Fix build failures on host platform caused by #6167 (#6338)

* Fix build failures for logger component on host platform

* Add climits header

* Restore logger functionality on host

* Install libsodium in ci

esphome/components/logger/logger_host.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ void HOT Logger::write_msg_(const char *msg) {
   puts(msg);
 }
 
+void Logger::pre_setup() { global_logger = this; }
+
 }  // namespace logger
 }  // namespace esphome