track completion
+    filters_completed = loop.create_future()
+
+    def on_state(state: EntityState) -> None:
+        """Track sensor state updates."""
+        if not isinstance(state, SensorState):
+            return
+
+        # Skip NaN values
+        if state.missing_state:
+            return
+
+        sensor_name = key_to_sensor.get(state.key)
+
+        if sensor_name == "min_nan":
+            min_states.append(state.state)
+        elif sensor_name == "max_nan":
+            max_states.append(state.state)
+
+        # Check if both have received their final values
+        # With batch_delay: 0ms, we should receive 2 outputs each
+        if (
+            len(min_states) >= 2
+            and len(max_states) >= 2
+            and not filters_completed.done()
+        ):
+            filters_completed.set_result(True)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Get entities first to build key mapping
+        entities, services = await client.list_entities_services()
+
+        # Build key-to-sensor mapping
+        key_to_sensor = build_key_to_entity_mapping(entities, ["min_nan", "max_nan"])
+
+        # Set up initial state helper with all entities
+        initial_state_helper = InitialStateHelper(entities)
+
+        # Subscribe to state changes with wrapper
+        client.subscribe_states(initial_state_helper.on_state_wrapper(on_state))
+
+        # Wait for initial states
+        try:
+            await initial_state_helper.wait_for_initial_states()
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail("Timeout waiting for initial states")
+
+        # Find the publish button
+        publish_button = next(
+            (e for e in entities if "publish_nan_values_button" in e.object_id.lower()),
+            None,
+        )
+        assert publish_button is not None, "Publish NaN Values Button not found"
+
+        # Press the button
+        client.button_command(publish_button.key)
+
+        # Wait for filters to process
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(filters_completed, timeout=10.0)
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(
+                f"Timeout waiting for NaN handling. Received:\n"
+                f"  min_states: {min_states}\n"
+                f"  max_states: {max_states}"
+            )
+
+        # Verify NaN values were ignored
+        # With batch_delay: 0ms, we should receive both outputs (at positions 1 and 6)
+        # Position 1: window=[10], min=10, max=10
+        # Position 6: window=[NaN, 5, NaN, 15, 8], ignoring NaN -> [5, 15, 8], min=5, max=15
+        assert len(min_states) == 2, (
+            f"Should have 2 min states, got {len(min_states)}: {min_states}"
+        )
+        assert len(max_states) == 2, (
+            f"Should have 2 max states, got {len(max_states)}: {max_states}"
+        )
+
+        # First output
+        assert min_states[0] == pytest.approx(10.0), (
+            f"First min should be 10.0, got {min_states[0]}"
+        )
+        assert max_states[0] == pytest.approx(10.0), (
+            f"First max should be 10.0, got {max_states[0]}"
+        )
+
+        # Second output - verify NaN values were ignored
+        assert min_states[1] == pytest.approx(5.0), (
+            f"Second min should ignore NaN and return 5.0, got {min_states[1]}"
+        )
+        assert max_states[1] == pytest.approx(15.0), (
+            f"Second max should ignore NaN and return 15.0, got {max_states[1]}"
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sensor_filters_ring_buffer_wraparound(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that ring buffer correctly wraps around when window fills up."""
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+
+    min_states: list[float] = []
+
+    test_completed = loop.create_future()
+
+    def on_state(state: EntityState) -> None:
+        """Track min sensor states."""
+        if not isinstance(state, SensorState):
+            return
+
+        # Skip NaN values
+        if state.missing_state:
+            return
+
+        sensor_name = key_to_sensor.get(state.key)
+
+        if sensor_name == "wraparound_min":
+            min_states.append(state.state)
+            # With batch_delay: 0ms, we should receive all 3 outputs
+            if len(min_states) >= 3 and not test_completed.done():
+                test_completed.set_result(True)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Get entities first to build key mapping
+        entities, services = await client.list_entities_services()
+
+        # Build key-to-sensor mapping
+        key_to_sensor = build_key_to_entity_mapping(entities, ["wraparound_min"])
+
+        # Set up initial state helper with all entities
+        initial_state_helper = InitialStateHelper(entities)
+
+        # Subscribe to state changes with wrapper
+        client.subscribe_states(initial_state_helper.on_state_wrapper(on_state))
+
+        # Wait for initial state
+        try:
+            await initial_state_helper.wait_for_initial_states()
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail("Timeout waiting for initial state")
+
+        # Find the publish button
+        publish_button = next(
+            (e for e in entities if "publish_wraparound_button" in e.object_id.lower()),
+            None,
+        )
+        assert publish_button is not None, "Publish Wraparound Button not found"
+
+        # Press the button
+        # Will publish: 10, 20, 30, 5, 25, 15, 40, 35, 20
+        client.button_command(publish_button.key)
+
+        # Wait for completion
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test_completed, timeout=10.0)
+        except TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(f"Timeout waiting for wraparound test. Received: {min_states}")
+
+        # Verify outputs
+        # With window_size=3, send_every=3, we get outputs at positions 1, 4, 7
+        # Position 1: window=[10], min=10
+        # Position 4: window=[20, 30, 5], min=5
+        # Position 7: window=[15, 40, 35], min=15
+        # With batch_delay: 0ms, we should receive all 3 outputs
+        assert len(min_states) == 3, (
+            f"Should have 3 states, got {len(min_states)}: {min_states}"
+        )
+        assert min_states[0] == pytest.approx(10.0), (
+            f"First min should be 10.0, got {min_states[0]}"
+        )
+        assert min_states[1] == pytest.approx(5.0), (
+            f"Second min should be 5.0, got {min_states[1]}"
+        )
+        assert min_states[2] == pytest.approx(15.0), (
+            f"Third min should be 15.0, got {min_states[2]}"
+        )

tests/unit_tests/test_main.py

@@ -321,12 +321,14 @@ def test_choose_upload_log_host_with_serial_device_no_ports(
 ) -> None:
     """Test SERIAL device when no serial ports are found."""
     setup_core()
-    result = choose_upload_log_host(
+    with pytest.raises(
+        EsphomeError, match="All specified devices .* could not be resolved"
+    ):
+        choose_upload_log_host(
             default="SERIAL",
             check_default=None,
             purpose=Purpose.UPLOADING,
         )
-    assert result == []
     assert "No serial ports found, skipping SERIAL device" in caplog.text
 
 
@@ -367,12 +369,14 @@ def test_choose_upload_log_host_with_ota_device_with_api_config() -> None:
     """Test OTA device when API is configured (no upload without OTA in config)."""
     setup_core(config={CONF_API: {}}, address="192.168.1.100")
 
-    result = choose_upload_log_host(
+    with pytest.raises(
+        EsphomeError, match="All specified devices .* could not be resolved"
+    ):
+        choose_upload_log_host(
             default="OTA",
             check_default=None,
             purpose=Purpose.UPLOADING,
         )
-    assert result == []
 
 
 def test_choose_upload_log_host_with_ota_device_with_api_config_logging() -> None:
@@ -405,12 +409,14 @@ def test_choose_upload_log_host_with_ota_device_no_fallback() -> None:
     """Test OTA device with no valid fallback options."""
     setup_core()
 
-    result = choose_upload_log_host(
+    with pytest.raises(
+        EsphomeError, match="All specified devices .* could not be resolved"
+    ):
+        choose_upload_log_host(
             default="OTA",
             check_default=None,
             purpose=Purpose.UPLOADING,
         )
-    assert result == []
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("mock_choose_prompt")
@@ -615,21 +621,19 @@ def test_choose_upload_log_host_empty_defaults_list() -> None:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("mock_no_serial_ports", "mock_no_mqtt_logging")
-def test_choose_upload_log_host_all_devices_unresolved(
-    caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture,
-) -> None:
+def test_choose_upload_log_host_all_devices_unresolved() -> None:
     """Test when all specified devices cannot be resolved."""
     setup_core()
 
-    result = choose_upload_log_host(
+    with pytest.raises(
+        EsphomeError,
+        match=r"All specified devices \['SERIAL', 'OTA'\] could not be resolved",
+    ):
+        choose_upload_log_host(
             default=["SERIAL", "OTA"],
             check_default=None,
             purpose=Purpose.UPLOADING,
         )
-    assert result == []
-    assert (
-        "All specified devices: ['SERIAL', 'OTA'] could not be resolved." in caplog.text
-    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures("mock_no_serial_ports", "mock_no_mqtt_logging")
@@ -762,12 +766,14 @@ def test_choose_upload_log_host_no_address_with_ota_config() -> None:
     """Test OTA device when OTA is configured but no address is set."""
     setup_core(config={CONF_OTA: {}})
 
-    result = choose_upload_log_host(
+    with pytest.raises(
+        EsphomeError, match="All specified devices .* could not be resolved"
+    ):
+        choose_upload_log_host(
             default="OTA",
             check_default=None,
             purpose=Purpose.UPLOADING,
         )
-    assert result == []
 
 
 @dataclass