[CI] Introduce testing for IDF 5 (and other arbitrary framework versions) (#6802)

* Initial changes to support testing of additional framework versions

* Rename Arduino test files

tests/components/sim800l/test.rp2040-ard.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+esphome:
+  on_boot:
+    then:
+      - sim800l.send_sms:
+          recipient: '+15551234567'
+          message: Hello there
+      - sim800l.dial:
+          recipient: '+15551234567'
+      - sim800l.connect
+      - sim800l.disconnect
+      - sim800l.send_ussd:
+          ussd: test_ussd
+
+uart:
+  - id: uart_sim800l
+    tx_pin: 4
+    rx_pin: 5
+    baud_rate: 9600
+
+sim800l:
+  on_sms_received:
+    - lambda: |-
+        std::string str;
+        str = sender;
+        str = message;
+    - sim800l.send_sms:
+        message: hello you
+        recipient: "+1234"
+    - sim800l.dial:
+        recipient: "+1234"
+  on_incoming_call:
+    - logger.log:
+        format: "Incoming call from '%s'"
+        args: ["caller_id.c_str()"]
+    - sim800l.disconnect
+  on_ussd_received:
+    - logger.log: "ussd_received"