[CI] Introduce testing for IDF 5 (and other arbitrary framework versions) (#6802)

* Initial changes to support testing of additional framework versions

* Rename Arduino test files

tests/components/scd30/test.rp2040-ard.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+i2c:
+  - id: i2c_scd30
+    scl: 5
+    sda: 4
+
+sensor:
+  - platform: scd30
+    co2:
+      name: SCD30 CO2
+    temperature:
+      id: scd30_temperature
+      name: SCD30 Temperature
+    humidity:
+      name: SCD30 Humidity
+    address: 0x61
+    automatic_self_calibration: true
+    altitude_compensation: 10m
+    ambient_pressure_compensation: 961mBar
+    temperature_offset: 4.2C
+    update_interval: 15s