Add I2CMultiplexer in generel and the TCA9548A in special (#1410)

* Added I2CMultiplexer in generel and the TCA9548A in special

* cleanup

* tidy

* tidy

* tidy

* tidy

* Update CODEOWNERS

* Update CODEOWNERS

* added CODEOWNERS

* Fix CODEOWNERS

* protected function

* fixed scan

* fixed style

* added to test1.yaml

* Update esphome/components/tca9548a/__init__.py

* Update esphome/components/i2c/__init__.py

Co-authored-by: Jesse Hills <3060199+jesserockz@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update esphome/components/i2c/i2c.cpp

Co-authored-by: Jesse Hills <3060199+jesserockz@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update esphome/components/i2c/__init__.py

* Update esphome/components/i2c/__init__.py

Co-authored-by: Guillermo Ruffino <glm.net@gmail.com>

* Update esphome/components/i2c/i2c.cpp

Co-authored-by: Guillermo Ruffino <glm.net@gmail.com>

* added define statements for I2C Multiplexer

* fix

* try to tidy

* bug fix

* tidy

* override fix

* only change channel if different

* tidy

* added test

* testfix

* added defines

* tidy

* fix dep

* like recommended

Co-authored-by: Andreas Hergert <andreas.hergert@otrs.com>
Co-authored-by: Jesse Hills <3060199+jesserockz@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Guillermo Ruffino <glm.net@gmail.com>

CODEOWNERS

@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ esphome/components/st7789v/* @kbx81
 esphome/components/substitutions/* @esphome/core
 esphome/components/sun/* @OttoWinter
 esphome/components/switch/* @esphome/core
+esphome/components/tca9548a/* @andreashergert1984
 esphome/components/tcl112/* @glmnet
 esphome/components/teleinfo/* @0hax
 esphome/components/thermostat/* @kbx81