[CI] Introduce testing for IDF 5 (and other arbitrary framework versions) (#6802)

* Initial changes to support testing of additional framework versions

* Rename Arduino test files

tests/components/mcp3008/test.rp2040-ard.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+spi:
+  - id: spi_mcp3008
+    clk_pin: 2
+    mosi_pin: 3
+    miso_pin: 4
+
+mcp3008:
+  - id: mcp3008_hub
+    cs_pin: 6
+
+sensor:
+  - platform: mcp3008
+    id: mcp3008_sensor
+    mcp3008_id: mcp3008_hub
+    number: 0
+    reference_voltage: 3.19
+    update_interval: 5s