Add I2CMultiplexer in generel and the TCA9548A in special (#1410)

* Added I2CMultiplexer in generel and the TCA9548A in special

* cleanup

* tidy

* tidy

* tidy

* tidy

* Update CODEOWNERS

* Update CODEOWNERS

* added CODEOWNERS

* Fix CODEOWNERS

* protected function

* fixed scan

* fixed style

* added to test1.yaml

* Update esphome/components/tca9548a/__init__.py

* Update esphome/components/i2c/__init__.py

Co-authored-by: Jesse Hills <3060199+jesserockz@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update esphome/components/i2c/i2c.cpp

Co-authored-by: Jesse Hills <3060199+jesserockz@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update esphome/components/i2c/__init__.py

* Update esphome/components/i2c/__init__.py

Co-authored-by: Guillermo Ruffino <glm.net@gmail.com>

* Update esphome/components/i2c/i2c.cpp

Co-authored-by: Guillermo Ruffino <glm.net@gmail.com>

* added define statements for I2C Multiplexer

* fix

* try to tidy

* bug fix

* tidy

* override fix

* only change channel if different

* tidy

* added test

* testfix

* added defines

* tidy

* fix dep

* like recommended

Co-authored-by: Andreas Hergert <andreas.hergert@otrs.com>
Co-authored-by: Jesse Hills <3060199+jesserockz@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Guillermo Ruffino <glm.net@gmail.com>

tests/test1.yaml

@@ -1993,6 +1993,18 @@ cover:
 
 debug:
 
+tca9548a:
+  - address: 0x70
+    id: multiplex0
+    scan: True
+  - address: 0x71
+    id: multiplex1
+    scan: True
+    multiplexer:
+      id: multiplex0
+      channel: 0
+    
+
 pcf8574:
   - id: 'pcf8574_hub'
     address: 0x21