Add support for TMP1075 temperature sensor (#4776)

* Add support for TMP1075 temperature sensor

TMP1075 is a temperature sensor with I2C interface in industry standard
LM75 form factor and pinout.

https://www.ti.com/product/TMP1075

Example YAML:

```yaml
sensor:
  - platform: tmp1075
    name: TMP1075 Temperature
    id: radiator_temp
    update_interval: 10s
    i2c_id: i2c_bus_1
    conversion_rate: 27.5ms
    alert:
      limit_low: 50
      limit_high: 75
      fault_count: 1
      polarity: active_high
```

* Add myself as codeowner of the TMP1075 component

* Include '°C' unit when logging low/high limit setting

* Reformat

No functional changes.

* Fix logging: use %.4f for temperatures, not %d

* Fix config initialisation

* Use relative include for `tmp1075.h`

* Apply formatting changes suggested by script/clang-tidy for ESP32

* Add YAML to test1.yaml

* Fix test1.yaml by giving TMP1075 a name

* Less verbose logging (debug -> verbose level)

* Schema: reduce accuracy_decimals to 2

* I2C address as hexadecimal

* Proper name for enum in Python

The enum on the C++ side was renamed (clang-tidy) but I forgot to take that
into account in the Python code.

* Expose 'alert function' to the code generator/YAML params and remove 'shutdown'

Shutdown mode doesn't work the way I expect it, so remove it until someone
actually asks for it.

Also 'alert mode' was renamed to 'alert function' for clarity.

* Move simple setters to header file

* Remove `load_config_();` function

esphome/components/tmp1075/tmp1075.h

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/components/i2c/i2c.h"
+#include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace tmp1075 {
+
+struct TMP1075Config {
+  union {
+    struct {
+      uint8_t oneshot : 1;  // One-shot conversion mode. Writing 1, starts a single temperature
+                            // conversion. Read returns 0.
+
+      uint8_t rate : 2;  // Conversion rate setting when device is in continuous conversion mode.
+                         // 00: 27.5 ms conversion rate
+                         // 01: 55 ms conversion rate
+                         // 10: 110 ms conversion rate
+                         // 11: 220 ms conversion rate (35 ms TMP1075N)
+
+      uint8_t faults : 2;  // Consecutive fault measurements to trigger the alert function.
+                           // 00: 1 fault
+                           // 01: 2 faults
+                           // 10: 3 faults (4 faults TMP1075N)
+                           // 11: 4 faults (6 faults TMP1075N)
+
+      uint8_t polarity : 1;  // Polarity of the output pin.
+                             // 0: Active low ALERT pin
+                             // 1: Active high ALERT pin
+
+      uint8_t alert_mode : 1;  // Selects the function of the ALERT pin.
+                               // 0: ALERT pin functions in comparator mode
+                               // 1: ALERT pin functions in interrupt mode
+
+      uint8_t shutdown : 1;  // Sets the device in shutdown mode to conserve power.
+                             // 0: Device is in continuous conversion
+                             // 1: Device is in shutdown mode
+      uint8_t unused : 8;
+    } fields;
+    uint16_t regvalue;
+  };
+};
+
+enum EConversionRate {
+  CONV_RATE_27_5_MS,
+  CONV_RATE_55_MS,
+  CONV_RATE_110_MS,
+  CONV_RATE_220_MS,
+};
+
+enum EAlertFunction {
+  ALERT_COMPARATOR = 0,
+  ALERT_INTERRUPT = 1,
+};
+
+class TMP1075Sensor : public PollingComponent, public sensor::Sensor, public i2c::I2CDevice {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  void update() override;
+
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::DATA; }
+
+  void dump_config() override;
+
+  // Call write_config() after calling any of these to send the new config to
+  // the IC. The setup() function also does this.
+  void set_alert_limit_low(const float temp) { this->alert_limit_low_ = temp; }
+  void set_alert_limit_high(const float temp) { this->alert_limit_high_ = temp; }
+  void set_oneshot(const bool oneshot) { config_.fields.oneshot = oneshot; }
+  void set_conversion_rate(const enum EConversionRate rate) { config_.fields.rate = rate; }
+  void set_alert_polarity(const bool polarity) { config_.fields.polarity = polarity; }
+  void set_alert_function(const enum EAlertFunction function) { config_.fields.alert_mode = function; }
+  void set_fault_count(int faults);
+
+  void write_config();
+
+ protected:
+  TMP1075Config config_ = {};
+
+  // Disable the alert pin by default.
+  float alert_limit_low_ = -128.0f;
+  float alert_limit_high_ = 127.9375f;
+
+  void send_alert_limit_low_();
+  void send_alert_limit_high_();
+  void send_config_();
+  void log_config_();
+};
+
+}  // namespace tmp1075
+}  // namespace esphome