Merge branch 'heap_scheduler_stress_component' into integration

esphome/components/ld2410/button/__init__.py

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ from esphome.const import (
 
 from .. import CONF_LD2410_ID, LD2410Component, ld2410_ns
 
+FactoryResetButton = ld2410_ns.class_("FactoryResetButton", button.Button)
 QueryButton = ld2410_ns.class_("QueryButton", button.Button)
-ResetButton = ld2410_ns.class_("ResetButton", button.Button)
 RestartButton = ld2410_ns.class_("RestartButton", button.Button)
 
 CONF_QUERY_PARAMS = "query_params"
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ CONF_QUERY_PARAMS = "query_params"
 CONFIG_SCHEMA = {
     cv.GenerateID(CONF_LD2410_ID): cv.use_id(LD2410Component),
     cv.Optional(CONF_FACTORY_RESET): button.button_schema(
-        ResetButton,
+        FactoryResetButton,
         device_class=DEVICE_CLASS_RESTART,
         entity_category=ENTITY_CATEGORY_CONFIG,
         icon=ICON_RESTART_ALERT,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
     if factory_reset_config := config.get(CONF_FACTORY_RESET):
         b = await button.new_button(factory_reset_config)
         await cg.register_parented(b, config[CONF_LD2410_ID])
-        cg.add(ld2410_component.set_reset_button(b))
+        cg.add(ld2410_component.set_factory_reset_button(b))
     if restart_config := config.get(CONF_RESTART):
         b = await button.new_button(restart_config)
         await cg.register_parented(b, config[CONF_LD2410_ID])

esphome/components/ld2410/button/factory_reset_button.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "factory_reset_button.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace ld2410 {
+
+void FactoryResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
+
+}  // namespace ld2410
+}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/ld2410/button/factory_reset_button.h

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
-class ResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
+class FactoryResetButton : public button::Button, public Parented<LD2410Component> {
  public:
-  ResetButton() = default;
+  FactoryResetButton() = default;
 
  protected:
   void press_action() override;

esphome/components/ld2410/button/reset_button.cpp

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#include "reset_button.h"
-
-namespace esphome {
-namespace ld2410 {
-
-void ResetButton::press_action() { this->parent_->factory_reset(); }
-
-}  // namespace ld2410
-}  // namespace esphome

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.cpp

@@ -18,11 +18,10 @@ namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "ld2410";
-static const char *const NO_MAC = "08:05:04:03:02:01";
 static const char *const UNKNOWN_MAC = "unknown";
 static const char *const VERSION_FMT = "%u.%02X.%02X%02X%02X%02X";
 
-enum BaudRateStructure : uint8_t {
+enum BaudRate : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_9600 = 1,
   BAUD_RATE_19200 = 2,
   BAUD_RATE_38400 = 3,
@@ -33,23 +32,23 @@ enum BaudRateStructure : uint8_t {
   BAUD_RATE_460800 = 8,
 };
 
-enum DistanceResolutionStructure : uint8_t {
+enum DistanceResolution : uint8_t {
   DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_2 = 0x01,
   DISTANCE_RESOLUTION_0_75 = 0x00,
 };
 
-enum LightFunctionStructure : uint8_t {
+enum LightFunction : uint8_t {
   LIGHT_FUNCTION_OFF = 0x00,
   LIGHT_FUNCTION_BELOW = 0x01,
   LIGHT_FUNCTION_ABOVE = 0x02,
 };
 
-enum OutPinLevelStructure : uint8_t {
+enum OutPinLevel : uint8_t {
   OUT_PIN_LEVEL_LOW = 0x00,
   OUT_PIN_LEVEL_HIGH = 0x01,
 };
 
-enum PeriodicDataStructure : uint8_t {
+enum PeriodicData : uint8_t {
   DATA_TYPES = 6,
   TARGET_STATES = 8,
   MOVING_TARGET_LOW = 9,
@@ -67,12 +66,12 @@ enum PeriodicDataStructure : uint8_t {
 };
 
 enum PeriodicDataValue : uint8_t {
-  HEAD = 0xAA,
+  HEADER = 0xAA,
-  END = 0x55,
+  FOOTER = 0x55,
   CHECK = 0x00,
 };
 
-enum AckDataStructure : uint8_t {
+enum AckData : uint8_t {
   COMMAND = 6,
   COMMAND_STATUS = 7,
 };
@@ -80,11 +79,11 @@ enum AckDataStructure : uint8_t {
 // Memory-efficient lookup tables
 struct StringToUint8 {
   const char *str;
-  uint8_t value;
+  const uint8_t value;
 };
 
 struct Uint8ToString {
-  uint8_t value;
+  const uint8_t value;
   const char *str;
 };
 
@@ -144,96 +143,119 @@ template<size_t N> const char *find_str(const Uint8ToString (&arr)[N], uint8_t v
 }
 
 // Commands
-static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0xFF;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_CONF = 0xFF;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_CONF = 0xFE;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_CONF = 0xFE;
-static const uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_ENG = 0x62;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_ENABLE_ENG = 0x62;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_ENG = 0x63;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_DISABLE_ENG = 0x63;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION = 0x60;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION = 0x60;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY = 0x61;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY = 0x61;
-static const uint8_t CMD_GATE_SENS = 0x64;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_GATE_SENS = 0x64;
-static const uint8_t CMD_VERSION = 0xA0;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_VERSION = 0xA0;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAB;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAB;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAA;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION = 0xAA;
-static const uint8_t CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAE;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAE;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAD;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL = 0xAD;
-static const uint8_t CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE = 0xA1;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE = 0xA1;
-static const uint8_t CMD_BT_PASSWORD = 0xA9;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_BT_PASSWORD = 0xA9;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAC = 0xA5;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS = 0xA5;
-static const uint8_t CMD_RESET = 0xA2;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_RESET = 0xA2;
-static const uint8_t CMD_RESTART = 0xA3;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_RESTART = 0xA3;
-static const uint8_t CMD_BLUETOOTH = 0xA4;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_BLUETOOTH = 0xA4;
 // Commands values
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAX_MOVE_VALUE = 0x00;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_MAX_MOVE_VALUE = 0x00;
-static const uint8_t CMD_MAX_STILL_VALUE = 0x01;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_MAX_STILL_VALUE = 0x01;
-static const uint8_t CMD_DURATION_VALUE = 0x02;
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_DURATION_VALUE = 0x02;
+// Header & Footer size
+static constexpr uint8_t HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE = 4;
 // Command Header & Footer
-static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xFD, 0xFC, 0xFB, 0xFA};
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_FRAME_HEADER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0xFD, 0xFC, 0xFB, 0xFA};
-static const uint8_t CMD_FRAME_END[4] = {0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
+static constexpr uint8_t CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
 // Data Header & Footer
-static const uint8_t DATA_FRAME_HEADER[4] = {0xF4, 0xF3, 0xF2, 0xF1};
+static constexpr uint8_t DATA_FRAME_HEADER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0xF4, 0xF3, 0xF2, 0xF1};
-static const uint8_t DATA_FRAME_END[4] = {0xF8, 0xF7, 0xF6, 0xF5};
+static constexpr uint8_t DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE] = {0xF8, 0xF7, 0xF6, 0xF5};
+// MAC address the module uses when Bluetooth is disabled
+static constexpr uint8_t NO_MAC[] = {0x08, 0x05, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01};
 
 static inline int two_byte_to_int(char firstbyte, char secondbyte) { return (int16_t) (secondbyte << 8) + firstbyte; }
 
+static bool validate_header_footer(const uint8_t *header_footer, const uint8_t *buffer) {
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i < HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE; i++) {
+    if (header_footer[i] != buffer[i]) {
+      return false;  // Mismatch in header/footer
+    }
+  }
+  return true;  // Valid header/footer
+}
+
 void LD2410Component::dump_config() {
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "LD2410:");
+  std::string mac_str =
+      mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+  std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                    this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+                "LD2410:\n"
+                "  Firmware version: %s\n"
+                "  MAC address: %s\n"
+                "  Throttle: %u ms",
+                version.c_str(), mac_str.c_str(), this->throttle_);
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "TargetBinarySensor", this->target_binary_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Binary Sensors:");
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetBinarySensor", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "Target", this->target_binary_sensor_);
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetBinarySensor", this->still_target_binary_sensor_);
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTarget", this->moving_target_binary_sensor_);
-  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "OutPinPresenceStatusBinarySensor", this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_);
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "StillTarget", this->still_target_binary_sensor_);
-#endif
+  LOG_BINARY_SENSOR("  ", "OutPinPresenceStatus", this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_);
-#ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "EngineeringModeSwitch", this->engineering_mode_switch_);
-  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "BluetoothSwitch", this->bluetooth_switch_);
-#endif
-#ifdef USE_BUTTON
-  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "ResetButton", this->reset_button_);
-  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "RestartButton", this->restart_button_);
-  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "QueryButton", this->query_button_);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "LightSensor", this->light_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Sensors:");
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetDistanceSensor", this->moving_target_distance_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "Light", this->light_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetDistanceSensor", this->still_target_distance_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "DetectionDistance", this->detection_distance_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetEnergySensor", this->moving_target_energy_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetDistance", this->moving_target_distance_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetEnergySensor", this->still_target_energy_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "MovingTargetEnergy", this->moving_target_energy_sensor_);
-  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "DetectionDistanceSensor", this->detection_distance_sensor_);
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetDistance", this->still_target_distance_sensor_);
-  for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->gate_still_sensors_) {
+  LOG_SENSOR("  ", "StillTargetEnergy", this->still_target_energy_sensor_);
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthGateStillSesnsor", s);
-  }
   for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->gate_move_sensors_) {
-    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "NthGateMoveSesnsor", s);
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "GateMove", s);
+  }
+  for (sensor::Sensor *s : this->gate_still_sensors_) {
+    LOG_SENSOR("  ", "GateStill", s);
   }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
-  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "VersionTextSensor", this->version_text_sensor_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Text Sensors:");
-  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "MacTextSensor", this->mac_text_sensor_);
+  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "Mac", this->mac_text_sensor_);
-#endif
+  LOG_TEXT_SENSOR("  ", "Version", this->version_text_sensor_);
-#ifdef USE_SELECT
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "LightFunctionSelect", this->light_function_select_);
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "OutPinLevelSelect", this->out_pin_level_select_);
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "DistanceResolutionSelect", this->distance_resolution_select_);
-  LOG_SELECT("  ", "BaudRateSelect", this->baud_rate_select_);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "LightThresholdNumber", this->light_threshold_number_);
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Numbers:");
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MaxStillDistanceGateNumber", this->max_still_distance_gate_number_);
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "LightThreshold", this->light_threshold_number_);
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MaxMoveDistanceGateNumber", this->max_move_distance_gate_number_);
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MaxMoveDistanceGate", this->max_move_distance_gate_number_);
-  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "TimeoutNumber", this->timeout_number_);
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MaxStillDistanceGate", this->max_still_distance_gate_number_);
-  for (number::Number *n : this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_) {
+  LOG_NUMBER("  ", "Timeout", this->timeout_number_);
-    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "Still Thresholds Number", n);
-  }
   for (number::Number *n : this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_) {
-    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "Move Thresholds Number", n);
+    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "MoveThreshold", n);
+  }
+  for (number::Number *n : this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_) {
+    LOG_NUMBER("  ", "StillThreshold", n);
   }
 #endif
-  this->read_all_info();
+#ifdef USE_SELECT
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Selects:");
-                "  Throttle: %ums\n"
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "BaudRate", this->baud_rate_select_);
-                "  MAC address: %s\n"
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "DistanceResolution", this->distance_resolution_select_);
-                "  Firmware version: %s",
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "LightFunction", this->light_function_select_);
-                this->throttle_, this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_.c_str(), this->version_.c_str());
+  LOG_SELECT("  ", "OutPinLevel", this->out_pin_level_select_);
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_SWITCH
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Switches:");
+  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "Bluetooth", this->bluetooth_switch_);
+  LOG_SWITCH("  ", "EngineeringMode", this->engineering_mode_switch_);
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_BUTTON
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Buttons:");
+  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "FactoryReset", this->factory_reset_button_);
+  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "Query", this->query_button_);
+  LOG_BUTTON("  ", "Restart", this->restart_button_);
+#endif
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::setup() {
@@ -246,12 +268,12 @@ void LD2410Component::read_all_info() {
   this->get_version_();
   this->get_mac_();
   this->get_distance_resolution_();
-  this->get_light_control_();
+  this->query_light_control_();
   this->query_parameters_();
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
   const auto baud_rate = std::to_string(this->parent_->get_baud_rate());
-  if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr && this->baud_rate_select_->state != baud_rate) {
+  if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr) {
     this->baud_rate_select_->publish_state(baud_rate);
   }
 #endif
@@ -264,66 +286,59 @@ void LD2410Component::restart_and_read_all_info() {
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::loop() {
-  const int max_line_length = 80;
+  while (this->available()) {
-  static uint8_t buffer[max_line_length];
+    this->readline_(this->read());
-
-  while (available()) {
-    this->readline_(read(), buffer, max_line_length);
   }
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::send_command_(uint8_t command, const uint8_t *command_value, int command_value_len) {
+void LD2410Component::send_command_(uint8_t command, const uint8_t *command_value, uint8_t command_value_len) {
   ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sending COMMAND %02X", command);
-  // frame start bytes
+  // frame header bytes
-  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, 4);
+  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, sizeof(CMD_FRAME_HEADER));
   // length bytes
-  int len = 2;
+  uint8_t len = 2;
-  if (command_value != nullptr)
+  if (command_value != nullptr) {
     len += command_value_len;
-  this->write_byte(lowbyte(len));
+  }
-  this->write_byte(highbyte(len));
+  uint8_t len_cmd[] = {lowbyte(len), highbyte(len), command, 0x00};
-
+  this->write_array(len_cmd, sizeof(len_cmd));
-  // command
-  this->write_byte(lowbyte(command));
-  this->write_byte(highbyte(command));
 
   // command value bytes
   if (command_value != nullptr) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < command_value_len; i++) {
+    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < command_value_len; i++) {
       this->write_byte(command_value[i]);
     }
   }
-  // frame end bytes
+  // frame footer bytes
-  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_END, 4);
+  this->write_array(CMD_FRAME_FOOTER, sizeof(CMD_FRAME_FOOTER));
   // FIXME to remove
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
+void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_() {
-  if (len < 12)
+  // Reduce data update rate to reduce home assistant database growth
-    return;  // 4 frame start bytes + 2 length bytes + 1 data end byte + 1 crc byte + 4 frame end bytes
+  // Check this first to prevent unnecessary processing done in later checks/parsing
-  if (buffer[0] != 0xF4 || buffer[1] != 0xF3 || buffer[2] != 0xF2 || buffer[3] != 0xF1)  // check 4 frame start bytes
+  if (App.get_loop_component_start_time() - this->last_periodic_millis_ < this->throttle_) {
     return;
-  if (buffer[7] != HEAD || buffer[len - 6] != END || buffer[len - 5] != CHECK)  // Check constant values
+  }
-    return;  // data head=0xAA, data end=0x55, crc=0x00
+  // 4 frame header bytes + 2 length bytes + 1 data end byte + 1 crc byte + 4 frame footer bytes
-
+  // data header=0xAA, data footer=0x55, crc=0x00
-  /*
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < 12 || !ld2410::validate_header_footer(DATA_FRAME_HEADER, this->buffer_data_) ||
-    Reduce data update rate to prevent home assistant database size grow fast
+      this->buffer_data_[7] != HEADER || this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 6] != FOOTER ||
-  */
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 5] != CHECK) {
-  int32_t current_millis = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
-  if (current_millis - last_periodic_millis_ < this->throttle_)
     return;
-  last_periodic_millis_ = current_millis;
+  }
+  // Save the timestamp after validating the frame so, if invalid, we'll take the next frame immediately
+  this->last_periodic_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
 
   /*
     Data Type: 7th
     0x01: Engineering mode
     0x02: Normal mode
   */
-  bool engineering_mode = buffer[DATA_TYPES] == 0x01;
+  bool engineering_mode = this->buffer_data_[DATA_TYPES] == 0x01;
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  if (this->engineering_mode_switch_ != nullptr &&
+  if (this->engineering_mode_switch_ != nullptr) {
-      current_millis - last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ > this->throttle_) {
     this->engineering_mode_switch_->publish_state(engineering_mode);
   }
 #endif
@@ -335,7 +350,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
     0x02 = Still targets
     0x03 = Moving+Still targets
   */
-  char target_state = buffer[TARGET_STATES];
+  char target_state = this->buffer_data_[TARGET_STATES];
   if (this->target_binary_sensor_ != nullptr) {
     this->target_binary_sensor_->publish_state(target_state != 0x00);
   }
@@ -355,27 +370,30 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   */
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
   if (this->moving_target_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_moving_target_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[MOVING_TARGET_LOW], buffer[MOVING_TARGET_HIGH]);
+    int new_moving_target_distance =
+        ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[MOVING_TARGET_LOW], this->buffer_data_[MOVING_TARGET_HIGH]);
     if (this->moving_target_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_moving_target_distance)
       this->moving_target_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_moving_target_distance);
   }
   if (this->moving_target_energy_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_moving_target_energy = buffer[MOVING_ENERGY];
+    int new_moving_target_energy = this->buffer_data_[MOVING_ENERGY];
     if (this->moving_target_energy_sensor_->get_state() != new_moving_target_energy)
       this->moving_target_energy_sensor_->publish_state(new_moving_target_energy);
   }
   if (this->still_target_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_still_target_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[STILL_TARGET_LOW], buffer[STILL_TARGET_HIGH]);
+    int new_still_target_distance =
+        ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[STILL_TARGET_LOW], this->buffer_data_[STILL_TARGET_HIGH]);
     if (this->still_target_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_still_target_distance)
       this->still_target_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_still_target_distance);
   }
   if (this->still_target_energy_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_still_target_energy = buffer[STILL_ENERGY];
+    int new_still_target_energy = this->buffer_data_[STILL_ENERGY];
     if (this->still_target_energy_sensor_->get_state() != new_still_target_energy)
       this->still_target_energy_sensor_->publish_state(new_still_target_energy);
   }
   if (this->detection_distance_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-    int new_detect_distance = ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[DETECT_DISTANCE_LOW], buffer[DETECT_DISTANCE_HIGH]);
+    int new_detect_distance =
+        ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[DETECT_DISTANCE_LOW], this->buffer_data_[DETECT_DISTANCE_HIGH]);
     if (this->detection_distance_sensor_->get_state() != new_detect_distance)
       this->detection_distance_sensor_->publish_state(new_detect_distance);
   }
@@ -388,7 +406,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
     for (std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>::size_type i = 0; i != this->gate_move_sensors_.size(); i++) {
       sensor::Sensor *s = this->gate_move_sensors_[i];
       if (s != nullptr) {
-        s->publish_state(buffer[MOVING_SENSOR_START + i]);
+        s->publish_state(this->buffer_data_[MOVING_SENSOR_START + i]);
       }
     }
     /*
@@ -397,16 +415,17 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
     for (std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>::size_type i = 0; i != this->gate_still_sensors_.size(); i++) {
       sensor::Sensor *s = this->gate_still_sensors_[i];
       if (s != nullptr) {
-        s->publish_state(buffer[STILL_SENSOR_START + i]);
+        s->publish_state(this->buffer_data_[STILL_SENSOR_START + i]);
       }
     }
     /*
       Light sensor: 38th bytes
     */
     if (this->light_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-      int new_light_sensor = buffer[LIGHT_SENSOR];
+      int new_light_sensor = this->buffer_data_[LIGHT_SENSOR];
-      if (this->light_sensor_->get_state() != new_light_sensor)
+      if (this->light_sensor_->get_state() != new_light_sensor) {
         this->light_sensor_->publish_state(new_light_sensor);
+      }
     }
   } else {
     for (auto *s : this->gate_move_sensors_) {
@@ -427,7 +446,7 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
   if (engineering_mode) {
     if (this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-      this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_->publish_state(buffer[OUT_PIN_SENSOR] == 0x01);
+      this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_->publish_state(this->buffer_data_[OUT_PIN_SENSOR] == 0x01);
     }
   } else {
     if (this->out_pin_presence_status_binary_sensor_ != nullptr) {
@@ -439,127 +458,149 @@ void LD2410Component::handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
 
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
 std::function<void(void)> set_number_value(number::Number *n, float value) {
-  float normalized_value = value * 1.0;
+  if (n != nullptr && (!n->has_state() || n->state != value)) {
-  if (n != nullptr && (!n->has_state() || n->state != normalized_value)) {
+    n->state = value;
-    n->state = normalized_value;
+    return [n, value]() { n->publish_state(value); };
-    return [n, normalized_value]() { n->publish_state(normalized_value); };
   }
   return []() {};
 }
 #endif
 
-bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
+bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_() {
-  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling ACK DATA for COMMAND %02X", buffer[COMMAND]);
+  ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling ACK DATA for COMMAND %02X", this->buffer_data_[COMMAND]);
-  if (len < 10) {
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < 10) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid length");
     return true;
   }
-  if (buffer[0] != 0xFD || buffer[1] != 0xFC || buffer[2] != 0xFB || buffer[3] != 0xFA) {  // check 4 frame start bytes
+  if (!ld2410::validate_header_footer(CMD_FRAME_HEADER, this->buffer_data_)) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid header");
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid header: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, HEADER_FOOTER_SIZE).c_str());
     return true;
   }
-  if (buffer[COMMAND_STATUS] != 0x01) {
+  if (this->buffer_data_[COMMAND_STATUS] != 0x01) {
     ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid status");
     return true;
   }
-  if (ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[8], buffer[9]) != 0x00) {
+  if (ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[8], this->buffer_data_[9]) != 0x00) {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid command: %u, %u", buffer[8], buffer[9]);
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Invalid command: %02X, %02X", this->buffer_data_[8], this->buffer_data_[9]);
     return true;
   }
 
-  switch (buffer[COMMAND]) {
+  switch (this->buffer_data_[COMMAND]) {
-    case lowbyte(CMD_ENABLE_CONF):
+    case CMD_ENABLE_CONF:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Enable conf");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_DISABLE_CONF):
+
+    case CMD_DISABLE_CONF:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Disabled conf");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE):
+
+    case CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Baud rate change");
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
       if (this->baud_rate_select_ != nullptr) {
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Configure baud rate to %s and reinstall", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Change baud rate to %s and reinstall", this->baud_rate_select_->state.c_str());
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_VERSION):
+
-      this->version_ = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, buffer[13], buffer[12], buffer[17], buffer[16], buffer[15], buffer[14]);
+    case CMD_QUERY_VERSION: {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", this->version_.c_str());
+      std::memcpy(this->version_, &this->buffer_data_[12], sizeof(this->version_));
+      std::string version = str_sprintf(VERSION_FMT, this->version_[1], this->version_[0], this->version_[5],
+                                        this->version_[4], this->version_[3], this->version_[2]);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Firmware version: %s", version.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->version_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->version_);
+        this->version_text_sensor_->publish_state(version);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION): {
+    }
-      std::string distance_resolution =
+
-          find_str(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_BY_UINT, ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[10], buffer[11]));
+    case CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION: {
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance resolution: %s", distance_resolution.c_str());
+      const auto *distance_resolution = find_str(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_BY_UINT, this->buffer_data_[10]);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Distance resolution: %s", distance_resolution);
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-      if (this->distance_resolution_select_ != nullptr &&
+      if (this->distance_resolution_select_ != nullptr) {
-          this->distance_resolution_select_->state != distance_resolution) {
         this->distance_resolution_select_->publish_state(distance_resolution);
       }
 #endif
-    } break;
+      break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL): {
+    }
-      this->light_function_ = find_str(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_BY_UINT, buffer[10]);
+
-      this->light_threshold_ = buffer[11] * 1.0;
+    case CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL: {
-      this->out_pin_level_ = find_str(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_BY_UINT, buffer[12]);
+      this->light_function_ = this->buffer_data_[10];
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light function: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->light_function_.c_str()));
+      this->light_threshold_ = this->buffer_data_[11];
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Light threshold: %f", this->light_threshold_);
+      this->out_pin_level_ = this->buffer_data_[12];
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Out pin level: %s", const_cast<char *>(this->out_pin_level_.c_str()));
+      const auto *light_function_str = find_str(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_BY_UINT, this->light_function_);
+      const auto *out_pin_level_str = find_str(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_BY_UINT, this->out_pin_level_);
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG,
+               "Light function is: %s\n"
+               "Light threshold is: %u\n"
+               "Out pin level: %s",
+               light_function_str, this->light_threshold_, out_pin_level_str);
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-      if (this->light_function_select_ != nullptr && this->light_function_select_->state != this->light_function_) {
+      if (this->light_function_select_ != nullptr) {
-        this->light_function_select_->publish_state(this->light_function_);
+        this->light_function_select_->publish_state(light_function_str);
       }
-      if (this->out_pin_level_select_ != nullptr && this->out_pin_level_select_->state != this->out_pin_level_) {
+      if (this->out_pin_level_select_ != nullptr) {
-        this->out_pin_level_select_->publish_state(this->out_pin_level_);
+        this->out_pin_level_select_->publish_state(out_pin_level_str);
       }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-      if (this->light_threshold_number_ != nullptr &&
+      if (this->light_threshold_number_ != nullptr) {
-          (!this->light_threshold_number_->has_state() ||
+        this->light_threshold_number_->publish_state(static_cast<float>(this->light_threshold_));
-           this->light_threshold_number_->state != this->light_threshold_)) {
-        this->light_threshold_number_->publish_state(this->light_threshold_);
       }
 #endif
-    } break;
+      break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_MAC):
+    }
-      if (len < 20) {
+    case CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS: {
+      if (this->buffer_pos_ < 20) {
         return false;
       }
-      this->mac_ = format_mac_address_pretty(&buffer[10]);
+
-      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", this->mac_.c_str());
+      this->bluetooth_on_ = std::memcmp(&this->buffer_data_[10], NO_MAC, sizeof(NO_MAC)) != 0;
+      if (this->bluetooth_on_) {
+        std::memcpy(this->mac_address_, &this->buffer_data_[10], sizeof(this->mac_address_));
+      }
+
+      std::string mac_str =
+          mac_address_is_valid(this->mac_address_) ? format_mac_address_pretty(this->mac_address_) : UNKNOWN_MAC;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "MAC address: %s", mac_str.c_str());
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
       if (this->mac_text_sensor_ != nullptr) {
-        this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(this->mac_ == NO_MAC ? UNKNOWN_MAC : this->mac_);
+        this->mac_text_sensor_->publish_state(mac_str);
       }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
       if (this->bluetooth_switch_ != nullptr) {
-        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->mac_ != NO_MAC);
+        this->bluetooth_switch_->publish_state(this->bluetooth_on_);
       }
 #endif
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_GATE_SENS):
+    }
+
+    case CMD_GATE_SENS:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Sensitivity");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_BLUETOOTH):
+
+    case CMD_BLUETOOTH:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Bluetooth");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION):
+
+    case CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set distance resolution");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL):
+
+    case CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set light control");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_BT_PASSWORD):
+
+    case CMD_BT_PASSWORD:
       ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Set bluetooth password");
       break;
-    case lowbyte(CMD_QUERY):  // Query parameters response
+
-    {
+    case CMD_QUERY: {  // Query parameters response
-      if (buffer[10] != 0xAA)
+      if (this->buffer_data_[10] != 0xAA)
         return true;  // value head=0xAA
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
       /*
@@ -567,29 +608,31 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
         Still distance range: 14th byte
       */
       std::vector<std::function<void(void)>> updates;
-      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->max_move_distance_gate_number_, buffer[12]));
+      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->max_move_distance_gate_number_, this->buffer_data_[12]));
-      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->max_still_distance_gate_number_, buffer[13]));
+      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->max_still_distance_gate_number_, this->buffer_data_[13]));
       /*
         Moving Sensitivities: 15~23th bytes
       */
       for (std::vector<number::Number *>::size_type i = 0; i != this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_.size(); i++) {
-        updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_[i], buffer[14 + i]));
+        updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_[i], this->buffer_data_[14 + i]));
       }
       /*
         Still Sensitivities: 24~32th bytes
       */
       for (std::vector<number::Number *>::size_type i = 0; i != this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_.size(); i++) {
-        updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_[i], buffer[23 + i]));
+        updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_[i], this->buffer_data_[23 + i]));
       }
       /*
         None Duration: 33~34th bytes
       */
-      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->timeout_number_, ld2410::two_byte_to_int(buffer[32], buffer[33])));
+      updates.push_back(set_number_value(this->timeout_number_,
+                                         ld2410::two_byte_to_int(this->buffer_data_[32], this->buffer_data_[33])));
       for (auto &update : updates) {
         update();
       }
 #endif
-    } break;
+      break;
+    }
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -597,59 +640,66 @@ bool LD2410Component::handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
   return true;
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::readline_(int readch, uint8_t *buffer, int len) {
+void LD2410Component::readline_(int readch) {
-  static int pos = 0;
+  if (readch < 0) {
+    return;  // No data available
+  }
 
-  if (readch >= 0) {
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < MAX_LINE_LENGTH - 1) {
-    if (pos < len - 1) {
+    this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_++] = readch;
-      buffer[pos++] = readch;
+    this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_] = 0;
-      buffer[pos] = 0;
+  } else {
+    // We should never get here, but just in case...
+    ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Max command length exceeded; ignoring");
+    this->buffer_pos_ = 0;
+  }
+  if (this->buffer_pos_ < 4) {
+    return;  // Not enough data to process yet
+  }
+  if (this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 4] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[0] &&
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 3] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[1] &&
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 2] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[2] &&
+      this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 1] == DATA_FRAME_FOOTER[3]) {
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling Periodic Data: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, this->buffer_pos_).c_str());
+    this->handle_periodic_data_();
+    this->buffer_pos_ = 0;  // Reset position index for next message
+  } else if (this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 4] == CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[0] &&
+             this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 3] == CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[1] &&
+             this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 2] == CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[2] &&
+             this->buffer_data_[this->buffer_pos_ - 1] == CMD_FRAME_FOOTER[3]) {
+    ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Handling Ack Data: %s", format_hex_pretty(this->buffer_data_, this->buffer_pos_).c_str());
+    if (this->handle_ack_data_()) {
+      this->buffer_pos_ = 0;  // Reset position index for next message
     } else {
-      pos = 0;
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Ack Data incomplete");
-    }
-    if (pos >= 4) {
-      if (buffer[pos - 4] == 0xF8 && buffer[pos - 3] == 0xF7 && buffer[pos - 2] == 0xF6 && buffer[pos - 1] == 0xF5) {
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Will handle Periodic Data");
-        this->handle_periodic_data_(buffer, pos);
-        pos = 0;  // Reset position index ready for next time
-      } else if (buffer[pos - 4] == 0x04 && buffer[pos - 3] == 0x03 && buffer[pos - 2] == 0x02 &&
-                 buffer[pos - 1] == 0x01) {
-        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Will handle ACK Data");
-        if (this->handle_ack_data_(buffer, pos)) {
-          pos = 0;  // Reset position index ready for next time
-        } else {
-          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "ACK Data incomplete");
-        }
-      }
     }
   }
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_config_mode_(bool enable) {
-  uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_CONF : CMD_DISABLE_CONF;
+  const uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_CONF : CMD_DISABLE_CONF;
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(cmd, enable ? cmd_value : nullptr, 2);
+  this->send_command_(cmd, enable ? cmd_value : nullptr, sizeof(cmd_value));
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_bluetooth(bool enable) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t enable_cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {enable ? (uint8_t) 0x01 : (uint8_t) 0x00, 0x00};
-  uint8_t disable_cmd_value[2] = {0x00, 0x00};
+  this->send_command_(CMD_BLUETOOTH, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
-  this->send_command_(CMD_BLUETOOTH, enable ? enable_cmd_value : disable_cmd_value, 2);
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_distance_resolution(const std::string &state) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(DISTANCE_RESOLUTIONS_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION, cmd_value, 2);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_baud_rate(const std::string &state) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(BAUD_RATES_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {find_uint8(BAUD_RATES_BY_STR, state), 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE, cmd_value, 2);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_BAUD_RATE, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_(); });
 }
 
@@ -661,14 +711,13 @@ void LD2410Component::set_bluetooth_password(const std::string &password) {
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
   uint8_t cmd_value[6];
   std::copy(password.begin(), password.end(), std::begin(cmd_value));
-  this->send_command_(CMD_BT_PASSWORD, cmd_value, 6);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_BT_PASSWORD, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
 
 void LD2410Component::set_engineering_mode(bool enable) {
+  const uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_ENG : CMD_DISABLE_ENG;
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ = App.get_loop_component_start_time();
-  uint8_t cmd = enable ? CMD_ENABLE_ENG : CMD_DISABLE_ENG;
   this->send_command_(cmd, nullptr, 0);
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
@@ -682,14 +731,17 @@ void LD2410Component::factory_reset() {
 void LD2410Component::restart_() { this->send_command_(CMD_RESTART, nullptr, 0); }
 
 void LD2410Component::query_parameters_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY, nullptr, 0); }
-void LD2410Component::get_version_() { this->send_command_(CMD_VERSION, nullptr, 0); }
+
+void LD2410Component::get_version_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_VERSION, nullptr, 0); }
+
 void LD2410Component::get_mac_() {
-  uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
+  const uint8_t cmd_value[2] = {0x01, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_MAC, cmd_value, 2);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_MAC_ADDRESS, cmd_value, sizeof(cmd_value));
 }
+
 void LD2410Component::get_distance_resolution_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_DISTANCE_RESOLUTION, nullptr, 0); }
 
-void LD2410Component::get_light_control_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL, nullptr, 0); }
+void LD2410Component::query_light_control_() { this->send_command_(CMD_QUERY_LIGHT_CONTROL, nullptr, 0); }
 
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
 void LD2410Component::set_max_distances_timeout() {
@@ -719,7 +771,7 @@ void LD2410Component::set_max_distances_timeout() {
                        0x00,
                        0x00};
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  this->send_command_(CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION, value, 18);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_MAXDIST_DURATION, value, sizeof(value));
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
   this->query_parameters_();
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
@@ -749,17 +801,17 @@ void LD2410Component::set_gate_threshold(uint8_t gate) {
   uint8_t value[18] = {0x00, 0x00, lowbyte(gate),   highbyte(gate),   0x00, 0x00,
                        0x01, 0x00, lowbyte(motion), highbyte(motion), 0x00, 0x00,
                        0x02, 0x00, lowbyte(still),  highbyte(still),  0x00, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_GATE_SENS, value, 18);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_GATE_SENS, value, sizeof(value));
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
   this->query_parameters_();
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n) {
+void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_threshold_number(uint8_t gate, number::Number *n) {
   this->gate_still_threshold_numbers_[gate] = n;
 }
 
-void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n) {
+void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_threshold_number(uint8_t gate, number::Number *n) {
   this->gate_move_threshold_numbers_[gate] = n;
 }
 #endif
@@ -767,35 +819,29 @@ void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n
 void LD2410Component::set_light_out_control() {
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
   if (this->light_threshold_number_ != nullptr && this->light_threshold_number_->has_state()) {
-    this->light_threshold_ = this->light_threshold_number_->state;
+    this->light_threshold_ = static_cast<uint8_t>(this->light_threshold_number_->state);
   }
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
   if (this->light_function_select_ != nullptr && this->light_function_select_->has_state()) {
-    this->light_function_ = this->light_function_select_->state;
+    this->light_function_ = find_uint8(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_BY_STR, this->light_function_select_->state);
   }
   if (this->out_pin_level_select_ != nullptr && this->out_pin_level_select_->has_state()) {
-    this->out_pin_level_ = this->out_pin_level_select_->state;
+    this->out_pin_level_ = find_uint8(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_BY_STR, this->out_pin_level_select_->state);
   }
 #endif
-  if (this->light_function_.empty() || this->out_pin_level_.empty() || this->light_threshold_ < 0) {
-    return;
-  }
   this->set_config_mode_(true);
-  uint8_t light_function = find_uint8(LIGHT_FUNCTIONS_BY_STR, this->light_function_);
+  uint8_t value[4] = {this->light_function_, this->light_threshold_, this->out_pin_level_, 0x00};
-  uint8_t light_threshold = static_cast<uint8_t>(this->light_threshold_);
+  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL, value, sizeof(value));
-  uint8_t out_pin_level = find_uint8(OUT_PIN_LEVELS_BY_STR, this->out_pin_level_);
-  uint8_t value[4] = {light_function, light_threshold, out_pin_level, 0x00};
-  this->send_command_(CMD_SET_LIGHT_CONTROL, value, 4);
   delay(50);  // NOLINT
-  this->get_light_control_();
+  this->query_light_control_();
   this->set_timeout(200, [this]() { this->restart_and_read_all_info(); });
   this->set_config_mode_(false);
 }
 
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_sensor(int gate, sensor::Sensor *s) { this->gate_move_sensors_[gate] = s; }
+void LD2410Component::set_gate_move_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s) { this->gate_move_sensors_[gate] = s; }
-void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_sensor(int gate, sensor::Sensor *s) { this->gate_still_sensors_[gate] = s; }
+void LD2410Component::set_gate_still_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s) { this->gate_still_sensors_[gate] = s; }
 #endif
 
 }  // namespace ld2410

esphome/components/ld2410/ld2410.h

@@ -29,45 +29,48 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace ld2410 {
 
+static const uint8_t MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 46;  // Max characters for serial buffer
+static const uint8_t TOTAL_GATES = 9;       // Total number of gates supported by the LD2410
+
 class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
-#ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_distance)
-  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_distance)
-  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_energy)
-  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_energy)
-  SUB_SENSOR(light)
-  SUB_SENSOR(detection_distance)
-#endif
 #ifdef USE_BINARY_SENSOR
-  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(target)
+  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(out_pin_presence_status)
   SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(moving_target)
   SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(still_target)
-  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(out_pin_presence_status)
+  SUB_BINARY_SENSOR(target)
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_SENSOR
+  SUB_SENSOR(light)
+  SUB_SENSOR(detection_distance)
+  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_distance)
+  SUB_SENSOR(moving_target_energy)
+  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_distance)
+  SUB_SENSOR(still_target_energy)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_TEXT_SENSOR
   SUB_TEXT_SENSOR(version)
   SUB_TEXT_SENSOR(mac)
 #endif
+#ifdef USE_NUMBER
+  SUB_NUMBER(light_threshold)
+  SUB_NUMBER(max_move_distance_gate)
+  SUB_NUMBER(max_still_distance_gate)
+  SUB_NUMBER(timeout)
+#endif
 #ifdef USE_SELECT
-  SUB_SELECT(distance_resolution)
   SUB_SELECT(baud_rate)
+  SUB_SELECT(distance_resolution)
   SUB_SELECT(light_function)
   SUB_SELECT(out_pin_level)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SWITCH
-  SUB_SWITCH(engineering_mode)
   SUB_SWITCH(bluetooth)
+  SUB_SWITCH(engineering_mode)
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_BUTTON
-  SUB_BUTTON(reset)
+  SUB_BUTTON(factory_reset)
-  SUB_BUTTON(restart)
   SUB_BUTTON(query)
-#endif
+  SUB_BUTTON(restart)
-#ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  SUB_NUMBER(max_still_distance_gate)
-  SUB_NUMBER(max_move_distance_gate)
-  SUB_NUMBER(timeout)
-  SUB_NUMBER(light_threshold)
 #endif
 
  public:
@@ -76,14 +79,14 @@ class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   void loop() override;
   void set_light_out_control();
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  void set_gate_still_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n);
+  void set_gate_still_threshold_number(uint8_t gate, number::Number *n);
-  void set_gate_move_threshold_number(int gate, number::Number *n);
+  void set_gate_move_threshold_number(uint8_t gate, number::Number *n);
   void set_max_distances_timeout();
   void set_gate_threshold(uint8_t gate);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  void set_gate_move_sensor(int gate, sensor::Sensor *s);
+  void set_gate_move_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s);
-  void set_gate_still_sensor(int gate, sensor::Sensor *s);
+  void set_gate_still_sensor(uint8_t gate, sensor::Sensor *s);
 #endif
   void set_throttle(uint16_t value) { this->throttle_ = value; };
   void set_bluetooth_password(const std::string &password);
@@ -96,33 +99,35 @@ class LD2410Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   void factory_reset();
 
  protected:
-  void send_command_(uint8_t command_str, const uint8_t *command_value, int command_value_len);
+  void send_command_(uint8_t command_str, const uint8_t *command_value, uint8_t command_value_len);
   void set_config_mode_(bool enable);
-  void handle_periodic_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len);
+  void handle_periodic_data_();
-  bool handle_ack_data_(uint8_t *buffer, int len);
+  bool handle_ack_data_();
-  void readline_(int readch, uint8_t *buffer, int len);
+  void readline_(int readch);
   void query_parameters_();
   void get_version_();
   void get_mac_();
   void get_distance_resolution_();
-  void get_light_control_();
+  void query_light_control_();
   void restart_();
 
-  int32_t last_periodic_millis_ = 0;
+  uint32_t last_periodic_millis_ = 0;
-  int32_t last_engineering_mode_change_millis_ = 0;
+  uint16_t throttle_ = 0;
-  uint16_t throttle_;
+  uint8_t light_function_ = 0;
-  float light_threshold_ = -1;
+  uint8_t light_threshold_ = 0;
-  std::string version_;
+  uint8_t out_pin_level_ = 0;
-  std::string mac_;
+  uint8_t buffer_pos_ = 0;  // where to resume processing/populating buffer
-  std::string out_pin_level_;
+  uint8_t buffer_data_[MAX_LINE_LENGTH];
-  std::string light_function_;
+  uint8_t mac_address_[6] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  uint8_t version_[6] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  bool bluetooth_on_{false};
 #ifdef USE_NUMBER
-  std::vector<number::Number *> gate_still_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(9);
+  std::vector<number::Number *> gate_move_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(TOTAL_GATES);
-  std::vector<number::Number *> gate_move_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(9);
+  std::vector<number::Number *> gate_still_threshold_numbers_ = std::vector<number::Number *>(TOTAL_GATES);
 #endif
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
-  std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> gate_still_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(9);
+  std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> gate_move_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(TOTAL_GATES);
-  std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> gate_move_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(9);
+  std::vector<sensor::Sensor *> gate_still_sensors_ = std::vector<sensor::Sensor *>(TOTAL_GATES);
 #endif
 };
 

esphome/components/ld2450/ld2450.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "esphome/core/helpers.h"
 #include "esphome/core/preferences.h"
 #include <limits>
+#include <cmath>
 #ifdef USE_SENSOR
 #include "esphome/components/sensor/sensor.h"
 #endif
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ class LD2450Component : public Component, public uart::UARTDevice {
   void dump_config() override;
   void loop() override;
   void set_presence_timeout();
-  void set_throttle(uint16_t value) { this->throttle_ = value; };
+  void set_throttle(uint16_t value) { this->throttle_ = value; }
   void read_all_info();
   void query_zone_info();
   void restart_and_read_all_info();

esphome/components/nextion/display.py

@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ async def to_code(config):
         cg.add(var.set_wake_up_page(config[CONF_WAKE_UP_PAGE]))
 
     if CONF_START_UP_PAGE in config:
+        cg.add_define("USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE")
         cg.add(var.set_start_up_page(config[CONF_START_UP_PAGE]))
 
     cg.add(var.set_auto_wake_on_touch(config[CONF_AUTO_WAKE_ON_TOUCH]))

esphome/components/nextion/nextion.cpp

@@ -167,13 +167,15 @@ void Nextion::dump_config() {
     ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Touch Timeout:  %" PRIu16, this->touch_sleep_timeout_);
   }
 
-  if (this->wake_up_page_ != -1) {
+  if (this->wake_up_page_ != 255) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Wake Up Page:   %d", this->wake_up_page_);
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Wake Up Page:   %u", this->wake_up_page_);
   }
 
-  if (this->start_up_page_ != -1) {
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Start Up Page:  %d", this->start_up_page_);
+  if (this->start_up_page_ != 255) {
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Start Up Page:  %u", this->start_up_page_);
   }
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
 
 #ifdef USE_NEXTION_COMMAND_SPACING
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Cmd spacing:      %u ms", this->command_pacer_.get_spacing());
@@ -301,12 +303,14 @@ void Nextion::loop() {
       this->set_backlight_brightness(this->brightness_.value());
     }
 
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
     // Check if a startup page has been set and send the command
-    if (this->start_up_page_ >= 0) {
+    if (this->start_up_page_ != 255) {
       this->goto_page(this->start_up_page_);
     }
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
 
-    if (this->wake_up_page_ >= 0) {
+    if (this->wake_up_page_ != 255) {
       this->set_wake_up_page(this->wake_up_page_);
     }
 

esphome/components/nextion/nextion.h

@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
 
   /**
    * Sets which page Nextion loads when exiting sleep mode. Note this can be set even when Nextion is in sleep mode.
-   * @param wake_up_page The page id, from 0 to the last page in Nextion. Set -1 (not set to any existing page) to
+   * @param wake_up_page The page id, from 0 to the last page in Nextion. Set 255 (not set to any existing page) to
    * wakes up to current page.
    *
    * Example:
@@ -1204,11 +1204,12 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
    *
    * The display will wake up to page 2.
    */
-  void set_wake_up_page(int16_t wake_up_page = -1);
+  void set_wake_up_page(uint8_t wake_up_page = 255);
 
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
   /**
    * Sets which page Nextion loads when connecting to ESPHome.
-   * @param start_up_page The page id, from 0 to the last page in Nextion. Set -1 (not set to any existing page) to
+   * @param start_up_page The page id, from 0 to the last page in Nextion. Set 255 (not set to any existing page) to
    * wakes up to current page.
    *
    * Example:
@@ -1218,7 +1219,8 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
    *
    * The display will go to page 2 when it establishes a connection to ESPHome.
    */
-  void set_start_up_page(int16_t start_up_page = -1) { this->start_up_page_ = start_up_page; }
+  void set_start_up_page(uint8_t start_up_page = 255) { this->start_up_page_ = start_up_page; }
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
 
   /**
    * Sets if Nextion should auto-wake from sleep when touch press occurs.
@@ -1344,8 +1346,10 @@ class Nextion : public NextionBase, public PollingComponent, public uart::UARTDe
   void process_serial_();
   bool is_updating_ = false;
   uint16_t touch_sleep_timeout_ = 0;
-  int16_t wake_up_page_ = -1;
+  uint8_t wake_up_page_ = 255;
-  int16_t start_up_page_ = -1;
+#ifdef USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
+  uint8_t start_up_page_ = 255;
+#endif  // USE_NEXTION_CONF_START_UP_PAGE
   bool auto_wake_on_touch_ = true;
   bool exit_reparse_on_start_ = false;
   bool skip_connection_handshake_ = false;

esphome/components/nextion/nextion_commands.cpp

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ static const char *const TAG = "nextion";
 // Sleep safe commands
 void Nextion::soft_reset() { this->send_command_("rest"); }
 
-void Nextion::set_wake_up_page(int16_t wake_up_page) {
+void Nextion::set_wake_up_page(uint8_t wake_up_page) {
   this->wake_up_page_ = wake_up_page;
   this->add_no_result_to_queue_with_set_internal_("wake_up_page", "wup", wake_up_page, true);
 }

esphome/components/scd4x/scd4x.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ namespace scd4x {
 
 static const char *const TAG = "scd4x";
 
+static const uint16_t SCD41_ID = 0x1408;
+static const uint16_t SCD40_ID = 0x440;
 static const uint16_t SCD4X_CMD_GET_SERIAL_NUMBER = 0x3682;
 static const uint16_t SCD4X_CMD_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET = 0x241d;
 static const uint16_t SCD4X_CMD_ALTITUDE_COMPENSATION = 0x2427;
@@ -23,8 +25,6 @@ static const uint16_t SCD4X_CMD_STOP_MEASUREMENTS = 0x3f86;
 static const uint16_t SCD4X_CMD_FACTORY_RESET = 0x3632;
 static const uint16_t SCD4X_CMD_GET_FEATURESET = 0x202f;
 static const float SCD4X_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET_MULTIPLIER = (1 << 16) / 175.0f;
-static const uint16_t SCD41_ID = 0x1408;
-static const uint16_t SCD40_ID = 0x440;
 
 void SCD4XComponent::setup() {
   ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "Running setup");
@@ -51,47 +51,66 @@ void SCD4XComponent::setup() {
 
       if (!this->write_command(SCD4X_CMD_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET,
                                (uint16_t) (temperature_offset_ * SCD4X_TEMPERATURE_OFFSET_MULTIPLIER))) {
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting temperature offset.");
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting temperature offset");
         this->error_code_ = MEASUREMENT_INIT_FAILED;
         this->mark_failed();
         return;
       }
 
-      // If pressure compensation available use it
+      // If pressure compensation available use it, else use altitude
-      // else use altitude
+      if (this->ambient_pressure_compensation_) {
-      if (ambient_pressure_compensation_) {
+        if (!this->update_ambient_pressure_compensation_(this->ambient_pressure_)) {
-        if (!this->update_ambient_pressure_compensation_(ambient_pressure_)) {
+          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting ambient pressure compensation");
-          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting ambient pressure compensation.");
           this->error_code_ = MEASUREMENT_INIT_FAILED;
           this->mark_failed();
           return;
         }
       } else {
-        if (!this->write_command(SCD4X_CMD_ALTITUDE_COMPENSATION, altitude_compensation_)) {
+        if (!this->write_command(SCD4X_CMD_ALTITUDE_COMPENSATION, this->altitude_compensation_)) {
-          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting altitude compensation.");
+          ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting altitude compensation");
           this->error_code_ = MEASUREMENT_INIT_FAILED;
           this->mark_failed();
           return;
         }
       }
 
-      if (!this->write_command(SCD4X_CMD_AUTOMATIC_SELF_CALIBRATION, enable_asc_ ? 1 : 0)) {
+      if (!this->write_command(SCD4X_CMD_AUTOMATIC_SELF_CALIBRATION, this->enable_asc_ ? 1 : 0)) {
-        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting automatic self calibration.");
+        ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting automatic self calibration");
         this->error_code_ = MEASUREMENT_INIT_FAILED;
         this->mark_failed();
         return;
       }
 
-      initialized_ = true;
+      this->initialized_ = true;
       // Finally start sensor measurements
       this->start_measurement_();
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Sensor initialized");
     });
   });
 }
 
 void SCD4XComponent::dump_config() {
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "scd4x:");
+  static const char *const MM_PERIODIC_STR = "Periodic (5s)";
+  static const char *const MM_LOW_POWER_PERIODIC_STR = "Low power periodic (30s)";
+  static const char *const MM_SINGLE_SHOT_STR = "Single shot";
+  static const char *const MM_SINGLE_SHOT_RHT_ONLY_STR = "Single shot rht only";
+  const char *measurement_mode_str = MM_PERIODIC_STR;
+
+  switch (this->measurement_mode_) {
+    case PERIODIC:
+      // measurement_mode_str = MM_PERIODIC_STR;
+      break;
+    case LOW_POWER_PERIODIC:
+      measurement_mode_str = MM_LOW_POWER_PERIODIC_STR;
+      break;
+    case SINGLE_SHOT:
+      measurement_mode_str = MM_SINGLE_SHOT_STR;
+      break;
+    case SINGLE_SHOT_RHT_ONLY:
+      measurement_mode_str = MM_SINGLE_SHOT_RHT_ONLY_STR;
+      break;
+  }
+
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "SCD4X:");
   LOG_I2C_DEVICE(this);
   if (this->is_failed()) {
     switch (this->error_code_) {
@@ -102,16 +121,20 @@ void SCD4XComponent::dump_config() {
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Measurement Initialization failed");
         break;
       case SERIAL_NUMBER_IDENTIFICATION_FAILED:
-        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unable to read sensor firmware version");
+        ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unable to read firmware version");
         break;
       default:
         ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Unknown setup error");
         break;
     }
   }
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Automatic self calibration: %s", ONOFF(this->enable_asc_));
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG,
+                "  Automatic self calibration: %s\n"
+                "  Measurement mode: %s\n"
+                "  Temperature offset: %.2f °C",
+                ONOFF(this->enable_asc_), measurement_mode_str, this->temperature_offset_);
   if (this->ambient_pressure_source_ != nullptr) {
-    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Dynamic ambient pressure compensation using sensor '%s'",
+    ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Dynamic ambient pressure compensation using '%s'",
                   this->ambient_pressure_source_->get_name().c_str());
   } else {
     if (this->ambient_pressure_compensation_) {
@@ -126,21 +149,6 @@ void SCD4XComponent::dump_config() {
                     this->altitude_compensation_);
     }
   }
-  switch (this->measurement_mode_) {
-    case PERIODIC:
-      ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Measurement mode: periodic (5s)");
-      break;
-    case LOW_POWER_PERIODIC:
-      ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Measurement mode: low power periodic (30s)");
-      break;
-    case SINGLE_SHOT:
-      ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Measurement mode: single shot");
-      break;
-    case SINGLE_SHOT_RHT_ONLY:
-      ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Measurement mode: single shot rht only");
-      break;
-  }
-  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "  Temperature offset: %.2f °C", this->temperature_offset_);
   LOG_UPDATE_INTERVAL(this);
   LOG_SENSOR("  ", "CO2", this->co2_sensor_);
   LOG_SENSOR("  ", "Temperature", this->temperature_sensor_);
@@ -148,20 +156,20 @@ void SCD4XComponent::dump_config() {
 }
 
 void SCD4XComponent::update() {
-  if (!initialized_) {
+  if (!this->initialized_) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (this->ambient_pressure_source_ != nullptr) {
     float pressure = this->ambient_pressure_source_->state;
     if (!std::isnan(pressure)) {
-      set_ambient_pressure_compensation(pressure);
+      this->set_ambient_pressure_compensation(pressure);
     }
   }
 
   uint32_t wait_time = 0;
   if (this->measurement_mode_ == SINGLE_SHOT || this->measurement_mode_ == SINGLE_SHOT_RHT_ONLY) {
-    start_measurement_();
+    this->start_measurement_();
     wait_time =
         this->measurement_mode_ == SINGLE_SHOT ? 5000 : 50;  // Single shot measurement takes 5 secs rht mode 50 ms
   }
@@ -176,12 +184,12 @@ void SCD4XComponent::update() {
 
     if (!this->read_data(raw_read_status) || raw_read_status == 0x00) {
       this->status_set_warning();
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Data not ready yet!");
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Data not ready");
       return;
     }
 
     if (!this->write_command(SCD4X_CMD_READ_MEASUREMENT)) {
-      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Error reading measurement!");
+      ESP_LOGW(TAG, "Error reading measurement");
       this->status_set_warning();
       return;  // NO RETRY
     }
@@ -218,7 +226,7 @@ bool SCD4XComponent::perform_forced_calibration(uint16_t current_co2_concentrati
   }
   this->set_timeout(500, [this, current_co2_concentration]() {
     if (this->write_command(SCD4X_CMD_PERFORM_FORCED_CALIBRATION, current_co2_concentration)) {
-      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "setting forced calibration Co2 level %d ppm", current_co2_concentration);
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Setting forced calibration Co2 level %d ppm", current_co2_concentration);
       // frc takes 400 ms
       // because this method will be used very rarly
       // the simple approach with delay is ok
@@ -226,11 +234,11 @@ bool SCD4XComponent::perform_forced_calibration(uint16_t current_co2_concentrati
       if (!this->start_measurement_()) {
         return false;
       } else {
-        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "forced calibration complete");
+        ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Forced calibration complete");
       }
       return true;
     } else {
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "force calibration failed");
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Force calibration failed");
       this->error_code_ = FRC_FAILED;
       this->status_set_warning();
       return false;
@@ -261,25 +269,25 @@ bool SCD4XComponent::factory_reset() {
 void SCD4XComponent::set_ambient_pressure_compensation(float pressure_in_hpa) {
   ambient_pressure_compensation_ = true;
   uint16_t new_ambient_pressure = (uint16_t) pressure_in_hpa;
-  if (!initialized_) {
+  if (!this->initialized_) {
-    ambient_pressure_ = new_ambient_pressure;
+    this->ambient_pressure_ = new_ambient_pressure;
     return;
   }
   // Only send pressure value if it has changed since last update
-  if (new_ambient_pressure != ambient_pressure_) {
+  if (new_ambient_pressure != this->ambient_pressure_) {
-    update_ambient_pressure_compensation_(new_ambient_pressure);
+    this->update_ambient_pressure_compensation_(new_ambient_pressure);
-    ambient_pressure_ = new_ambient_pressure;
+    this->ambient_pressure_ = new_ambient_pressure;
   } else {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "ambient pressure compensation skipped - no change required");
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Ambient pressure compensation skipped; no change required");
   }
 }
 
 bool SCD4XComponent::update_ambient_pressure_compensation_(uint16_t pressure_in_hpa) {
   if (this->write_command(SCD4X_CMD_AMBIENT_PRESSURE_COMPENSATION, pressure_in_hpa)) {
-    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "setting ambient pressure compensation to %d hPa", pressure_in_hpa);
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Setting ambient pressure compensation to %d hPa", pressure_in_hpa);
     return true;
   } else {
-    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting ambient pressure compensation.");
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error setting ambient pressure compensation");
     return false;
   }
 }
@@ -304,7 +312,7 @@ bool SCD4XComponent::start_measurement_() {
   static uint8_t remaining_retries = 3;
   while (remaining_retries) {
     if (!this->write_command(measurement_command)) {
-      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error starting measurements.");
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error starting measurements");
       this->error_code_ = MEASUREMENT_INIT_FAILED;
       this->status_set_warning();
       if (--remaining_retries == 0)

esphome/components/scd4x/scd4x.h

@@ -8,14 +8,20 @@
 namespace esphome {
 namespace scd4x {
 
-enum ERRORCODE {
+enum ErrorCode : uint8_t {
   COMMUNICATION_FAILED,
   SERIAL_NUMBER_IDENTIFICATION_FAILED,
   MEASUREMENT_INIT_FAILED,
   FRC_FAILED,
-  UNKNOWN
+  UNKNOWN,
+};
+
+enum MeasurementMode : uint8_t {
+  PERIODIC,
+  LOW_POWER_PERIODIC,
+  SINGLE_SHOT,
+  SINGLE_SHOT_RHT_ONLY,
 };
-enum MeasurementMode { PERIODIC, LOW_POWER_PERIODIC, SINGLE_SHOT, SINGLE_SHOT_RHT_ONLY };
 
 class SCD4XComponent : public PollingComponent, public sensirion_common::SensirionI2CDevice {
  public:
@@ -39,15 +45,14 @@ class SCD4XComponent : public PollingComponent, public sensirion_common::Sensiri
  protected:
   bool update_ambient_pressure_compensation_(uint16_t pressure_in_hpa);
   bool start_measurement_();
-  ERRORCODE error_code_;
 
-  bool initialized_{false};
-
-  float temperature_offset_;
   uint16_t altitude_compensation_;
-  bool ambient_pressure_compensation_;
   uint16_t ambient_pressure_;
+  bool initialized_{false};
+  bool ambient_pressure_compensation_;
   bool enable_asc_;
+  float temperature_offset_;
+  ErrorCode error_code_;
   MeasurementMode measurement_mode_{PERIODIC};
   sensor::Sensor *co2_sensor_{nullptr};
   sensor::Sensor *temperature_sensor_{nullptr};

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_heap_stress_component/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID
+
+scheduler_heap_stress_component_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace(
+    "scheduler_heap_stress_component"
+)
+SchedulerHeapStressComponent = scheduler_heap_stress_component_ns.class_(
+    "SchedulerHeapStressComponent", cg.Component
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(SchedulerHeapStressComponent),
+    }
+).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_heap_stress_component/heap_scheduler_stress_component.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#include "heap_scheduler_stress_component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include <thread>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <vector>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <random>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_heap_stress_component {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "scheduler_heap_stress";
+
+void SchedulerHeapStressComponent::setup() { ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "SchedulerHeapStressComponent setup"); }
+
+void SchedulerHeapStressComponent::run_multi_thread_test() {
+  // Use member variables instead of static to avoid issues
+  this->total_callbacks_ = 0;
+  this->executed_callbacks_ = 0;
+  static constexpr int NUM_THREADS = 10;
+  static constexpr int CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD = 100;
+
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting heap scheduler stress test - multi-threaded concurrent set_timeout/set_interval");
+
+  // Ensure we're starting clean
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Initial counters: total=%d, executed=%d", this->total_callbacks_.load(),
+           this->executed_callbacks_.load());
+
+  // Track start time
+  auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+  // Create threads
+  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Creating %d threads, each will schedule %d callbacks", NUM_THREADS, CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD);
+
+  threads.reserve(NUM_THREADS);
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) {
+    threads.emplace_back([this, i]() {
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Thread %d starting", i);
+
+      // Random number generator for this thread
+      std::random_device rd;
+      std::mt19937 gen(rd());
+      std::uniform_int_distribution<> timeout_dist(1, 100);    // 1-100ms timeouts
+      std::uniform_int_distribution<> interval_dist(10, 200);  // 10-200ms intervals
+      std::uniform_int_distribution<> type_dist(0, 1);         // 0=timeout, 1=interval
+
+      // Each thread directly calls set_timeout/set_interval without any locking
+      for (int j = 0; j < CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD; j++) {
+        int callback_id = this->total_callbacks_.fetch_add(1);
+        bool use_interval = (type_dist(gen) == 1);
+
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Thread %d scheduling %s for callback %d", i, use_interval ? "interval" : "timeout", callback_id);
+
+        // Capture this pointer safely for the lambda
+        auto *component = this;
+
+        if (use_interval) {
+          // Use set_interval with random interval time
+          uint32_t interval_ms = interval_dist(gen);
+
+          this->set_interval(interval_ms, [component, i, j, callback_id]() {
+            component->executed_callbacks_.fetch_add(1);
+            ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Executed interval %d (thread %d, index %d)", callback_id, i, j);
+
+            // Cancel the interval after first execution to avoid flooding
+            return false;
+          });
+
+          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Thread %d scheduled interval %d with %u ms interval", i, callback_id, interval_ms);
+        } else {
+          // Use set_timeout with random timeout
+          uint32_t timeout_ms = timeout_dist(gen);
+
+          this->set_timeout(timeout_ms, [component, i, j, callback_id]() {
+            component->executed_callbacks_.fetch_add(1);
+            ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Executed timeout %d (thread %d, index %d)", callback_id, i, j);
+          });
+
+          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Thread %d scheduled timeout %d with %u ms delay", i, callback_id, timeout_ms);
+        }
+
+        // Small random delay to increase contention
+        if (j % 10 == 0) {
+          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds(100));
+        }
+      }
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Thread %d finished", i);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Wait for all threads to complete
+  for (auto &t : threads) {
+    t.join();
+  }
+
+  auto end_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+  auto thread_time = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end_time - start_time).count();
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "All threads finished in %lldms. Created %d callbacks", thread_time, this->total_callbacks_.load());
+}
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_heap_stress_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_heap_stress_component/heap_scheduler_stress_component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_heap_stress_component {
+
+class SchedulerHeapStressComponent : public Component {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::LATE; }
+
+  void run_multi_thread_test();
+
+ private:
+  std::atomic<int> total_callbacks_{0};
+  std::atomic<int> executed_callbacks_{0};
+};
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_heap_stress_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID
+
+scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace(
+    "scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component"
+)
+SchedulerRapidCancellationComponent = scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component_ns.class_(
+    "SchedulerRapidCancellationComponent", cg.Component
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(SchedulerRapidCancellationComponent),
+    }
+).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component/rapid_cancellation_component.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#include "rapid_cancellation_component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <random>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "scheduler_rapid_cancellation";
+
+void SchedulerRapidCancellationComponent::setup() { ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "SchedulerRapidCancellationComponent setup"); }
+
+void SchedulerRapidCancellationComponent::run_rapid_cancellation_test() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting rapid cancellation test - multiple threads racing on same timeout names");
+
+  // Reset counters
+  this->total_scheduled_ = 0;
+  this->total_executed_ = 0;
+
+  static constexpr int NUM_THREADS = 4;              // Number of threads to create
+  static constexpr int NUM_NAMES = 10;               // Only 10 unique names
+  static constexpr int OPERATIONS_PER_THREAD = 100;  // Each thread does 100 operations
+
+  // Create threads that will all fight over the same timeout names
+  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+  threads.reserve(NUM_THREADS);
+
+  for (int thread_id = 0; thread_id < NUM_THREADS; thread_id++) {
+    threads.emplace_back([this, thread_id]() {
+      for (int i = 0; i < OPERATIONS_PER_THREAD; i++) {
+        // Use modulo to ensure multiple threads use the same names
+        int name_index = i % NUM_NAMES;
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << "shared_timeout_" << name_index;
+        std::string name = ss.str();
+
+        // All threads schedule timeouts - this will implicitly cancel existing ones
+        this->set_timeout(name, 100, [this, name]() {
+          this->total_executed_.fetch_add(1);
+          ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Executed callback '%s'", name.c_str());
+        });
+        this->total_scheduled_.fetch_add(1);
+
+        // Small delay to increase chance of race conditions
+        if (i % 10 == 0) {
+          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds(100));
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Wait for all threads to complete
+  for (auto &t : threads) {
+    t.join();
+  }
+
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "All threads completed. Scheduled: %d", this->total_scheduled_.load());
+
+  // Give some time for any remaining callbacks to execute
+  this->set_timeout("final_timeout", 200, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Rapid cancellation test complete. Final stats:");
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Total scheduled: %d", this->total_scheduled_.load());
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Total executed: %d", this->total_executed_.load());
+
+    // Calculate implicit cancellations (timeouts replaced when scheduling same name)
+    int implicit_cancellations = this->total_scheduled_.load() - this->total_executed_.load();
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Implicit cancellations (replaced): %d", implicit_cancellations);
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Total accounted: %d (executed + implicit cancellations)",
+             this->total_executed_.load() + implicit_cancellations);
+  });
+}
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component/rapid_cancellation_component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component {
+
+class SchedulerRapidCancellationComponent : public Component {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::LATE; }
+
+  void run_rapid_cancellation_test();
+
+ private:
+  std::atomic<int> total_scheduled_{0};
+  std::atomic<int> total_executed_{0};
+};
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_recursive_timeout_component/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID
+
+scheduler_recursive_timeout_component_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace(
+    "scheduler_recursive_timeout_component"
+)
+SchedulerRecursiveTimeoutComponent = scheduler_recursive_timeout_component_ns.class_(
+    "SchedulerRecursiveTimeoutComponent", cg.Component
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(SchedulerRecursiveTimeoutComponent),
+    }
+).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_recursive_timeout_component/recursive_timeout_component.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include "recursive_timeout_component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_recursive_timeout_component {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "scheduler_recursive_timeout";
+
+void SchedulerRecursiveTimeoutComponent::setup() { ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "SchedulerRecursiveTimeoutComponent setup"); }
+
+void SchedulerRecursiveTimeoutComponent::run_recursive_timeout_test() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting recursive timeout test - scheduling timeout from within timeout");
+
+  // Reset state
+  this->nested_level_ = 0;
+
+  // Schedule the initial timeout with 1ms delay
+  this->set_timeout(1, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Executing initial timeout");
+    this->nested_level_ = 1;
+
+    // From within this timeout, schedule another timeout with 1ms delay
+    this->set_timeout(1, [this]() {
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Executing nested timeout 1");
+      this->nested_level_ = 2;
+
+      // From within this nested timeout, schedule yet another timeout with 1ms delay
+      this->set_timeout(1, [this]() {
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Executing nested timeout 2");
+        this->nested_level_ = 3;
+
+        // Test complete
+        ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Recursive timeout test complete - all %d levels executed", this->nested_level_);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_recursive_timeout_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_recursive_timeout_component/recursive_timeout_component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_recursive_timeout_component {
+
+class SchedulerRecursiveTimeoutComponent : public Component {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::LATE; }
+
+  void run_recursive_timeout_test();
+
+ private:
+  int nested_level_{0};
+};
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_recursive_timeout_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID
+
+scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace(
+    "scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component"
+)
+SchedulerSimultaneousCallbacksComponent = (
+    scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component_ns.class_(
+        "SchedulerSimultaneousCallbacksComponent", cg.Component
+    )
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(SchedulerSimultaneousCallbacksComponent),
+    }
+).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component/simultaneous_callbacks_component.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#include "simultaneous_callbacks_component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks";
+
+void SchedulerSimultaneousCallbacksComponent::setup() {
+  ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "SchedulerSimultaneousCallbacksComponent setup");
+}
+
+void SchedulerSimultaneousCallbacksComponent::run_simultaneous_callbacks_test() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting simultaneous callbacks test - 10 threads scheduling 100 callbacks each for 1ms from now");
+
+  // Reset counters
+  this->total_scheduled_ = 0;
+  this->total_executed_ = 0;
+  this->callbacks_at_once_ = 0;
+  this->max_concurrent_ = 0;
+
+  static constexpr int NUM_THREADS = 10;
+  static constexpr int CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD = 100;
+  static constexpr uint32_t DELAY_MS = 1;  // All callbacks scheduled for 1ms from now
+
+  // Create threads for concurrent scheduling
+  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+  threads.reserve(NUM_THREADS);
+
+  // Record start time for synchronization
+  auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+  for (int thread_id = 0; thread_id < NUM_THREADS; thread_id++) {
+    threads.emplace_back([this, thread_id, start_time]() {
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Thread %d starting to schedule callbacks", thread_id);
+
+      // Wait a tiny bit to ensure all threads start roughly together
+      std::this_thread::sleep_until(start_time + std::chrono::microseconds(100));
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD; i++) {
+        // Create unique name for each callback
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << "thread_" << thread_id << "_cb_" << i;
+        std::string name = ss.str();
+
+        // Schedule callback for exactly DELAY_MS from now
+        this->set_timeout(name, DELAY_MS, [this, thread_id, i, name]() {
+          // Increment concurrent counter atomically
+          int current = this->callbacks_at_once_.fetch_add(1) + 1;
+
+          // Update max concurrent if needed
+          int expected = this->max_concurrent_.load();
+          while (current > expected && !this->max_concurrent_.compare_exchange_weak(expected, current)) {
+            // Loop until we successfully update or someone else set a higher value
+          }
+
+          ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Callback executed: %s (concurrent: %d)", name.c_str(), current);
+
+          // Simulate some minimal work
+          std::atomic<int> work{0};
+          for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
+            work.fetch_add(j);
+          }
+
+          // Increment executed counter
+          this->total_executed_.fetch_add(1);
+
+          // Decrement concurrent counter
+          this->callbacks_at_once_.fetch_sub(1);
+        });
+
+        this->total_scheduled_.fetch_add(1);
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Scheduled callback %s", name.c_str());
+      }
+
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Thread %d completed scheduling", thread_id);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Wait for all threads to complete scheduling
+  for (auto &t : threads) {
+    t.join();
+  }
+
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "All threads completed scheduling. Total scheduled: %d", this->total_scheduled_.load());
+
+  // Schedule a final timeout to check results after all callbacks should have executed
+  this->set_timeout("final_check", 100, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Simultaneous callbacks test complete. Final executed count: %d", this->total_executed_.load());
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Statistics:");
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Total scheduled: %d", this->total_scheduled_.load());
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Total executed: %d", this->total_executed_.load());
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "  Max concurrent callbacks: %d", this->max_concurrent_.load());
+
+    if (this->total_executed_ == NUM_THREADS * CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD) {
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "SUCCESS: All %d callbacks executed correctly!", this->total_executed_.load());
+    } else {
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "FAILURE: Expected %d callbacks but only %d executed", NUM_THREADS * CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD,
+               this->total_executed_.load());
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component/simultaneous_callbacks_component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component {
+
+class SchedulerSimultaneousCallbacksComponent : public Component {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::LATE; }
+
+  void run_simultaneous_callbacks_test();
+
+ private:
+  std::atomic<int> total_scheduled_{0};
+  std::atomic<int> total_executed_{0};
+  std::atomic<int> callbacks_at_once_{0};
+  std::atomic<int> max_concurrent_{0};
+};
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_string_lifetime_component/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID
+
+scheduler_string_lifetime_component_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace(
+    "scheduler_string_lifetime_component"
+)
+SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent = scheduler_string_lifetime_component_ns.class_(
+    "SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent", cg.Component
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent),
+    }
+).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_string_lifetime_component/string_lifetime_component.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+#include "string_lifetime_component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include <memory>
+#include <thread>
+#include <chrono>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_string_lifetime_component {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "scheduler_string_lifetime";
+
+void SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent::setup() { ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent setup"); }
+
+void SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent::run_string_lifetime_test() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting string lifetime tests");
+
+  this->tests_passed_ = 0;
+  this->tests_failed_ = 0;
+
+  // Run each test
+  test_temporary_string_lifetime();
+  test_scope_exit_string();
+  test_vector_reallocation();
+  test_string_move_semantics();
+  test_lambda_capture_lifetime();
+
+  // Schedule final check
+  this->set_timeout("final_check", 200, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "String lifetime tests complete");
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Tests passed: %d", this->tests_passed_);
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Tests failed: %d", this->tests_failed_);
+
+    if (this->tests_failed_ == 0) {
+      ESP_LOGI(TAG, "SUCCESS: All string lifetime tests passed!");
+    } else {
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "FAILURE: %d string lifetime tests failed!", this->tests_failed_);
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+void SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent::test_temporary_string_lifetime() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Test 1: Temporary string lifetime for timeout names");
+
+  // Test with a temporary string that goes out of scope immediately
+  {
+    std::string temp_name = "temp_callback_" + std::to_string(12345);
+
+    // Schedule with temporary string name - scheduler must copy/store this
+    this->set_timeout(temp_name, 1, [this]() {
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Callback for temp string name executed");
+      this->tests_passed_++;
+    });
+
+    // String goes out of scope here, but scheduler should have made a copy
+  }
+
+  // Test with rvalue string as name
+  this->set_timeout(std::string("rvalue_test"), 2, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Rvalue string name callback executed");
+    this->tests_passed_++;
+  });
+
+  // Test cancelling with reconstructed string
+  {
+    std::string cancel_name = "cancel_test_" + std::to_string(999);
+    this->set_timeout(cancel_name, 100, [this]() {
+      ESP_LOGE(TAG, "This should have been cancelled!");
+      this->tests_failed_++;
+    });
+  }  // cancel_name goes out of scope
+
+  // Reconstruct the same string to cancel
+  std::string cancel_name_2 = "cancel_test_" + std::to_string(999);
+  bool cancelled = this->cancel_timeout(cancel_name_2);
+  if (cancelled) {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Successfully cancelled with reconstructed string");
+    this->tests_passed_++;
+  } else {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to cancel with reconstructed string");
+    this->tests_failed_++;
+  }
+}
+
+void SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent::test_scope_exit_string() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Test 2: Scope exit string names");
+
+  // Create string names in a limited scope
+  {
+    std::string scoped_name = "scoped_timeout_" + std::to_string(555);
+
+    // Schedule with scoped string name
+    this->set_timeout(scoped_name, 3, [this]() {
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Scoped name callback executed");
+      this->tests_passed_++;
+    });
+
+    // scoped_name goes out of scope here
+  }
+
+  // Test with dynamically allocated string name
+  {
+    auto *dynamic_name = new std::string("dynamic_timeout_" + std::to_string(777));
+
+    this->set_timeout(*dynamic_name, 4, [this, dynamic_name]() {
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Dynamic string name callback executed");
+      this->tests_passed_++;
+      delete dynamic_name;  // Clean up in callback
+    });
+
+    // Pointer goes out of scope but string object remains until callback
+  }
+
+  // Test multiple timeouts with same dynamically created name
+  for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+    std::string loop_name = "loop_timeout_" + std::to_string(i);
+    this->set_timeout(loop_name, 5 + i * 1, [this, i]() {
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Loop timeout %d executed", i);
+      this->tests_passed_++;
+    });
+    // loop_name destroyed and recreated each iteration
+  }
+}
+
+void SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent::test_vector_reallocation() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Test 3: Vector reallocation stress on timeout names");
+
+  // Create a vector that will reallocate
+  std::vector<std::string> names;
+  names.reserve(2);  // Small initial capacity to force reallocation
+
+  // Schedule callbacks with string names from vector
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    names.push_back("vector_cb_" + std::to_string(i));
+    // Use the string from vector as timeout name
+    this->set_timeout(names.back(), 8 + i * 1, [this, i]() {
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Vector name callback %d executed", i);
+      this->tests_passed_++;
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Force reallocation by adding more elements
+  // This will move all strings to new memory locations
+  for (int i = 10; i < 50; i++) {
+    names.push_back("realloc_trigger_" + std::to_string(i));
+  }
+
+  // Add more timeouts after reallocation to ensure old names still work
+  for (int i = 50; i < 55; i++) {
+    names.push_back("post_realloc_" + std::to_string(i));
+    this->set_timeout(names.back(), 20 + (i - 50), [this]() {
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Post-reallocation callback executed");
+      this->tests_passed_++;
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Clear the vector while timeouts are still pending
+  names.clear();
+  ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Vector cleared - all string names destroyed");
+}
+
+void SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent::test_string_move_semantics() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Test 4: String move semantics for timeout names");
+
+  // Test moving string names
+  std::string original = "move_test_original";
+  std::string moved = std::move(original);
+
+  // Schedule with moved string as name
+  this->set_timeout(moved, 30, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Moved string name callback executed");
+    this->tests_passed_++;
+  });
+
+  // original is now empty, try to use it as a different timeout name
+  original = "reused_after_move";
+  this->set_timeout(original, 32, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Reused string name callback executed");
+    this->tests_passed_++;
+  });
+}
+
+void SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent::test_lambda_capture_lifetime() {
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Test 5: Complex timeout name scenarios");
+
+  // Test scheduling with name built in lambda
+  [this]() {
+    std::string lambda_name = "lambda_built_name_" + std::to_string(888);
+    this->set_timeout(lambda_name, 38, [this]() {
+      ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Lambda-built name callback executed");
+      this->tests_passed_++;
+    });
+  }();  // Lambda executes and lambda_name is destroyed
+
+  // Test with shared_ptr name
+  auto shared_name = std::make_shared<std::string>("shared_ptr_timeout");
+  this->set_timeout(*shared_name, 40, [this, shared_name]() {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Shared_ptr name callback executed");
+    this->tests_passed_++;
+  });
+  shared_name.reset();  // Release the shared_ptr
+
+  // Test overwriting timeout with same name
+  std::string overwrite_name = "overwrite_test";
+  this->set_timeout(overwrite_name, 1000, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGE(TAG, "This should have been overwritten!");
+    this->tests_failed_++;
+  });
+
+  // Overwrite with shorter timeout
+  this->set_timeout(overwrite_name, 42, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Overwritten timeout executed");
+    this->tests_passed_++;
+  });
+
+  // Test very long string name
+  std::string long_name;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+    long_name += "very_long_timeout_name_segment_" + std::to_string(i) + "_";
+  }
+  this->set_timeout(long_name, 44, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Very long name timeout executed");
+    this->tests_passed_++;
+  });
+
+  // Test empty string as name
+  this->set_timeout("", 46, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Empty string name timeout executed");
+    this->tests_passed_++;
+  });
+}
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_string_lifetime_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_string_lifetime_component/string_lifetime_component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_string_lifetime_component {
+
+class SchedulerStringLifetimeComponent : public Component {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::LATE; }
+
+  void run_string_lifetime_test();
+
+ private:
+  void test_temporary_string_lifetime();
+  void test_scope_exit_string();
+  void test_vector_reallocation();
+  void test_string_move_semantics();
+  void test_lambda_capture_lifetime();
+
+  int tests_passed_{0};
+  int tests_failed_{0};
+};
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_string_lifetime_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_string_name_stress_component/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import esphome.codegen as cg
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+from esphome.const import CONF_ID
+
+scheduler_string_name_stress_component_ns = cg.esphome_ns.namespace(
+    "scheduler_string_name_stress_component"
+)
+SchedulerStringNameStressComponent = scheduler_string_name_stress_component_ns.class_(
+    "SchedulerStringNameStressComponent", cg.Component
+)
+
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema(
+    {
+        cv.GenerateID(): cv.declare_id(SchedulerStringNameStressComponent),
+    }
+).extend(cv.COMPONENT_SCHEMA)
+
+
+async def to_code(config):
+    var = cg.new_Pvariable(config[CONF_ID])
+    await cg.register_component(var, config)

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_string_name_stress_component/string_name_stress_component.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#include "string_name_stress_component.h"
+#include "esphome/core/log.h"
+#include <thread>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <vector>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <string>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_string_name_stress_component {
+
+static const char *const TAG = "scheduler_string_name_stress";
+
+void SchedulerStringNameStressComponent::setup() { ESP_LOGCONFIG(TAG, "SchedulerStringNameStressComponent setup"); }
+
+void SchedulerStringNameStressComponent::run_string_name_stress_test() {
+  // Use member variables to reset state
+  this->total_callbacks_ = 0;
+  this->executed_callbacks_ = 0;
+  static constexpr int NUM_THREADS = 10;
+  static constexpr int CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD = 100;
+
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting string name stress test - multi-threaded set_timeout with std::string names");
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "This test specifically uses dynamic string names to test memory management");
+
+  // Track start time
+  auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+  // Create threads
+  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Creating %d threads, each will schedule %d callbacks with dynamic names", NUM_THREADS,
+           CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD);
+
+  threads.reserve(NUM_THREADS);
+  for (int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) {
+    threads.emplace_back([this, i]() {
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Thread %d starting", i);
+
+      // Each thread schedules callbacks with dynamically created string names
+      for (int j = 0; j < CALLBACKS_PER_THREAD; j++) {
+        int callback_id = this->total_callbacks_.fetch_add(1);
+
+        // Create a dynamic string name - this will test memory management
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << "thread_" << i << "_callback_" << j << "_id_" << callback_id;
+        std::string dynamic_name = ss.str();
+
+        ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Thread %d scheduling timeout with dynamic name: %s", i, dynamic_name.c_str());
+
+        // Capture necessary values for the lambda
+        auto *component = this;
+
+        // Schedule with std::string name - this tests the string overload
+        // Use varying delays to stress the heap scheduler
+        uint32_t delay = 1 + (callback_id % 50);
+
+        // Also test nested scheduling from callbacks
+        if (j % 10 == 0) {
+          // Every 10th callback schedules another callback
+          this->set_timeout(dynamic_name, delay, [component, i, j, callback_id]() {
+            component->executed_callbacks_.fetch_add(1);
+            ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Executed string-named callback %d (nested scheduler)", callback_id);
+
+            // Schedule another timeout from within this callback with a new dynamic name
+            std::string nested_name = "nested_from_" + std::to_string(callback_id);
+            component->set_timeout(nested_name, 1, [component, callback_id]() {
+              ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Executed nested string-named callback from %d", callback_id);
+            });
+          });
+        } else {
+          // Regular callback
+          this->set_timeout(dynamic_name, delay, [component, i, j, callback_id]() {
+            component->executed_callbacks_.fetch_add(1);
+            ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Executed string-named callback %d", callback_id);
+          });
+        }
+
+        // Add some timing variations to increase race conditions
+        if (j % 5 == 0) {
+          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::microseconds(100));
+        }
+      }
+      ESP_LOGV(TAG, "Thread %d finished scheduling", i);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Wait for all threads to complete scheduling
+  for (auto &t : threads) {
+    t.join();
+  }
+
+  auto end_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+  auto thread_time = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end_time - start_time).count();
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "All threads finished scheduling in %lldms. Created %d callbacks with dynamic names", thread_time,
+           this->total_callbacks_.load());
+
+  // Give some time for callbacks to execute
+  ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Waiting for callbacks to execute...");
+
+  // Schedule a final callback to signal completion
+  this->set_timeout("test_complete", 2000, [this]() {
+    ESP_LOGI(TAG, "String name stress test complete. Executed %d of %d callbacks", this->executed_callbacks_.load(),
+             this->total_callbacks_.load());
+  });
+}
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_string_name_stress_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/external_components/scheduler_string_name_stress_component/string_name_stress_component.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "esphome/core/component.h"
+#include <atomic>
+
+namespace esphome {
+namespace scheduler_string_name_stress_component {
+
+class SchedulerStringNameStressComponent : public Component {
+ public:
+  void setup() override;
+  float get_setup_priority() const override { return setup_priority::LATE; }
+
+  void run_string_name_stress_test();
+
+ private:
+  std::atomic<int> total_callbacks_{0};
+  std::atomic<int> executed_callbacks_{0};
+};
+
+}  // namespace scheduler_string_name_stress_component
+}  // namespace esphome

tests/integration/fixtures/scheduler_heap_stress.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+esphome:
+  name: scheduler-heap-stress-test
+
+external_components:
+  - source:
+      type: local
+      path: EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH
+    components: [scheduler_heap_stress_component]
+
+host:
+
+logger:
+  level: VERBOSE
+
+scheduler_heap_stress_component:
+  id: heap_stress
+
+api:
+  services:
+    - service: run_heap_stress_test
+      then:
+        - lambda: |-
+            id(heap_stress)->run_multi_thread_test();
+
+event:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Complete"
+    id: test_complete
+    device_class: button
+    event_types:
+      - "test_finished"
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Result"
+    id: test_result
+    device_class: button
+    event_types:
+      - "passed"
+      - "failed"

tests/integration/fixtures/scheduler_rapid_cancellation.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+esphome:
+  name: sched-rapid-cancel-test
+
+external_components:
+  - source:
+      type: local
+      path: EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH
+    components: [scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component]
+
+host:
+
+logger:
+  level: VERBOSE
+
+scheduler_rapid_cancellation_component:
+  id: rapid_cancel
+
+api:
+  services:
+    - service: run_rapid_cancellation_test
+      then:
+        - lambda: |-
+            id(rapid_cancel)->run_rapid_cancellation_test();
+
+event:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Complete"
+    id: test_complete
+    device_class: button
+    event_types:
+      - "test_finished"
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Result"
+    id: test_result
+    device_class: button
+    event_types:
+      - "passed"
+      - "failed"

tests/integration/fixtures/scheduler_recursive_timeout.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+esphome:
+  name: sched-recursive-timeout
+
+external_components:
+  - source:
+      type: local
+      path: EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH
+    components: [scheduler_recursive_timeout_component]
+
+host:
+
+logger:
+  level: VERBOSE
+
+scheduler_recursive_timeout_component:
+  id: recursive_timeout
+
+api:
+  services:
+    - service: run_recursive_timeout_test
+      then:
+        - lambda: |-
+            id(recursive_timeout)->run_recursive_timeout_test();
+
+event:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Complete"
+    id: test_complete
+    device_class: button
+    event_types:
+      - "test_finished"
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Result"
+    id: test_result
+    device_class: button
+    event_types:
+      - "passed"
+      - "failed"

tests/integration/fixtures/scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+esphome:
+  name: sched-simul-callbacks-test
+
+external_components:
+  - source:
+      type: local
+      path: EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH
+    components: [scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component]
+
+host:
+
+logger:
+  level: INFO
+
+scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks_component:
+  id: simultaneous_callbacks
+
+api:
+  services:
+    - service: run_simultaneous_callbacks_test
+      then:
+        - lambda: |-
+            id(simultaneous_callbacks)->run_simultaneous_callbacks_test();

tests/integration/fixtures/scheduler_string_lifetime.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+esphome:
+  name: scheduler-string-lifetime-test
+
+external_components:
+  - source:
+      type: local
+      path: EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH
+    components: [scheduler_string_lifetime_component]
+
+host:
+
+logger:
+  level: DEBUG
+
+scheduler_string_lifetime_component:
+  id: string_lifetime
+
+api:
+  services:
+    - service: run_string_lifetime_test
+      then:
+        - lambda: |-
+            id(string_lifetime)->run_string_lifetime_test();

tests/integration/fixtures/scheduler_string_name_stress.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+esphome:
+  name: sched-string-name-stress
+
+external_components:
+  - source:
+      type: local
+      path: EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH
+    components: [scheduler_string_name_stress_component]
+
+host:
+
+logger:
+  level: VERBOSE
+
+scheduler_string_name_stress_component:
+  id: string_stress
+
+api:
+  services:
+    - service: run_string_name_stress_test
+      then:
+        - lambda: |-
+            id(string_stress)->run_string_name_stress_test();
+
+event:
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Complete"
+    id: test_complete
+    device_class: button
+    event_types:
+      - "test_finished"
+  - platform: template
+    name: "Test Result"
+    id: test_result
+    device_class: button
+    event_types:
+      - "passed"
+      - "failed"

tests/integration/test_scheduler_heap_stress.py

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+"""Stress test for heap scheduler thread safety with multiple threads."""
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+
+from aioesphomeapi import UserService
+import pytest
+
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_scheduler_heap_stress(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that set_timeout/set_interval doesn't crash when called rapidly from multiple threads."""
+
+    # Get the absolute path to the external components directory
+    external_components_path = str(
+        Path(__file__).parent / "fixtures" / "external_components"
+    )
+
+    # Replace the placeholder in the YAML config with the actual path
+    yaml_config = yaml_config.replace(
+        "EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH", external_components_path
+    )
+
+    # Create a future to signal test completion
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    test_complete_future: asyncio.Future[None] = loop.create_future()
+
+    # Track executed timeouts/intervals and their order
+    executed_callbacks: set[int] = set()
+    thread_executions: dict[
+        int, list[int]
+    ] = {}  # thread_id -> list of indices in execution order
+    callback_types: dict[int, str] = {}  # callback_id -> "timeout" or "interval"
+
+    def on_log_line(line: str) -> None:
+        # Track all executed callbacks with thread and index info
+        match = re.search(
+            r"Executed (timeout|interval) (\d+) \(thread (\d+), index (\d+)\)", line
+        )
+        if not match:
+            # Also check for the completion message
+            if "All threads finished" in line and "Created 1000 callbacks" in line:
+                # Give scheduler some time to execute callbacks
+                pass
+            return
+
+        callback_type = match.group(1)
+        callback_id = int(match.group(2))
+        thread_id = int(match.group(3))
+        index = int(match.group(4))
+
+        # Only count each callback ID once (intervals might fire multiple times)
+        if callback_id not in executed_callbacks:
+            executed_callbacks.add(callback_id)
+            callback_types[callback_id] = callback_type
+
+        # Track execution order per thread
+        if thread_id not in thread_executions:
+            thread_executions[thread_id] = []
+
+        # Only append if this is a new execution for this thread
+        if index not in thread_executions[thread_id]:
+            thread_executions[thread_id].append(index)
+
+        # Check if we've executed all 1000 callbacks (0-999)
+        if len(executed_callbacks) >= 1000 and not test_complete_future.done():
+            test_complete_future.set_result(None)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config, line_callback=on_log_line),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Verify we can connect
+        device_info = await client.device_info()
+        assert device_info is not None
+        assert device_info.name == "scheduler-heap-stress-test"
+
+        # List entities and services
+        _, services = await asyncio.wait_for(
+            client.list_entities_services(), timeout=5.0
+        )
+
+        # Find our test service
+        run_stress_test_service: UserService | None = None
+        for service in services:
+            if service.name == "run_heap_stress_test":
+                run_stress_test_service = service
+                break
+
+        assert run_stress_test_service is not None, (
+            "run_heap_stress_test service not found"
+        )
+
+        # Call the run_heap_stress_test service to start the test
+        client.execute_service(run_stress_test_service, {})
+
+        # Wait for all callbacks to execute (should be quick, but give more time for scheduling)
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test_complete_future, timeout=60.0)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            # Report how many we got
+            pytest.fail(
+                f"Stress test timed out. Only {len(executed_callbacks)} of "
+                f"1000 callbacks executed. Missing IDs: "
+                f"{sorted(set(range(1000)) - executed_callbacks)[:10]}..."
+            )
+
+        # Verify all callbacks executed
+        assert len(executed_callbacks) == 1000, (
+            f"Expected 1000 callbacks, got {len(executed_callbacks)}"
+        )
+
+        # Verify we have all IDs from 0-999
+        expected_ids = set(range(1000))
+        missing_ids = expected_ids - executed_callbacks
+        assert not missing_ids, f"Missing callback IDs: {sorted(missing_ids)}"
+
+        # Verify we have a mix of timeouts and intervals
+        timeout_count = sum(1 for t in callback_types.values() if t == "timeout")
+        interval_count = sum(1 for t in callback_types.values() if t == "interval")
+        assert timeout_count > 0, "No timeouts were executed"
+        assert interval_count > 0, "No intervals were executed"
+
+        # Verify each thread executed callbacks
+        for thread_id, indices in thread_executions.items():
+            assert len(indices) == 100, (
+                f"Thread {thread_id} executed {len(indices)} callbacks, expected 100"
+            )
+        # Total should be 1000 callbacks
+        total_callbacks = timeout_count + interval_count
+        assert total_callbacks == 1000, (
+            f"Expected 1000 total callbacks but got {total_callbacks}"
+        )

tests/integration/test_scheduler_rapid_cancellation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+"""Rapid cancellation test - schedule and immediately cancel timeouts with string names."""
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+
+from aioesphomeapi import UserService
+import pytest
+
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_scheduler_rapid_cancellation(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test rapid schedule/cancel cycles that might expose race conditions."""
+
+    # Get the absolute path to the external components directory
+    external_components_path = str(
+        Path(__file__).parent / "fixtures" / "external_components"
+    )
+
+    # Replace the placeholder in the YAML config with the actual path
+    yaml_config = yaml_config.replace(
+        "EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH", external_components_path
+    )
+
+    # Create a future to signal test completion
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    test_complete_future: asyncio.Future[None] = loop.create_future()
+
+    # Track test progress
+    test_stats = {
+        "log_count": 0,
+        "errors": [],
+        "summary_scheduled": None,
+        "final_scheduled": 0,
+        "final_executed": 0,
+        "final_implicit_cancellations": 0,
+    }
+
+    def on_log_line(line: str) -> None:
+        # Count log lines
+        test_stats["log_count"] += 1
+
+        # Check for errors (only ERROR level, not WARN)
+        if "ERROR" in line:
+            test_stats["errors"].append(line)
+
+        # Parse summary statistics
+        if "All threads completed. Scheduled:" in line:
+            # Extract the scheduled count from the summary
+            if match := re.search(r"Scheduled: (\d+)", line):
+                test_stats["summary_scheduled"] = int(match.group(1))
+        elif "Total scheduled:" in line:
+            if match := re.search(r"Total scheduled: (\d+)", line):
+                test_stats["final_scheduled"] = int(match.group(1))
+        elif "Total executed:" in line:
+            if match := re.search(r"Total executed: (\d+)", line):
+                test_stats["final_executed"] = int(match.group(1))
+        elif "Implicit cancellations (replaced):" in line:
+            if match := re.search(r"Implicit cancellations \(replaced\): (\d+)", line):
+                test_stats["final_implicit_cancellations"] = int(match.group(1))
+
+        # Check for crash indicators
+        if any(
+            indicator in line.lower()
+            for indicator in ["segfault", "abort", "assertion", "heap corruption"]
+        ):
+            if not test_complete_future.done():
+                test_complete_future.set_exception(Exception(f"Crash detected: {line}"))
+            return
+
+        # Check for completion
+        if (
+            "Rapid cancellation test complete" in line
+            and not test_complete_future.done()
+        ):
+            test_complete_future.set_result(None)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config, line_callback=on_log_line),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Verify we can connect
+        device_info = await client.device_info()
+        assert device_info is not None
+        assert device_info.name == "sched-rapid-cancel-test"
+
+        # List entities and services
+        _, services = await asyncio.wait_for(
+            client.list_entities_services(), timeout=5.0
+        )
+
+        # Find our test service
+        run_test_service: UserService | None = None
+        for service in services:
+            if service.name == "run_rapid_cancellation_test":
+                run_test_service = service
+                break
+
+        assert run_test_service is not None, (
+            "run_rapid_cancellation_test service not found"
+        )
+
+        # Call the service to start the test
+        client.execute_service(run_test_service, {})
+
+        # Wait for test to complete with timeout
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test_complete_future, timeout=10.0)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(f"Test timed out. Stats: {test_stats}")
+
+        # Check for any errors
+        assert len(test_stats["errors"]) == 0, (
+            f"Errors detected: {test_stats['errors']}"
+        )
+
+        # Check that we received log messages
+        assert test_stats["log_count"] > 0, "No log messages received"
+
+        # Check the summary line to verify all threads scheduled their operations
+        assert test_stats["summary_scheduled"] == 400, (
+            f"Expected summary to show 400 scheduled operations but got {test_stats['summary_scheduled']}"
+        )
+
+        # Check final statistics
+        assert test_stats["final_scheduled"] == 400, (
+            f"Expected final stats to show 400 scheduled but got {test_stats['final_scheduled']}"
+        )
+
+        assert test_stats["final_executed"] == 10, (
+            f"Expected final stats to show 10 executed but got {test_stats['final_executed']}"
+        )
+
+        assert test_stats["final_implicit_cancellations"] == 390, (
+            f"Expected final stats to show 390 implicit cancellations but got {test_stats['final_implicit_cancellations']}"
+        )

tests/integration/test_scheduler_recursive_timeout.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+"""Test for recursive timeout scheduling - scheduling timeouts from within timeout callbacks."""
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from aioesphomeapi import UserService
+import pytest
+
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_scheduler_recursive_timeout(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that scheduling timeouts from within timeout callbacks works correctly."""
+
+    # Get the absolute path to the external components directory
+    external_components_path = str(
+        Path(__file__).parent / "fixtures" / "external_components"
+    )
+
+    # Replace the placeholder in the YAML config with the actual path
+    yaml_config = yaml_config.replace(
+        "EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH", external_components_path
+    )
+
+    # Create a future to signal test completion
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    test_complete_future: asyncio.Future[None] = loop.create_future()
+
+    # Track execution sequence
+    execution_sequence: list[str] = []
+    expected_sequence = [
+        "initial_timeout",
+        "nested_timeout_1",
+        "nested_timeout_2",
+        "test_complete",
+    ]
+
+    def on_log_line(line: str) -> None:
+        # Track execution sequence
+        if "Executing initial timeout" in line:
+            execution_sequence.append("initial_timeout")
+        elif "Executing nested timeout 1" in line:
+            execution_sequence.append("nested_timeout_1")
+        elif "Executing nested timeout 2" in line:
+            execution_sequence.append("nested_timeout_2")
+        elif "Recursive timeout test complete" in line:
+            execution_sequence.append("test_complete")
+            if not test_complete_future.done():
+                test_complete_future.set_result(None)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config, line_callback=on_log_line),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Verify we can connect
+        device_info = await client.device_info()
+        assert device_info is not None
+        assert device_info.name == "sched-recursive-timeout"
+
+        # List entities and services
+        _, services = await asyncio.wait_for(
+            client.list_entities_services(), timeout=5.0
+        )
+
+        # Find our test service
+        run_test_service: UserService | None = None
+        for service in services:
+            if service.name == "run_recursive_timeout_test":
+                run_test_service = service
+                break
+
+        assert run_test_service is not None, (
+            "run_recursive_timeout_test service not found"
+        )
+
+        # Call the service to start the test
+        client.execute_service(run_test_service, {})
+
+        # Wait for test to complete
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test_complete_future, timeout=10.0)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(
+                f"Recursive timeout test timed out. Got sequence: {execution_sequence}"
+            )
+
+        # Verify execution sequence
+        assert execution_sequence == expected_sequence, (
+            f"Execution sequence mismatch. Expected {expected_sequence}, "
+            f"got {execution_sequence}"
+        )
+
+        # Verify we got exactly 4 events (Initial + Level 1 + Level 2 + Complete)
+        assert len(execution_sequence) == 4, (
+            f"Expected 4 events but got {len(execution_sequence)}"
+        )

tests/integration/test_scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks.py

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+"""Simultaneous callbacks test - schedule many callbacks for the same time from multiple threads."""
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+
+from aioesphomeapi import UserService
+import pytest
+
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_scheduler_simultaneous_callbacks(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test scheduling many callbacks for the exact same time from multiple threads."""
+
+    # Get the absolute path to the external components directory
+    external_components_path = str(
+        Path(__file__).parent / "fixtures" / "external_components"
+    )
+
+    # Replace the placeholder in the YAML config with the actual path
+    yaml_config = yaml_config.replace(
+        "EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH", external_components_path
+    )
+
+    # Create a future to signal test completion
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    test_complete_future: asyncio.Future[None] = loop.create_future()
+
+    # Track test progress
+    test_stats = {
+        "scheduled": 0,
+        "executed": 0,
+        "expected": 1000,  # 10 threads * 100 callbacks
+        "errors": [],
+    }
+
+    def on_log_line(line: str) -> None:
+        # Track operations
+        if "Scheduled callback" in line:
+            test_stats["scheduled"] += 1
+        elif "Callback executed" in line:
+            test_stats["executed"] += 1
+        elif "ERROR" in line:
+            test_stats["errors"].append(line)
+
+        # Check for crash indicators
+        if any(
+            indicator in line.lower()
+            for indicator in ["segfault", "abort", "assertion", "heap corruption"]
+        ):
+            if not test_complete_future.done():
+                test_complete_future.set_exception(Exception(f"Crash detected: {line}"))
+            return
+
+        # Check for completion with final count
+        if "Final executed count:" in line:
+            # Extract number from log line like: "[07:59:47][I][simultaneous_callbacks:093]: Simultaneous callbacks test complete. Final executed count: 1000"
+            match = re.search(r"Final executed count:\s*(\d+)", line)
+            if match:
+                test_stats["final_count"] = int(match.group(1))
+
+        # Check for completion
+        if (
+            "Simultaneous callbacks test complete" in line
+            and not test_complete_future.done()
+        ):
+            test_complete_future.set_result(None)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config, line_callback=on_log_line),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Verify we can connect
+        device_info = await client.device_info()
+        assert device_info is not None
+        assert device_info.name == "sched-simul-callbacks-test"
+
+        # List entities and services
+        _, services = await asyncio.wait_for(
+            client.list_entities_services(), timeout=5.0
+        )
+
+        # Find our test service
+        run_test_service: UserService | None = None
+        for service in services:
+            if service.name == "run_simultaneous_callbacks_test":
+                run_test_service = service
+                break
+
+        assert run_test_service is not None, (
+            "run_simultaneous_callbacks_test service not found"
+        )
+
+        # Call the service to start the test
+        client.execute_service(run_test_service, {})
+
+        # Wait for test to complete
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test_complete_future, timeout=30.0)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(f"Simultaneous callbacks test timed out. Stats: {test_stats}")
+
+        # Check for any errors
+        assert len(test_stats["errors"]) == 0, (
+            f"Errors detected: {test_stats['errors']}"
+        )
+
+        # Verify all callbacks executed using the final count from C++
+        final_count = test_stats.get("final_count", 0)
+        assert final_count == test_stats["expected"], (
+            f"Expected {test_stats['expected']} callbacks, but only {final_count} executed"
+        )
+
+        # The final_count is the authoritative count from the C++ component
+        assert final_count == 1000, (
+            f"Expected 1000 executed callbacks but got {final_count}"
+        )

tests/integration/test_scheduler_string_lifetime.py

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+"""String lifetime test - verify scheduler handles string destruction correctly."""
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+
+from aioesphomeapi import UserService
+import pytest
+
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_scheduler_string_lifetime(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that scheduler correctly handles string lifetimes when strings go out of scope."""
+
+    # Get the absolute path to the external components directory
+    external_components_path = str(
+        Path(__file__).parent / "fixtures" / "external_components"
+    )
+
+    # Replace the placeholder in the YAML config with the actual path
+    yaml_config = yaml_config.replace(
+        "EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH", external_components_path
+    )
+
+    # Create a future to signal test completion
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    test_complete_future: asyncio.Future[None] = loop.create_future()
+
+    # Track test progress
+    test_stats = {
+        "tests_passed": 0,
+        "tests_failed": 0,
+        "errors": [],
+        "use_after_free_detected": False,
+    }
+
+    def on_log_line(line: str) -> None:
+        # Track test results from the C++ test output
+        if "Tests passed:" in line and "string_lifetime" in line:
+            # Extract the number from "Tests passed: 32"
+            match = re.search(r"Tests passed:\s*(\d+)", line)
+            if match:
+                test_stats["tests_passed"] = int(match.group(1))
+        elif "Tests failed:" in line and "string_lifetime" in line:
+            match = re.search(r"Tests failed:\s*(\d+)", line)
+            if match:
+                test_stats["tests_failed"] = int(match.group(1))
+        elif "ERROR" in line and "string_lifetime" in line:
+            test_stats["errors"].append(line)
+
+        # Check for memory corruption indicators
+        if any(
+            indicator in line.lower()
+            for indicator in [
+                "use after free",
+                "heap corruption",
+                "segfault",
+                "abort",
+                "assertion",
+                "sanitizer",
+                "bad memory",
+                "invalid pointer",
+            ]
+        ):
+            test_stats["use_after_free_detected"] = True
+            if not test_complete_future.done():
+                test_complete_future.set_exception(
+                    Exception(f"Memory corruption detected: {line}")
+                )
+            return
+
+        # Check for completion
+        if "String lifetime tests complete" in line and not test_complete_future.done():
+            test_complete_future.set_result(None)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config, line_callback=on_log_line),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Verify we can connect
+        device_info = await client.device_info()
+        assert device_info is not None
+        assert device_info.name == "scheduler-string-lifetime-test"
+
+        # List entities and services
+        _, services = await asyncio.wait_for(
+            client.list_entities_services(), timeout=5.0
+        )
+
+        # Find our test service
+        run_test_service: UserService | None = None
+        for service in services:
+            if service.name == "run_string_lifetime_test":
+                run_test_service = service
+                break
+
+        assert run_test_service is not None, (
+            "run_string_lifetime_test service not found"
+        )
+
+        # Call the service to start the test
+        client.execute_service(run_test_service, {})
+
+        # Wait for test to complete
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test_complete_future, timeout=30.0)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(f"String lifetime test timed out. Stats: {test_stats}")
+
+        # Check for use-after-free
+        assert not test_stats["use_after_free_detected"], "Use-after-free detected!"
+
+        # Check for any errors
+        assert test_stats["tests_failed"] == 0, f"Tests failed: {test_stats['errors']}"
+
+        # Verify we had the expected number of passing tests
+        assert test_stats["tests_passed"] == 30, (
+            f"Expected exactly 30 tests to pass, but got {test_stats['tests_passed']}"
+        )

tests/integration/test_scheduler_string_name_stress.py

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+"""Stress test for heap scheduler with std::string names from multiple threads."""
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+
+from aioesphomeapi import UserService
+import pytest
+
+from .types import APIClientConnectedFactory, RunCompiledFunction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_scheduler_string_name_stress(
+    yaml_config: str,
+    run_compiled: RunCompiledFunction,
+    api_client_connected: APIClientConnectedFactory,
+) -> None:
+    """Test that set_timeout/set_interval with std::string names doesn't crash when called from multiple threads."""
+
+    # Get the absolute path to the external components directory
+    external_components_path = str(
+        Path(__file__).parent / "fixtures" / "external_components"
+    )
+
+    # Replace the placeholder in the YAML config with the actual path
+    yaml_config = yaml_config.replace(
+        "EXTERNAL_COMPONENT_PATH", external_components_path
+    )
+
+    # Create a future to signal test completion
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    test_complete_future: asyncio.Future[None] = loop.create_future()
+
+    # Track executed callbacks and any crashes
+    executed_callbacks: set[int] = set()
+    error_messages: list[str] = []
+
+    def on_log_line(line: str) -> None:
+        # Check for crash indicators
+        if any(
+            indicator in line.lower()
+            for indicator in [
+                "segfault",
+                "abort",
+                "assertion",
+                "heap corruption",
+                "use after free",
+            ]
+        ):
+            error_messages.append(line)
+            if not test_complete_future.done():
+                test_complete_future.set_exception(Exception(f"Crash detected: {line}"))
+            return
+
+        # Track executed callbacks
+        match = re.search(r"Executed string-named callback (\d+)", line)
+        if match:
+            callback_id = int(match.group(1))
+            executed_callbacks.add(callback_id)
+
+        # Check for completion
+        if (
+            "String name stress test complete" in line
+            and not test_complete_future.done()
+        ):
+            test_complete_future.set_result(None)
+
+    async with (
+        run_compiled(yaml_config, line_callback=on_log_line),
+        api_client_connected() as client,
+    ):
+        # Verify we can connect
+        device_info = await client.device_info()
+        assert device_info is not None
+        assert device_info.name == "sched-string-name-stress"
+
+        # List entities and services
+        _, services = await asyncio.wait_for(
+            client.list_entities_services(), timeout=5.0
+        )
+
+        # Find our test service
+        run_stress_test_service: UserService | None = None
+        for service in services:
+            if service.name == "run_string_name_stress_test":
+                run_stress_test_service = service
+                break
+
+        assert run_stress_test_service is not None, (
+            "run_string_name_stress_test service not found"
+        )
+
+        # Call the service to start the test
+        client.execute_service(run_stress_test_service, {})
+
+        # Wait for test to complete or crash
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(test_complete_future, timeout=30.0)
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            pytest.fail(
+                f"String name stress test timed out. Executed {len(executed_callbacks)} callbacks. "
+                f"This might indicate a deadlock."
+            )
+
+        # Verify no errors occurred (crashes already handled by exception)
+        assert not error_messages, f"Errors detected during test: {error_messages}"
+
+        # Verify we executed all 1000 callbacks (10 threads × 100 callbacks each)
+        assert len(executed_callbacks) == 1000, (
+            f"Expected 1000 callbacks but got {len(executed_callbacks)}"
+        )
+
+        # Verify each callback ID was executed exactly once
+        for i in range(1000):
+            assert i in executed_callbacks, f"Callback {i} was not executed"