Add tca9555 GPIO driver (#7146)

Co-authored-by: Michal Obrembski <michal@obrembski.com>
Co-authored-by: Jesse Hills <3060199+jesserockz@users.noreply.github.com>

esphome/components/gpio_expander/cached_gpio.h

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include "esphome/core/hal.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace gpio_expander {
+
+/// @brief A class to cache the read state of a GPIO expander.
+template<typename T, T N> class CachedGpioExpander {
+ public:
+  bool digital_read(T pin) {
+    if (!this->read_cache_invalidated_[pin]) {
+      this->read_cache_invalidated_[pin] = true;
+      return this->digital_read_cache(pin);
+    }
+    return this->digital_read_hw(pin);
+  }
+
+  void digital_write(T pin, bool value) { this->digital_write_hw(pin, value); }
+
+ protected:
+  virtual bool digital_read_hw(T pin) = 0;
+  virtual bool digital_read_cache(T pin) = 0;
+  virtual void digital_write_hw(T pin, bool value) = 0;
+
+  void reset_pin_cache_() {
+    for (T i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+      this->read_cache_invalidated_[i] = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::array<bool, N> read_cache_invalidated_{};
+};
+
+}  // namespace gpio_expander
+}  // namespace esphome