Add cv.deprecated and cv.removed to config validation

These are adapted from HA core

Currently we remove keys from YAML which breaks user configurations
without any notice.

In HA we mark these as deprecated or removed which gives users
time to adapt.

Example https://github.com/esphome/esphome/pull/7770/files#diff-8d5bfacdc6c7d62624eeb1029bdcec74878e95cf16fc5e421c2fb2c87b879680L75

esphome/frame.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import cached_property
+import linecache
+import logging
+import sys
+from types import FrameType
+
+
+@dataclass(kw_only=True)
+class ComponentFrame:
+    """Component frame container."""
+
+    custom_component: bool
+    component: str
+    module: str | None
+    relative_filename: str
+    frame: FrameType
+
+    @cached_property
+    def line_number(self) -> int:
+        """Return the line number of the frame."""
+        return self.frame.f_lineno
+
+    @cached_property
+    def filename(self) -> str:
+        """Return the filename of the frame."""
+        return self.frame.f_code.co_filename
+
+    @cached_property
+    def line(self) -> str:
+        """Return the line of the frame."""
+        return (linecache.getline(self.filename, self.line_number) or "?").strip()
+
+
+def get_current_frame(depth: int = 0) -> FrameType:
+    """Return the current frame."""
+    # Add one to depth since get_current_frame is included
+    return sys._getframe(depth + 1)  # noqa: SLF001
+
+
+class MissingComponentFrame(Exception):
+    """Raised when no component is found in the frame."""
+
+
+def get_component_frame(exclude_components: set | None = None) -> ComponentFrame:
+    """Return the frame, component and component path of the current stack frame."""
+    found_frame = None
+    if not exclude_components:
+        exclude_components = set()
+
+    frame: FrameType | None = get_current_frame()
+    while frame is not None:
+        filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
+
+        for path in ("custom_components/", "esphome/components/"):
+            try:
+                index = filename.index(path)
+                start = index + len(path)
+                end = filename.index("/", start)
+                component = filename[start:end]
+                if component not in exclude_components:
+                    found_frame = frame
+
+                break
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+
+        if found_frame is not None:
+            break
+
+        frame = frame.f_back
+
+    if found_frame is None:
+        raise MissingComponentFrame
+
+    found_module: str | None = None
+    for module, module_obj in dict(sys.modules).items():
+        if not hasattr(module_obj, "__file__"):
+            continue
+        if module_obj.__file__ == found_frame.f_code.co_filename:
+            found_module = module
+            break
+
+    return ComponentFrame(
+        custom_component=path == "custom_components/",
+        component=component,
+        module=found_module,
+        relative_filename=found_frame.f_code.co_filename[index:],
+        frame=found_frame,
+    )
+
+
+def get_component_logger(fallback_name: str) -> logging.Logger:
+    """Return a logger by checking the current component frame.
+
+    If Python is unable to access the sources files, the call stack frame
+    will be missing information, so let's guard by requiring a fallback name.
+    https://github.com/home-assistant/core/issues/24982
+    """
+    try:
+        component_frame = get_component_frame()
+    except MissingComponentFrame:
+        return logging.getLogger(fallback_name)
+
+    if component_frame.custom_component:
+        logger_name = f"custom_components.{component_frame.component}"
+    else:
+        logger_name = f"esphome.components.{component_frame.component}"
+
+    return logging.getLogger(logger_name)